1、A Glimpse of Chinese Culture,Chapter 2Philosophy and Religions,Part One: Chinese Philosophy,I. The Development of Ancient Chinese Philosophy II. The Basic Features of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyIII. Characteristics of Chinese Ethics and Morality,I. The Development of Chinese Philosophy,1 The philosop
2、hy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)2 orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)3 Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)4 The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)5 Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)6 Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynast
3、ies (明清实学),The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学),The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views. The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) Legalism (法家),Confucianism,The school takes the teachings of Confucius a
4、s its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code (准则) of behavior. It advocates the benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance (仁、义、忠、恕), the doctrine of the golden mean (中庸) and values the ethical relations of men.,Taoism,Based on the work of Dao De Ji
5、ng, Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. The school favors the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”(无为而治),Founded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, the school
6、 advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all of them must conform.,Mohism,Mo Tzu was a militant philosopher. A major aim of his preaching was to oppose both the traditional institutions and practices, and the theories
7、of Confucius and the Confucianists.,在中国历史上，儒和侠都源出于依附贵族“家”的专家，他们本身都是上层阶级的分子。到了后来，儒仍然大都出身于上层或中层阶级；而侠则不然，更多的是出身于下层阶级。在古代，礼乐之类的社会活动完全限于贵族；所以从平民的观点看来。礼乐之类都是奢侈品，毫无实用价值。墨子和墨家，正是从这个观点，来批判传统制度及其辩护者孔子和儒家。这种批判，加上对他们本阶级的职业道德的发挥和辩护，就构成墨家哲学的核心。 - 冯友兰,Mohism,Base on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes unive
8、rsal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there will be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities.,In politics and ethics, Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.,Legalism,I
9、n modem terms, what legalism taught was the theory and method of organization and leadership.,Legalism,Legalism espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bu
10、reaucracy (官僚制度). Contradiction is present everywhere, and the two sides of a contradiction are changeable.,Han Fei Tzu, the Synthesizer of the Legalist School,Orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty,Dong ZhongshuProposed the principle of Great Unification.He maintains that when a new king founds
11、 a dynasty, he does so because he has received a special Mandate from Heaven.,Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties(Neo-Taoism),Metaphysics originated in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and flourished in Sui and Tang Dynasties.The spirit of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the literary and artistic style of We
12、i and Jin Dynasties. -隋唐精神,魏晋风骨.,Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties,Critical spiritthe Thought of Studies for the purpose of application Scientific spiritEnlightenment awareness,批判精神经世致用思想科学精神启蒙意识,Representatives: 李时珍、张居正、顾宪成、徐光启、黄宗羲、顾炎武、王夫之、龚自珍、魏源 等.,II. The Basic Features of Chi
