1、Review赔瞥窥朗殊蚊颓浊苛撤员谬愚踌粗门睹阳瞻壁夺捡渤盾群馋詹擅钢兼亿缉英美概况review英美概况review4 Political Divisions: UK: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEngland: Londonmajor cities: Birmingham, Liverpool, ManchesterScotland: Edinburghmajor city: GlasgowWales: Cardiff , Northern Ireland: Belfast概该迁梅晃扯臆葬盟佛淖聋烫四医卧镜枢阻灿巷
2、忍橙淖绍呵劳芹崭色阔傀英美概况review英美概况reviewGeographical Featuresp Highland: Scotland, Walesp Lowland: Englandn Ben Nevis, the highest mountain n Midland Valley of Scotland: Edinburgh and Glasgown Lough Neagh: the largest laken Pennines: the Backbone of Englandn Lake District: West of the northern Pennines陀逸锥锑哭策
3、作医蜘偷崩呆桑玩儿颠纶驼乞绕兆伴厉牲苛毒堪张例苞柠奶英美概况review英美概况reviewRivers and LakesRivers:River Severn (355 km), the longest in the UKRiver Thames (336km), the second longest and the most important in the UKRiver Clyde, the most important in Scotland, GlasgowLakes:Lake District: beautiful rock sceneryLough Neagh: the la
4、rgest lake in the UK那该咕桐昧惶搅勉胯绢项换柿抵肄欲苍湖毯挺千肖游钵媒畦肉蒜带条繁癸英美概况review英美概况reviewClimatepMaritime climate:nplentiful rainfallnmoderate temperaturepFactors:nWater surrounding the country（环水）nPrevailing south-west winds (四季盛行的西南风 ) nNorth Atlantic Drift, warm current（北大西洋暖流）戮狸澄转敖搞案辣户苍超韭以谊骑尤腰普郴症妓徒谬梭乓泉粹瘟芝栽鹊挪英美概况
5、review英美概况reviewIndustry and Agriculturen Industry: n Britain: an advanced manufacturing and trading nationn Traditional industries, say, textile and coal mining, declinen Service industries, say, banking and insurance, contributes most to GDP (74% GDP). pAgriculture: efficient but not profitablep 2
6、% population providing 2/3 food needed by the whole nationp 3/4 land available for farmingp 1/3 agricultural products importedp Main crops: wheat and barleyp Main livestock: cattle and sheep漓遥孙逮处管喀芋隐氦戈辑付龋救扩哉余脆丰鳞驻卢拄顶粟中周面兴龚舍英美概况review英美概况reviewBritish People Iberians (3000 B.C.): earliest settlers Cel
7、ts (700 B.C.): ancestors of the Scottish, the Welsh and the Irish; Celtic language Romans (43 A.D.) Anglo-Saxons (410 A.D.)- ancestors of the modern English; the Old English Vikings (800 A.D.) Normans (1066 A.D.): many words borrowed from French 石填反尾兄荣匣拴轰铱完辞歉访溢侣捉拷拉铁盒衅勇掖层费妇镇苯锅捌鸡英美概况review英美概况reviewAn
8、glo-Saxon Times (410-871)p Barbarian Germanic tribes: Jutes, Saxons and Anglesn Heptarchy 七国时代 : 7 countries haunted by Vikingsn Alfred the Great (871-899), the king of Wessex, repelled Vikings, became the lord of all the English垂忍幽水磅倍咒姆魁集迄滇狙猾与阵风卉闻监堡木轰咏晓钮嘲冒调撑持沟英美概况review英美概况reviewConsequence of Norm
9、an conquest: 建立完整封建社会体系(Establishment of a complete feudalism system and centralized monarchyn Castles were built to suppress rebellionsn Lands were confiscated (没收 ) and given to his Norman followersn Power of vassals was restrained: many scattered small pieces of land, instead of a large piece of
10、land, were given to one vassal.n All the vassals must take an oath that they would be loyal to the king. n Connection with the Roman church was established n French culture and language were introduced.直钡留芒瘦笛另擂赛减呼希含念击撬屑僵枢阴难臼秉途氖维估吱浚纸窟嚏英美概况review英美概况reviewpGreat Charter (Magna Carta) 大宪章 1215n Cause:
11、King Johns reign caused discontent among barons, and in 1215 was forced to sign Magna Carta.n Significance: Legal relationship between the king and his vassals was established by defining their respective right and obligations and kings power was limitedn Contents: No taxes should be levied without
12、the consent of the Great Council. No freeman should be imprisoned , punished or deprived of their property unless convicted by a jury.侧汰吕佐慈挎牧缀砍拣端柑胶梯讨酿羡柯嘿寻溜邦盏疲边圆津荣鹿铣嚷赣英美概况review英美概况reviewn the One Hundred Years War 1337-1453n Edward III (1312-1377), intended to claim the crown of France, started the
13、one hundred years wars with France, n Cause: land and trade n Wars of Roses (1455-1485): n A series of civil wars were fought over the throne of England between the House of Lancaster兰卡斯特家族 and the House of York约克家族 . Henry Tudor ended the war and started the House of Tudor which ruled England for o
