1、 一、快速阅读大学六级中的第一道阅读题目是快速阅读，很多考生朋友都向笔者反映：快速阅读怎么做啊?拿到题目是先看文章还是先看题目啊?怎么我总是做不完题啊?有什么方法可以提高阅读速度啊?等等等等这几个问题相信也是大家最关心的，那接下来，笔者将从六级快速阅读的命题特征，做题步骤，解题方法几个角度来谈谈如何攻克快速阅读。1. 六级快速阅读的命题特征六级快速阅读的文章篇幅约为 1200 单词，通常是略多一些的，整个题目的给定时间为15 分钟。文章之后是十道题目，这十题可以会出现两种组合：一种为 4 道是非判断题(也就是大家所熟悉的 Y/N/NG 题)加上 6 道句子填空题( 也可称补全句子);另一种为
2、7 道选择题加上 3 道句子填空题。至于考试最终会以哪种形式出题，在考纲中是没有明确说明的，从改革之后的几次实考情况来看，06 年 12 月六级开始使用新题型，到 09 年 6 月的六级考试中，第一种题目组合形式考了两次，分别是 06 年 12 月和 07 年 6 月;第二种题目组合形式考了之后的四次。大家可以从以上的信息中来分配自己对于每种题型的复习时间。2. 六级快速阅读的做题步骤由于整个快速阅读部分总体时间为 15 分钟，如果不进行合理的规划，这样的时间是绝对不够用的。很多考生朋友会问到底应该以一种什么样的顺序来做题?我们先来了解一下在考试大纲中的说法：“要求考生运用略读和查读的技能从篇
3、章中获取信息。略读考核学生通过快速阅读获取文章主旨大意或中心思想的能力，阅读速度约为每分钟 120 词。查读考核学生利用各种提示，如数字、大字单词、段首或句首词等，快速查找特定信息的能力。 ”从考纲中我们发现，这里有三个重点信息：略读、查读、速度为 120 词/分钟。从这三点上我们基本上可以确实整体的步骤了，那就是选定信息+回到文章查找信息+对比解题。而且我们应该是看一题，做一题。这就是所谓的略读、查读。其实这正是我们平时所使用的从题干中找关键词，回文章定位的办法。快速阅读其实就是考定位。而另外一个信息，阅读速度问题，表面上看到这个 120 词/分钟，很考生都望而却步，这绝对是一个无法企及的速
4、度，但笔者提醒大家看它前面的文字，这样读的目的是为了获取文章主旨大意，而不是精细分析，于是结合大家以往所掌握的英语阅读知识应该知道，在英语中主旨的位置往往是相对固定的，想要把握 1200 个单词的文章的主旨根本不需要全文阅读，只需要看几个位置就可以了，如标题、首段、小标题。所以说这里的阅读速度应该更确切的讲是平均速度。建议做题步骤：1)看题干，划出关键词。2)看一题，定位一题。3)对比原文与题干，找出异同或丢失信息，解题。3. 六级快速阅读的解题方法。对历年真题比较熟悉的考生也会发现，在快速阅读中往往会出现以下三条小原则：1)题目的顺序与文章的顺序高度一致。不论是哪种题目组合，这十道题都是严格
5、的按照行文的顺序，依次出现，所以大家完全可以好好利用这一条小规律，按照顺序去查找，并且坚决不走“回头路”。如果在做题中出现某道题的关键词不够明确，也可以通过这个小规律，采用“迂回”战术来解决，那就是先放着无法定位的题目不做，而去做下一道能够明确定位的题目，再利用题目与文章顺序一致，大概确定上题的范围，再做查找，范围缩小，也就意味着难度降低了。2)解题句几乎是将文章等分。做完一篇快速阅读之后，再重新审视全文，看看定位点，大概也会发现这个小规律，当然这只是大致的一个认识，十个解题句(定位点) 几乎就是将全文十等分，这一点认识对我们快速定位也会有一定的帮助，每次找到一个解题句之后，下一道题基本上可以
6、直接在下一段，或者大约隔十行去寻找了，这样会节省少许的时间。3)正确答案基本是原文再现。这一点无需多讲，一如前面关于考纲的分析所讲过的，旨在考察考生快速查找信息的能力，所以重在找，而非转述或分析，只要找到信息就可以了，那么在答案中往往是以原文原词再现。二、传统阅读传统阅读是六级阅读中分值比例最大的一种题型，共有两篇文章，平均篇幅约为 450词，每篇文章后有五道题，均是选择题。这种题型是考生朋友们最为熟悉的，笔者在此从命题规律，解题方法两方面做简要分析。1. 六级传统阅读的命题规律六级的传统阅读与四级相比，在形式上并没有太大的变化，只是篇幅略长。同时，题型也基本一致。在此总结一下具体规律：1)题
7、目顺序与文章顺序基本一致。注意这里讲的是基本一致，不是完全一致，也不是高度一致，意思是说在实际解题中经常能看到下一题的解题句出现在上一题的解题句之前，这就给我们定位带来了一定的难度，很多考生朋友习惯的是四级时高度一致，做完一道题就不再回头看，这样经常会无法在六级阅读中定位。在此建议大家在定位时，还应该以关键词为准，除非实在不好找的才使用题目与文章顺序的关系。2)五种题型的关系与六级阅读考察重点。大家对于阅读题的普遍认识是有五种题型，分别为：细节题、主旨题、推断题、态度题和语义题。那么这其中实际上是有内在联系的，细节题和主旨题是相对独立的关系，而推断题实际上并不要求考生根据文章的信息去推理和分析