13、nese Ancient Philosophy,1 Stress on spiritual existence2 Stress on practice3 Stress on morality4 Stress on harmony5 Stress on intuition,1 Stress on Spiritual Existence,Ancient Chinese philosophers studies different kinds of philosophical problems based on reality and experience, but all of them paid
14、 attention to the study of existence. all pursue in order to achieve the highest spiritual state.e.g. Confucianisms knowledge of life through disposition and consciousness;Taoisms search for spiritual freedom;Buddhisms “Nirvana” (涅磐).,2 Stress on Practice,Chinese ancient philosophers were concerned
15、with the relationship between knowledge and practice.Example: “To prefer it is better than only to know it. To delight in it is better than merely to prefer it, To delight in it is better than merely to prefer it.”(知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。),3 Stress on Morality,Every school of ancient Chinese philosophy w
16、as a kind of moral philosophy. Almost every philosophy stressed moral practice. eg.Monarchs benevolence and lower officials loyaltyFathers kindness and sons filial pietyElder brothers friendliness and younger ones respectFriends mutual trust.,4 Stress on Harmony,Ancient Chinese philosophy stresses o
17、n harmony, and the pursuit of harmony between man and nature and also between man and man. E.g. Mencius said “Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people. (天时不如地利，地利不如人和) ”,5 Stress on the Intuition,C
18、hinese ancient philosophy did not adhere to formal rules of structure and system in thought and often resulted in fragmented (片断的) thoughts written on paper. It was through intuition and reflecting on lifes experiences that philosophical ideas were formed.,III Characteristics of Chinese Ethics and M
19、orality,Traditional Chinese ethics that reflect the high standard or moral pursuit of the Chinese people and embrace ethical wisdom of lasting value: Seeking Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium(平衡)2. Collectivism over Individualism3. Spiritual Life over Material Life,To Chinese people, harmony is po
20、werful word. Maintaining equilibrium is the ultimate purpose of harmony.,1 Seeking Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium (平衡),2 Collectivism over Individualism,Traditional Chinese values attach great importance to collective interest. An individuals values can be realized only within society as a whol
21、e, as that is the groundwork of ones existence.,3 Spiritual Life over Material Life,Chinese people advocate morality in their behavior. Self-cultivation in morals is emphasized, and is considered to be more important than ones material life.,Part Two: Chinese Religions,I. The Taoist Religion II. Bud
22、dhism III. Islam,概述世界有哪三大宗教？我国土生土长的宗教是什么？道教: 土生土长: Taoism佛教: 起源最早: Buddhism基督教: 世界最大: Christianism伊斯兰教: Islamism,I The Taoist Religion,Taoism is the indigenous (土生土长的) religion in China.Lu Xun once said, “The Chinese roots are deep in Taoism. If one tries to comprehend Chinese history and culture, h
23、e must first comprehend Taoism and the Taoist religion.” “中国根柢全在道教” Taoism as a philosophy teaches the doctrine of following nature, while the Taoist religion is the principle and technique of how to avoid death, which is working against nature.,The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft (巫术), ne
24、cromancy（方术 ) and self-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called “Dao”, its bible is called “Dao De Jing”.The Dao is that by which anything and everything comes to be.道教创立之后，继承了道家思想中“道”的哲学内涵，认为道是宇宙的本原主主宰，同时，将“道”衍化为具有宗教意义的至上神，并以之为道教的根本信仰 The core of Taoist belief: pursuance of becoming a c
