1、大学英语四级作文 写作要领及常用句型文章总体构建合理布局篇章结构，写好引言，主体部分和结尾段落，遵循科学的写作步骤：审题组织素材撰写提纲行文修改与修订段落的基本结构段落可以概括地定义为围绕一个主题而展开的一组相关的句子。这组句子是密切关联的信息组合，也是文字表达的一个基本单位。段落的中心思想通常有主题句概括，而主题句中提出的问题和论点要在段落中通过扩展句进行讨论与回答。段落常有三部分构成：1. 主题句（topic sentence)2. 扩展句（supporting sentences)3. 结尾句（concluding sentence)段落种类1. 开头段：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，点
2、明写作目的。吸引读者的兴趣与好奇心。2. 中间段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是对文章主题进行解释和证明。3. 结尾段：是简要地呼应前面段落的内容进行总结，点明主题，使文章的意思更明确，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。常见句型表示原因的常用句型1） There are three reasons for this.2） The reasons for this are as follows.3） The reason for this is obvious.4） The reason for this is not far to seek.5） The reason for this is that.6）
3、 We have good reason to believe that.例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly，peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least，more and more people prefe
4、r to enjoy modern life.表示好处的常用句型1） It has the following advantages. 2） It does us a lot of good. 3） It benefits us quite a lot. 4） It is beneficial to us. 5） It is of great benefit to us. 例如： Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our hor
5、izons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.表示坏处的常用句型1） It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2） It does us much harm. 3） It is harmful to us.例如： However，everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spe
6、nd too much time watching television. 表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1） It is important（necessary，difficult， convenient， possible）for sb. to do sth. 2） We think it necessary to do sth. 3） It plays an important role in our life. 例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in b
7、usiness. Soon， computers will be found in every home， too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age. 表示措施的常用句型1） We should take some effective measures. 2） We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the
8、 difficulties. 3） We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4） We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced ）with. 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it. 表示变化的常用句型1） Some changes have
9、taken place in the past five years. 2） A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications. 3） The computer has brought about many changes in education. 例如：Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek
10、. Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 表示事实、现状的常用句型1） We cannot ignore the fact that. 2） No one can deny the fact that. 3） There is no denying the fact that. 4） This is a phenomenon that many people are interest
11、ed in. 5） However，thats not the case. 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cl
12、eaner environment. 表示比较的常用句型1） Compared with A，B.2) A and B has several points in common. 3)It is true that A . , but the chief fault B (obvious defects )are . 4)A and B differ in several ways. 5)The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 6） I prefer to read rather than watch TV.7） There
13、is a striking contrast between them.例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due
14、physical exercise. 表示例举的常用句型1) A good case in point is . 2) As an illustration, we may take . 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) .is often cited as an example. 表示数量的常用句型1） It has increased（decreased）from.to. 2） The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000. 3） The outpu
15、t of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January. 例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased. 表示看法的常用句型1） People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.
16、 2） People have different opinions on this problem. 3） People take different views of（on）the question. 4） Some people believe that.Others argue that. 例如：People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greate
17、r chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 表示结论的常用句型1） In short，it can be said that . 2） It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3） From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion
18、that . 例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved. 部分常用套语1） Its well known to us that . 2） As is known to us，. 3） This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4） From the graph（table，chart）listed abov
19、e，it can be seen that . 5） As a proverb says， “Where there is a will，there is a way. 例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus. The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “i
20、vory tower. As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate. 首尾段的写作方式 首段开篇的方式常见的有：1） 谚语法：由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。As the saying goes, “Money makes the mare go“, but there are many t
21、hings we cant buy with money, such as time and true love. 2） 定义法：通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。“Practice makes perfect“ is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the en
22、d.3） 提问法：通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.4） 概括法：概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。In recent years, with the de
23、velopment of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.5） 故事法：故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。 6）
24、 引语法: “Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained.“ From Vincis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.7） 调查法：为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。 8） 假设法：假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。
25、Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? 9） 综合法：具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。 常用于开头的短语、句式（1）With the（rapidly）growing popularity of（computers,/private cars/,our lives has been considerably cha
26、nged ） in China，the quality of （2）With the（rapid）growth of（our economy/ population)，many problems such as （water shortages / waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management）are begging to surface （3） With the development of （science and technology/market economy） ，more and more/ an incr
27、easing number of people come to realize that （4） Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse /negative influence of western cultures). （5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion aboutis under way in China .some people believe that ,whereas others argue that （6
