1、写作的要求,1.篇幅：120-150字 达不到字数要求的，要酌情扣1-5分: 90-99 扣1分，80-90扣2分，70-79扣3分，60-69扣5分； 2.布局：三段式 只写一段为0-4分，只写两段0-9分。 3.评分标准：,2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,但多数为严重错误； 5分-基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误； 8分- 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不过清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误；,11分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误； 14分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误
2、，仅有个别小错误。,4.行文要求: (1)切题：统一，无不相关细节内容； (2)条理清楚：连贯、和谐 - 注意衔接语的使用； (3)简洁：句子要简练； (4)准确：减少语法错误，符合英语的表达习惯，避免汉语式英语； (5)卷面：整洁。,写作模式 1.段落 英语中的段落由三部分组成，即主题句、支撑细节和结论句。篇章中的段落可以没有结论句，但是一般应该有主题句。 1)开门见山提出主题； 2)段落扩展模式要适当；,英语文章的段落结构模式主要有： (1)比较和对照; (2)列举; (3)因果; (4)举例。 2.篇章:篇章的组成 Introduction -Body -Conclusion。,如何写好
3、英语作文的结尾? 1.首尾呼应，画龙点睛 在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。 2.重复主题句 结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。,3.自然结尾 随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。 4.含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。,5.用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。 6.指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。,如何检查作文 1.是否使用了正确的语法结构，如：动词时态一致、主谓一致、短语的准确性、用词准确、词性（尤其是
4、名词、动词、形容词）、名词单复数、冠词错误和介词错误。 2.句式是否有变化 （如各种从句的使用、分词结构等 ）。,3.使用了一定的词汇量(如用同义词或词组来避免过多的重复)。 4.明确的观点。 5.在每段的主题句中都表明了这个段落的中心思想，所有扩展句都紧扣主题。每一段话都紧扣文章的主题。,6.每一段话都得到充分的展开。 7.提供了足够的细节、例子或论据。 8.使用了过渡性词语，因而句子之间和段落之间都有逻辑性和条理性。 9.标点、拼写没有错误。,命题形式 一、图表式作文 二、应用文 三、提纲式作文,一、图表式作文 1.题型特点：又可分为三种：圆形图作文、曲线图作文和条状图作文。图表式作文虽然
5、在形式上看来是采用的是图表形式，但根据其题目及提纲要求也可以看成是特殊的提纲式作文。 2. 题例：(02年6月)Student Use of Computers,3.写作模式 第一段：From the graph, we know the statistics of (图表概况)。It can easily be seen that(揭示含义),第二段：There are many reasons leading to this fact, and the following are the typical ones. For one thing,(理由一)。In addition,(理由二)
6、。The last reason is that(理由三)。,第三段：However, this graph may not predict the entire situation in the future. I believe(我的预测)。Above all, we now have known the problem and we should try to work out some ways to solve it. For one thing, 方法一。For another,方法二。Still another, 方法三。,常用句型和结构 一、表示变化 1. Some chang
7、es have taken place in the past five years 2. A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications 3. The computer has brought about many changes in education 4. The chart indicates that is on the rise.,二、表示数量 1. It has increased（decreased）fromto 2. The population in this city has
8、now increased （decreased）to 800，000 3. The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January 4. In the past years there has been a great increase in the amount of ,二、应用文 1.题型特点：书信、讲演稿、欢迎词、便条、简历等。 2.题例： 05年1月(speech)、07年6月(Welcome to Our Club),信件的常用语 一、开头语 1.Your kind lette
9、r gives me much pleasure. 2. Im very glad to have received a letter from you. 3. With great delight I learn that. 4. I have the pleasure to tell you that. 5. Your letter of the 21st has been received with thanks.,二、结尾语 1.Write to me as soon as you can. 2. With best wishes to you and your family. 3.