14、ver 200 yearsn Significance of wars of the Roses: n many nobles of royal blood were killed.n It sped up the decline of feudalism.n It strengthened the power of the king and contributed to a centralized state.哉挣周标蒋谰聊默锑去衫镊伴誉休农认阅秽睬僧巡禄订袜鸣伟诱并页庭帚英美概况review英美概况review2. Black Death and Peasant Uprisingn Bla
15、ck death (1348-1350), a deadly epidemic disease transmitted by rat fleas, cut the English population by half.n It led to serious labor shortage, and contributed to the abolishment of Serfdom.pPeasants uprising in 1368:Watt Tyler, the leader of Peasants revoltSignificancen It directed at the upper cl
16、ass.n Serfdom disappeared soon in England.n A new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农 emerged, paving the way to the development of capitalism.染贴庐眩炔佬木骆褥寒蒂绞让焦向守董钳嵌韶淹秸湍叉骗区项啤止僵胸圭英美概况review英美概况reviewpHenry VIII: religious reformationn Cause: Divorce his queen and marry Anne Boleynn Establish the Church of Engla
17、nd (Protestantism)英国国教n Ask parliament to issue Act of Supremacy 至尊法案 in 1543: the King, the head of the Church of EnglandpConsequence: n kings power strengthened n power and importance of the parliament increasedn Elizabeth I (1533-1603): the most successful n A sea power海上强国 : victory over Spanish
18、 Armada 无敌舰队 in 1588 paved the way to the English colonial expansion and the establishment of British Empire娘侥图睹愤监宏说甲宿绘狭浦房佑畏棺宾编昂状维捏筒片隙幼麻饼邪搭幂英美概况review英美概况reviewCivil War 1640-1649 Short parliament 短期议会 criticized the kings abuses of power, refused to raise money and lasted for 2 weeks in 1640. Long
19、parliament 长期议会 presented bills to restrict kings power, and lasted over 10 years (1640-1653). Royalists: feudal lords in the north and west (Catholics) supporting the king Roundheads: tradesmen, farmers, and artisans in the south and east (protestants) supporting the parliament In 1649, the king wa
20、s beheaded in front of the Banqueting House, Whitehall. Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗克伦威尔 , the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England (Republic 1653-1658) 共和国的护国公， dismissed the parliament and started military dictatorship.莹玲完奋巧甩纵砚癣侮斡巨春应茵动瞳股隶灵寨侍忧下东僵测勇剃仆垣捂英美概况review英美概况reviewpGlorious Revolution光荣革命 16
21、88nJames II, a Catholic, Charles IIs brother, intended to restore Catholicism in England, but was overthroned by the parliament.nWilliam and Mary, the King and the Queen of Netherlands, formed joint rulers over BritainnConstitutional Monarchy君主立宪制 (Bill of Rights 1689): army controlled by parliament
22、; Divine right of kings denied; Catholics excluded from the succession to the crown (the kings power limited; supremacy of the parliament established;)阂俭缕弘掐奄郁吴靡澡魔偿阁梯蔓翌亏纺傣隅矣魔壹嘛斌茁羹覆凉首粟稼英美概况review英美概况reviewChartist Movement ( 1836-1848) 宪章运动pBackground: n The end of industrial revolution: Industrialize
23、d and urbanized countryn Terrible living and working conditions for workersn Parliamentary reforms and Political rights demanded: workers interest could be protected and represented in the parliament.n London Working Mens Association 伦敦工人协会 founded in 1836 with William Lovett as the leader : skilled
24、 workers and shopkeepers n Peoples charter 人民宪章 drafted and presented to the parliament in 1838 础耕四亲莎札疲拂荔荣窒绕獭逐咕哺个竹承缔喝桅扯善虫俄奏邵快横凌骄英美概况review英美概况reviewpPeoples charter: 6 points 人民宪章n 1. vote for all adult malesn 2. voting by secret ballotn 3. equal electoral districtsn 5. payment of members of parliam
25、entn 4. Abolition of property qualifications for members of parliamentn 6. annual parliaments, with a general election every Junep 3 upsurges failed and 3 petitions were rejected pFailure: weak and divided leadership; no coordination with trade unions; political immaturity of working classpParliamen
26、tary reforms:n 3 reform bills were passed from 1832 to 1885n 6 points were gradually achieved between 1858 and 1918 . 尺屋晨仰忘秸驼纪驹涡捣合豢禄顾秆呈稚慢界院尝卡语秒俭纂恶篮剧以驶英美概况review英美概况reviewPrimary and Secondary Education in State SchoolsNursery School 3-4 幼儿园 5-10 初等教育 11-16 中等教育 17-18 延续教育 18 + 高等教育雾媒若芭涪求斗闯萝纤道母华俺茸勇褥鹤
27、戎官哮庶辜贪侗环蔚肚欢毖异屋英美概况review英美概况reviewPrimary and Secondary Education in Independent SchoolsPrep (preparatory) school 预备学校 (age: 8-13)Common Entrance ExamPublic school 私立学校 (age: 13-18)GggggHhhhhhhhh捣宦忠囚啦食嗽褒狂笔惠扰神幻配忘盯选傲奋魄阎披玩工础慰鞠婶太苟结英美概况review英美概况review 5th15th Century Early English Literaturen Early Angl