25、elestial being (p24.),Zhang Daoling,The Taoist religion was founded by Zhang Daoling in the Eastern Han Dynasty and became very popular during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.,Taishang laojun,Taoists revered (尊崇) Lao Zi as the originator of the Taoist religion and called him “Taishang Laojun” (太
26、上老君).,Taoism Temples,Taoism temples are places for Taoist priests to self-reflect and carry out their religious activities. The layout of the Taoism temples evolved from the traditional square-shaped Chinese courtyard, also resembling that of Buddhist temples in design.,In front of Taoist temples, t
27、here are mountain gates, Huabiao (marble pillar) and fangan (幡杆).Outside the Huabiao is the earthly world (俗界), inside it is the celestial place (仙界).,幡杆,The most sacred Taoist mountainDragon-Tiger Mountain,Dragon-Tiger Mountain is located at the southwestern suburb of Yingtan, Jiangxi Province. It
28、is the birthplace of the Taoist religion.,According to a legend, when the elixirs were made, a dragon and a tiger were seen above the mountain. So, the mountain was renamed after the celestial animals (“丹成而龙虎现，山因以名”).,II Buddhism,Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century B.C. Sakyamuni is said
29、 to be the founder of Buddhism. Buddhism was first introduced into China in the first century. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism entered its golden age. The theory of Buddhism is based on the theory of samsara (轮回)，meaning that living beings orbit around the six spheres of heaven, hell and
30、 earth, just like an ever-turning wheel.,Nirvana,巴基斯坦白沙瓦博物馆藏品释迦在八十五岁高龄时，游化到了拘尸那迦城外，在两棵娑罗树中间头朝北方、右胁而卧，进入了涅槃境界。佛陀达到了彻底的解脱，他的大法在两千多年的时间里传遍了世界各地。,The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛),life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench (抑制) desire, the way to this end is to fol
31、low the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).谛：真理四谛：苦、集、灭、道 苦谛：人生“一切皆苦，四大皆空”（to be completely indifferent to worldly temptations ） 八大苦：生 老 病 死 爱 离 别 怨 憎 会 求 不 得 五 阴 盛集谛：三毒（贪、嗔、痴）灭谛：涅槃道谛,The Eightfold Path,Right knowledgeRight thoughtRight speechRight behaviourRight livelihood Right effortRight mindfulnessRight con
32、centration,正见 （正确的认识） 正思 （正确的思维）正语 （修口业）正业 （正确的行为） 正命 （正确的生活）正勤 （正精进）正念 （正确的信念）正定 (正确的禅思),汉传佛教 日本 朝鲜 越南 大乘 佛教北传：印度 中国 藏传佛教（喇嘛教Lamaism） 泰国 南传：印度 缅甸 小乘 斯里兰卡 佛教 柬埔寨,佛教传播简示图：,Mahayana,Hinayana,Tibetan Buddhism,Han Buddhism,Xuanzang (Hsuan Tsang) traveled through Central and South Asia (629-645 A.D.) col
33、lecting copies of the most important Buddhist theological works and studying with the most important authorities on the major Buddhist schools of thought. “Pilgrimage to the West in the Tang Dynasty “大唐西行记 ,Buddhism Temples,Chinese Buddhist architecture includes pagodas, temples and grottos石窟. Earli
34、er Buddhist temples usually combined pagodas and a courtyard-style temple.,The First Buddhist TempleThe White Horse Temple,The White Horse Temple, located 21 km east of the Luoyang City, Henan Province, was the first officially built Buddhist temple in China in the Eastern Han Dynasty.,It was named
35、after the white horse that carried the Buddhist scriptures from India to Luoyang, then the capital of the country.,The Famous Buddhism Mountains,Wutai Mountain,Putuo Mountain,Jiuhua Mountain Ermei Mountain,III Islam,Islam was founded by the Arabic prophet (先知) Mohammed and was introduced into China