10、Hoping to hear from you soon. 4.Awaiting the favor of your reply。 5. Thank you in advance for your early reply.,三、结束语 1. Sincerely yours 2. Yours very sincerely 3. Always sincerely yours 4. Faithfully yours 5. Yours affectionately 6. Your loving sister 7. With love,事务信件结束语 1.Sincerely yours 2.Very t
11、ruly 3.Yours respectfully 4.Faithfully yours 5.Always sincerely yours 6.Yours,一、 英文书信的结构英文书信分为两大类：公务信件和私人信件。公务信件是单位与单位或单位与个人之间来往的书信，可能是推荐信、求职信、入学申请书、邀请信，或询问、答复、反映意见（如投诉信）等的信件。私人信件是指亲戚朋友之间的通信。一般说来，私人信件不拘形式，信文多用手写，也可打印；公务信件要求比较严格，必须遵循一定的格式，信文一定要打印。,英文书信一般由以下六部分组成：信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾、签名。 称呼：Dear Dr. Johns
12、on 对不相识的人可按性别称呼：Dear Sir: 或Dear Madam: Dear Ladies。 如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam,三、提纲式作文 1.事实对比型 (1)观点对比 A.题型特点：提纲中给出某一事物的优缺点，要求进行比较，然后下结论，最后阐述自己的观点。,B. 题例 08年6月(Recreational Activities),C.写作模式 第一段： Some people tend to think that(观点一)。They point out that;(理由一)；Additionally,(理由二) Therefore, 小结,第二段：
13、 On the contrary, other people hold the view that(观点二)。They argue that(理由一).Whats more(理由二)。Accordingly,小结。,第三段： As far as I am concerned, I think(我的观点)。The reason is that(理由一)。And also,(理由二。).Therefore,总结自己的观点。,（2）现象对比 A.题型特点：某一现象-优缺点-我的态度和看法。其议论对象往是某些事物的正反两个方面，并要求考生阐述自己的观点。 B.题例Online shopping (11
14、年6月),2.说明利弊型(1)题型特点提纲中给出的两种观点一般都有 可取之处，但都有点极端。题例09年6月(Free Admissions to Museums?),（2）写作模式第一段：Whenever we hear people say that(主题)。Well instantly have the idea that it is good/bad thing for.Indeed, many advantages. We can take as an example. It will benefit (好处一)。In addition,(好处二)。,第二段： In the meant
15、ime, we must realize those disadvantages of. First of all, 坏处一。Second, 坏处二。,第三段：To sum up the above arguments, I think a proper attitude towardsis that(我的观点）。,3.解决方法型 （1）题型特点：要求学生通过利用给定的材料做出自己的分析，论述其原因，然后提出自己的看法或对策。 (2）题例： Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling (10年6月),C.写作模式第一段：Nowadays,we have
16、to face a problem that(问题)。(At present, a great number of people are faced with the problem that (问题). Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem(问题)。It is important for us to(问题)。For instance, 例一。(First,原因一)Moreover, 例二。,第二段： People have figured out many ways to solve the proble
17、m. (Confronted with/faced with问题，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.)Firstly, (解决方法一). Secondly(解决方法二).,第三段： Personally, I believe (我的方法)。To me, I am taking two ways to solve the problem of . One of them is(方法一),The other way is that(方法二)。By now ways have been w
18、orking perfectly and efficiently.,4.分析型议论文 (1)题型特点：这类命题作文一般属于“概念型”议论文，要求学生以例证为主要手段论证某个概念所蕴涵的道理。开篇先对题目及提纲进行分析，其后为主体段，最后得出合理的结论。 (2) 题例:Creating a Green Campus (98年1月),(3)写作模式 第一段：During recent years, the topic of is becoming more and more popular。It is obviously thathas a great impact on both society
19、 and human beings; 第二段：An example of this case is Another case in point is 第三段：In conclusion; (or In short,it is safely that ; We can conclude that; We can draw an conclusion that),常用句型和结构 一、提出观点 1. Some people think that. To be frank, I cannot agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 2. One
20、of the great men once remarked that. Now more and more people share this belief. 3. For years, .has been seen as. But things are quite different now.,4. As far as. are concerned, however, I prefer. 5. In the discussion, many people suggest that. But I argue that. 6. Some say. But others take a negat
21、ive attitude. In my opinion, I argue that. 7.My argument for this view goes as follows.,批驳: 1.It is true that ., but one vital point is being left out. 2. There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact. 3. Some people say ., but it does not hold water. 4.Many of
22、 us have been under the illusion that.,5. A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 6. It makes no sense to argue for . 7. Too much stress placed on . may lead to . 8. Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that . 9. Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain th
23、at ,二、阐述观点 1.We must face the essential fact that. 2. No one can deny the fact that. 3.There are many reasons for. For one thing. For another. 4. Studies show that. 5. I follow the idea that. 6.What these people fail to understand is that.,7. People take different views of（on）the question 8. There i
24、s always a danger that. 9. Some people would suggest that. 10. Many people would claim that. 11.People have different opinions on this problem 12.On the other hand, I appreciate that.,13. What is also worth noticing is that. 14. It might also be noted that. 15.By contrast, it is also important to no
25、te that. 16.Contrary to generally accepted ideas, I argue that.,三、列举事例1. A good case in point is . 2. Take.for example.3. As the popular saying goes4. Such examples might be given easily. 5. We may cite a single example of6. We may quote a common example of.7. Here is one more example.,四、措施 1.We sho
26、uld take some effective measures 2.We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties 3.We should do our utmost in doing sth 4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with,五、结论 1.Recognizing this general fact about.leads us to conclude that. 2.Therefore, I strongly recomme
27、nd that. 3. All the evidence confirms a sound idea that. 4. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that.,六、结尾 1. From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that . 2. It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop . 3. It is necessary th
28、at steps should be taken to . 4.In short，it can be said that 5. Taking all these into account, we .,6.It may be briefly summed up as follows 7.In conclusion, it is imperative that . 8. There is no easy method, but .might be of some help. 9.To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must . 10. It may be briefly summed up as follows,