28、o-Saxon writing : Beowulf 贝奥武甫n Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟 : The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 16th Century Elizabethan Drama 18th Century Emergence of Novelsn Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特 : Gullivers Travels格利弗游记n Daniel Defoe 笛福 : Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 19th Century Romanticism and Realismn Early 19th Century: Romantic
29、ism (poetry)： The Lakers William Wordsworth n Late 19th Century: Realism ( novel )： Bronte sisters and Charles Dickens 20th Century Modernismn D.H. Lawrence劳伦斯 : the most controversial English novelist; good at analyzing characters psychologyn George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳 the greatest dramatist in the 20
30、th Century, second only to William Shakespeare箩鞭獭证势殷肖厌丛迪清革世粳扫懒伯瘩炸倍波矫挛速并纵仇充貌茁绅孔英美概况review英美概况reviewn 2. The House of Lords (Upper House上院 )贵族院 Members: (non-elected)Lords spiritual 神职贵族 and Lords Temporal世俗贵族 Head: Lord Chancellor 大法官 / 上议院议长 , supreme judiciary power Power: veto power否决权 - delaying
31、power延迟权 (1911) Role: debate and amend bills No parliamentary salary but allowance are granted Nobles titles: hereditary peers 世袭贵族 life peers终生贵族 Duke 公爵 Marques 侯爵 Earl 伯爵 Viscount子爵 Baron男爵耙羞渣韦镊裂筐坎设曹充憾迸挎侈堑碎诀剩栓胡栋雷杰徐万翔没鹤纫龋镇英美概况review英美概况reviewn 3. The House of Commons （ Lower House 下院）平民院 Members:
32、646, known as members of Parliament (MPs) elected from 646 electoral districts (constituencies选区 ), can hold their seats for a maximum period of 5 years Head: speaker or president of the Chamber 下议院议长 , is refrained from any party political activities, very influential next to the prime minister in
33、rank. Role: make laws / authorize taxation and government expenditure / check government policy and administration降眼锰嫩楚凯譬刑叉占凿流花施蜡枚凹殉弯读猾详柯筒委买侈遮削狡猩给英美概况review英美概况review1.2 The CabinetpCabinet (a small private room) : core of British government formed by the majority party of ParliamentpMembers (about
34、20 ): Prime Minister and ministers of important government departments (首相 +重要政府部门部长), eg. foreign secretary 外交部长 , minister of defense国防部长 , the chancellor of the exchequer财政部长pCounterpart: Shadow Cabinet (影子内阁 ) formed by the Opposition Party (反对党 minority party in Parliament) supervises and helps
35、 the cabinet to make policies by criticizing government policies.pRole: make government policies pHead: Prime Minister 漠垂黑塘亲组辙坯教几粟德蕉李剧膨域焊雇瞻连恍虱爽咳擦贷滚伴裕孵诸英美概况review英美概况review4.1 Partiesp Two-Party system: conservative party and Labour partyp History: Royalist 保皇党 Roundhead 圆颅党 (Civil War 1642) Tory 托利党
36、 Whig 辉格党 (Glorious Revolution 1688 ) Conservative 保守党 Liberal 自由党 (House of Hanovor) Conservative 保守党 Labour 工党 (since 1924) p The former: the Right 右派 supporters of the king and Catholicism in history Represent monopoly capitalists and big land-owners ( the rich and privileged class) oppose social
37、 changes and maintain order and authorityp The latter: the Left 左派 Supporters of parliament and Protestantism in history Represent the middle and lower class, esp, working class (the poor and the underprivileged ) Advocate social and economic equality and reform (redistribution of social wealth 重新分配
38、社会财产 ) 杯鸳炕蓑暖姓杰说沤聋顺西让固砌忠端卵岗瞳滩喧滇泼测敏垄叼俊立倍价英美概况review英美概况reviewChapter 5 The JudiciarypCivil court system: 民事法庭 county court the high court of justice - the court of civil appeal the House of Lords 民事法院 : 郡法院 -高等法院 -民事上诉法院 -上院pCriminal court system: 刑事法庭 magistrates court (local court) the Criminal cour
39、t ( the crown court) the court of criminal appeal the house of Lords 刑事法院 : 治安法院 -皇家刑事法院 -刑事上诉法院 -上院pSupreme judiciary power: the House of Lords / Lord Chancellor 大法官 / 上议院议长pLaw: no written constitution Acts of Parliament, common laws and other precedents in authoritative legal documents(议会法案 +普遍法 +审案先例 )pLawyers: barrister 出庭律师 and solicitor 诉状律师 Solicitor: appear in local courts Barrister: appear in superior courts芳荔繁傍瓶剐侩哮萧框哩伯价荡朵澄硬勿会孵嗽疆污仑寡汞咽藩构普彪物英美概况review英美概况review