36、in the seventh century. For people of Islamic faith, there is only one God, Allah.The Arabic word “Islam” simply means “submission and obedience”.,一、起源起源于公元7世纪的阿拉伯半岛创始人：穆罕默德(公元570-632年)(Mohammed,the Prophet)释义：阿拉伯语伊斯兰(Islam)意为“顺服”，指顺服惟一的神安拉(Allah, 汉译真主)的旨意；其教徒称“穆斯林”(Muslim, Muslem)，意为“顺从者”，即顺从安拉的人，信
37、徒。伊斯兰教在中国于7世纪中叶传入中国，又称清真教、回(回)教、天方教等。,二、常识(Allah, Alcoran, Mekka)教派：逊尼派(Sunnite,伊斯兰教最大的教派)和什叶派(Shiah)两大教派。中国穆斯林主要属于逊尼派。教义：信仰与实践两部分六大信仰：信安拉、使者、天使、经典、前定、后世五项修炼：即(天命)五功，念功、礼功、斋功、课功(即施舍,自愿捐奉)、朝功(一生中至少去麦加(Mekka)朝觐一次，可获“哈吉”荣誉称号)。经典：古兰经(Koran or Alcoran, 又称可兰经)。,标记: 新月Crescent,佛教Dharma Wheel,三、礼仪1.称谓穆斯林：伊斯
38、兰教信徒，互称兄弟或叫“多斯提”(好友，教友波斯语)哈吉(hadji)：麦加朝觐过的穆斯林(名前荣誉称) 乡老：在清真寺做礼拜的穆斯林的统称管寺：管理事务和办经学教育的穆斯林(名前荣誉称, 如管寺乡老)阿林：对德高望重、有学识、有地位的穆斯林长者的尊称阿訇(imam)：对宗教职业者和具有伊斯兰教专业知识者的通称，对伊斯兰教学者、宗教家和教师的尊称教长(伊玛目, imam)：在清真寺任教职，并主持清真寺教务的阿訇(其中的年长者被尊称为阿訇老人家)师娘：主持清真女寺教务或教学的妇女满拉(海里发)：在清真寺求学的学生,2.五功伊斯兰教不象其他宗教那样需要学习、反省和巨大牺牲，它是最朴实简单的宗教，任
39、何人只要念诵清真言和遵守五功就可以成为穆斯林。五功是伊斯兰教规定的必须履行的基本功修，中国穆斯林称之为“天命五功”。念功、拜功、斋功、课功(即天课，为“奉主命而定”的宗教赋税)、朝功(即朝觐，就是朝见圣地。今沙特阿拉伯境内的麦加是穆罕默德的诞生地、伊斯兰教的摇篮和圣地。完成过朝觐功课的穆斯林，均可获得“哈吉”的荣誉称号)。,Mosque,A mosque is always a high-domed building with sweeping arches, flowing arabesques (蔓藤花纹) and towering minarets (高耸的尖塔). Inside, a
40、mihrab, or niche (壁龛), which symbolizes the place where the prophet (先知) led the prayer, is set into the middle of the qibla wall in order to indicate the direction of Mecca (麦加).,mihrab圣龛,Minaret 宣礼塔,Comparison: Christianity,一、起源起源于公元一世纪初罗马帝国统治下的巴基斯坦(Pakistan)地区，是该地区犹太人民反抗罗马帝国的政治斗争反映于宗教的产物。于公元135年从
41、犹太教分裂出来，成为一独立的新宗教。基督教在中国：于公元635年(唐太宗贞观九年)基督教经波斯传入中国；1502年(明万历十年)天主教Catholicism由耶稣会传教士利马窦传入中国；鸦片战争后，新教Protestantism各派陆续传入中国。,标记:the cross,二、常识(Christianism, Jesus, Christ, God)在其发展历史上，发生过两次大分裂Schism ，由此形成天主教(Roman Catholicism) 、东正教(Eastern Orthodox)和新教Protestantism三大教派。教义：1) 其核心是“三位一体”论trinitarianism
42、 ，即信仰上帝创造并证实世界，上帝本体有圣父、圣子和圣灵(God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit)三个地位平等的位格；2) 信仰耶稣基督；3) 信始祖原罪Original Sin ；4) 信灵魂不灭、末日审判the Last Judgement经典：圣经(the Bible, Book of Books)，被认为是上帝启示的记录、永恒的真理、基督徒信仰的依据和日常生活的规范。分为旧约全书(the Old Testament, 犹太教的经典，in Hebrew)和新约全书(the New Testament, 是其在形成和发展过程
43、中产生的自身经典, in Greek)两部分。,关于圣经具文学、宗教学、考古学、社会学、历史学、伦理学诸方面的价值原文为希伯来文(旧约, in Hebrew)、希腊文(新约,in Greek)，四、五世纪时被译成拉丁文(Latin)，在欧洲16C前后逐渐被译成各种文字(约1800多种语文和方言)，现已成为世界上译文版本、发行量最多的图书之一。西方文艺作品(尤其是中世纪的，abt. a.d. 476 to 1453)，多取材于圣经故事。从：达芬奇的最后的晚餐到拉斐尔的变貌米开朗基罗的最后的审判到达利的约翰的基督在十字架上韩德尔的弥赛亚到海顿的创世纪门德尔松的以利亚到巴哈的圣马太受难曲但丁的神曲到
44、弥尔顿的失乐园和复乐园莎士比亚的威尼斯商人到托尔斯泰的复活约翰班扬的天路历程到奥古斯丁的忏悔录、,对世界名人的影响马克思：在写哥达纲领批判时，针对拉萨尔派纲领的错误，引用了旧约以西结书中的一句话结束全文。“我说过我已拯救了自己。”恩格斯：在诗歌和散文中的德国社会主义一文中引用圣经马太福音的话讽刺说，“真正的社会主义无所不在，简直赛过我们的主耶稣。只要那里有两三个聚集，它就出现在那里，并且硬说那里有社会的材料。”莎士比亚：在其每一剧本中引用圣经典故、诗句达14次之多；其著名悲剧哈姆雷特中，通篇受圣经影响，并以引用圣经语录数量之多而著称于世。歌德：反对宗教，但在其浮士德中模仿约伯记的故事写了天上序
45、曲；在其结束部分借用圣经中的异象做结尾。4.中国作家：郭沫若、鲁迅、巴金、老舍、曹禺、茅盾、徐志摩等。,三、礼仪1.称谓：了解对教会的神职人员：按其教职称呼，如某主教bishop、牧师/神父priest/father、长老presbyter等对外国的基督教徒：可称先生、女士、小姐或博士、主任等学衔或职衔。2.宗教仪式：弥撒(Mass, Missa)：天主教对所进行的宗教仪式的称谓。礼毕须称“阿门”，意为“真诚”，表示“惟愿如此，允获所求”。礼拜(church service)：新教对所进行的宗教仪式的称谓。一般每周一次。7件圣事(sacrament)：天主教和东正教尤其注重宗教仪式，其7件圣事
46、为洗礼(入教仪式)、坚振、告解(忏悔)、圣体(圣餐)、婚配、神品、终傅。3.主要节日：圣诞节Christmas Day(12.25)、复活节Easter(3.21-4.25)、圣灵降临节Pentecost(五旬节，复活节后第50天),四、禁忌taboo1.交往禁忌1) 忌拜别的神/偶像；2) 不可拿上帝和耶稣开玩笑2.行为禁忌1) 非基督徒进教堂后要脱帽；不得妨碍对方宗教活动；2) 教徒唱诗或祈祷时不可出声、全体起立时应跟随起立；拒食饼或面包3.饮食禁忌1) 守斋：周五和圣诞节前夕只食素菜和鱼类，不食其它肉类；2) 用餐：基督徒餐前往往要祈祷，应待祈祷完毕后再拿起餐具4.特殊禁忌1) 馈赠：避
47、免礼品上面有其他宗教的神像或其他民族所崇拜的图腾；2) 活动：耶稣受难节那一周，不要请基督徒参加私人喜庆活动；3) 数字：忌星期五、13,Multiple Choices,1 Confucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and _. a. Laozib. Mencius c. Zhuxid. Han Feizi2 _ is the English word for “仁”, the very important Confucian idea? a. justiceb. forbearance c. benevolenced. allegiance,