28、） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers). To begin with, Next, Last, There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it, First,Second,Finally, （7）There are many advantages and dis- advantages in (owning a car). （8） There are various /at least three ways/ possible tec
29、hniques/problems/methods to do something （9） Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons. The first reason is that The second reason is that /On the one hand , On the other hand, （10） The possible solutions of (the energy crisis/ water shortages/these social pro
30、blems) depend on three factors（11） The two major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products )are 用于开“起” 文章，常置于主题句前后的：At present; currently; first(ly); First of all; generally speaking; In general; lately; now; Recently; to begin with; For one thingfor another;
31、 On the one handon the other hand；When asked about；When it comes toFaced with , Some people claim/think/argue/believe that , but/while others (differently)Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to .With the development/improvement/growth of , Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/th
32、ought/held/acknowledge that ,According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, 结尾写作方法写好结尾就是要使文章作到善始善终，使主题更加突出，使文章前后呼应，结尾要遵循简洁的原则，点到为止，不得拖拉，应避免节外生枝。在结尾部分不可出现与全文不一致的新话题。常用的结尾方式有:1.概括总结全文,提出解决方法 (summary In short; Finally; In summary; In a word; On the whole; In all; To conclude; In brief; All this sugg
33、ests that ；In conclusion; It can be concluded that 根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语表示“承”接，一般用于段落中间，可举例，可用同义词说明，可进一步解释，补充内容。Furthermore; for example; for instance; In addition; in other words; likewise; In particular; in the same way; meanwhile; moreover; namely; similarly; Whats more Those who hold .It is true th
34、at To be sure First/Firstly 表示“转”折，常用于段中：In contrast; in spite of; nevertheless; On the contrary; unlike; unfortunately; Whereas; althoughIt sounds like a good(attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, noticeThere is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but t
35、hey ignore a more important (basic) fact Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics). However logical (sound, forcible(有说服力) these arguments may be, they dont make se
36、nse (only skim the surface of the problem) when is viewed the other way (taken into consideration). As opposed to (Contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held idea (belief, view), new studies (facts) challenge (fail to justify) the opinion (view). Good/Superior/Wonderful as ., it has its own
37、disadvantages/ it brings its own problems. They may be right about , but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesnt follow/doesnt mean that There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and mor
38、e basic/essential/important fact/factor In many cases, however, As far as is concerned, 表示“合” ， 一般用于段落小结或引出结尾段：Above all; accordingly; as a result; Consequently; in a word; thus; In summary; to sum up; in conclusion; So; therefore; hence展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语： 、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，In the first place，Firs
39、t of all ，To begin with，For one thing. 第二层次（其次）Second ，Secondly，In the Second place，Next，Then，For another， 第三层次（第三点）Third，thirdly，besides，in addition，furthermore，what is more important 总结性段落常用句式、词语： 最后一点 last，lastly，finally，in the last place ，last of all，in short，in brief 简言之 in a word ，in summary，t
40、o sum up 总之，in conclusion，on the whole，altogether ，in all 因此， so，thus，hence ，therefore。Consequently，for thee reasons 结果， in consequence，as a result 由此可见 it will be seen from it that 如上所述，我们可以得出结论as has been said above，we can conclude/make a conclusion/draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion come to a c
41、onclusion that.进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语： 然而 while ，whereas，but，however，nevertheless 尽管如此 in spite of that，despite all this 但在另一方面 but on the other hand 与相比 in/by in comparison with/as compare with 对比之下 by/in contrast 与相反 as opposed to/instead of 相反 on the contrary，instead 他们的区别如下 The differences are as foll
42、ows；the differences can be described as follows A 与 B 之间的不同在于 the differences between A and B is /lies in/exerts in/consists in；A is different from B in 图表作文此类作文要求用恰当、准确的文字解释说明图表。图表的种类很多：有统计表(Table)，曲线坐标（图）(Line Graph)，条形图 (Bar Graph)，圆形图(Pie Graph)等。图表作文的目的是通过对所给数据进行比较分析，从中找出某种规律或得出一个结论。写作要领：（1 ）研究
43、指令，明确要求。（2 ）观察分析图表内容，相关数据，变化情况及包含的用意。（3 ）看明图表中附带的文字说明与要求（4 ）筛选数据与信息，草拟几段具体内容此类作文一般也用三段式写法第一段：叙述图表内容及寓意第二段：分析原因或后果第三段：提出建议，或做出评论得出结论图表作文开头写法：（1) The graph(table, chart)shows that （2) As(is)shown in（3) As can be seen from the table,（4) It can be seen from the graph above,（5) As stated in this Fig.,（6)
44、 The facts(data, statistics)from this graph(table, chart)show that（7) According to the figures given in the table,（8) It can be seen from the statistics that结尾写法：（1 ）总结性的，用下列词语开始，写 1-3 句即可：therefore, so, finally, in a word, in sum, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole 等等。（2 ） 观点性的，用下列词语开始，写 1-3 句即可
45、：in my opinion, in my view, my comment is, personally, I believe, I think, I suppose，as far as I am concerned 等。 图表作文的常用词 上升：increase rise ascend core surge go up climb mount level up 下降: decrease fall drop descend decline reduce lessen level down 平稳:stable steady remain/maintain/keep/be the same as
46、/similar to 最高点:the highest the top the summit the peak the most 最低点:bottom less least rock bottom 平均:mean average 趋势:tendancy trend inclination 预见:prediction 达到顶峰: mount to 在*中占*:*gain the percentage of 有一个稳定的过程:a stable period can be seen 第二段：说明段，From the*/*illustrate* +一些内容，主要写以下几个方面：极点(极大，极小) ，趋
47、势，特别点(交点，转折点，相同点和一些在特定图上有意义的点) 第三段:From the chart,we may have a basic understanding of the situation of凑字数用的！ 一些表达：写作模板 图表式作文It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X vari
48、es). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, (第一个原因). More importantly, (第二个原因). Most important of all, (第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enou
49、gh reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken 括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势). 图表图画类作文常用表达法描述图表内容：1. According to the figures shown in the table/graph we can see/conclude that2. The graph shows/tells us/ reveals that3. As is shown/ can be seen in the chart4. The table is/gives information about