8、，而要从两个角度去思考，有的推断题在题干中会给出一些信息，如 2007 年 12 月 22 日的传统阅读的第 58 题：What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckermans lamentation?在这里我们看到推断题的信号词 learn，同时又发现了一个专有名词(人名 )，说明此处的推断是从原文中引用句来的，需要去研究一下引用的具体语言，这种做法正是细节题的解题思路。又如 2009 年 6 月 20 日传统阅读的第一题： We can learn from the first paragraph that_，这道题干也有信号词 learn，但是又给出了第一段这个
9、范围，可并没有说是根据哪一句，我们通常就要去研究一下这第一段的段落主旨来解决了，所以是主旨题的解题思路了。通过这两个题干，我们会发现，推断题说到底是细节题和主旨题的变体考法，之所以叫推断是由于推断题的信息往往不是原文直接表述的，而是通过对比，比较，转折等手段间接说出来的，但具体做法还是细节题或主旨题。类似地，态度题也是一样，有的题干问法是针对细节，有的则是针对全文。而语义题，也称猜词题，则为固定的细节考法，往往都是借助所考的单词，短语或句子的上下文来解决。归结到底，六级传统阅读就是两种考法：细节和主旨，这也正是考试大纲中的重点，“理解中心思想和重要细节” 。我们还应该了解一下细节和主旨相比，重
10、中之重在于细节题，从历年的真题中，我们发现绝大多数的题目是细节题，这也就进一步证实，阅读题的考察重点是细节题的解题能力，笔者把这种能力归结为：查找加对应能力。也就是根据题干信息查找原文说法，对比原文与选项的能力。3)出题往往与语言特征相结合。这一点与四级阅读也类似，但是比重增加了许多，经常看真题的考生朋友也应该重视这一现象，在六级传统阅读中，基本上每道题都能看出一些语言特征来，像因果关系，转折关系，比较关系，引用，举例等等，2. 六级传统阅读的解题方法传统阅读的解题方法其实就两条，一是细节题的解题方法，二是主旨题的解题方法。其它题目则可以通过这两种办法来解决。1)细节题解法。通过前文关于命题规
11、律的介绍，六级阅读的考察重点就是查找加对应，这其实就是细节题的解题思路了。首先定位，建议有三种办法：第一，关键词定位法。关键词的选择可以是专有名词(如人名，地名，着作名，公司名，组织名等等)，时间数字，极端词( 如 all, only, most 等等)，当然这些词也不一定每篇文章的题目中都有，笔者建议考生朋友可以做一点调整，如果有上述词就用上述词，如果没有，刚按照名词、动词、形容词的顺序选定关键词，这样一来总是会有定位的依据。第二，顺序法。即题目顺序与文章顺序基本一致。当然这只能是对大部分有效，属于辅助的办法。第三，语言特征法。如果发现前两种办法还不能做到精确定位，则需要考虑此办法了，这种办
12、法需要考生在顺序法确定的大概范围中，再进一步确定可能出题的句子，以达到缩小范围，精确定位的目的。三种办法中关键词定位法是主要的办法。然后比对文章和选项。此时要做的事情就是找到题干与原文相比，丢失的信息，这个丢失的信息就是正确选项应该表达的意思了，一般来说，正确选项会具体表现出四种特征：一，是原文的完全再现(可能性较小 );二，是原文的结构，个别名词或动词进行同义替换( 最常出现);三，是原文的主宾颠倒(较常出现);四，是原文的全文同义替换( 较少出现)。这里需要考生注意的就是第二种情况，个别词的同义替换，也就是希望考生朋友们在平时背单词的时候多积累一些同义词，这对阅读题的解题是最有帮助的。2)
13、主旨题解法。相比之下，主旨题的解法则要明确得多。由于英文写作的特点，主旨通常都会在几个位置出现，在考生中流传着一句口诀：“主旨常在首末段，首句末句转折句，如果不灵找重复。”那么一旦确定是主旨题就到这几个位置去查找就基本上能够确定主旨，也就可以解题了。当然需要提醒大家的是，主旨题可以依据出题的位置决定大概的查找次序，通常来说五道题的第一题是主旨题，一般在首段中寻找;第五题是主旨题，则建议先从最后一段中查找，如果不够明确再回到首段中查找。如果是第二、三、四题出了主旨题，则一般来说，往往问段落主旨，通常会给出明确的段落，不会让考生盲目查找。三、简答题和选词填空在新六级的考试大纲中明确写出简答题和选词
14、填空是或考题型，即每次考试考哪一道题都是不确定的，但是从改革之后的几次考察情况来看，大家或者也能感觉到哪一道题会重要些，从 06 年 12 月开始实行新的题型，六次考试全都都考了简答题。但笔者还是会对两种题型做同样的分析。1. 简答题此题难度较低，原因在于绝大多数题目都是细节题的考法，而此处不需要对原文信息进行同义替换，可直接抄写原文信息，故此题只需要进行定位即可。考生朋友把握三条原则，此题可解。1)答案与问法一致原则。做此题时，首先看题干，划关键词，同时还要对问法做出标记，根据问法的不同，考生的回答也应该有所不同，2)照抄原文原则。定位后，可以通过对比原文与题干，找出丢失信息，直接从原文中抄
15、写即可，尽量不要对原文信息做改写，或调整，必要的时候也只是同一个单词的词性的变化。3)题目与文章顺序高度一致原则。此题的规律与快速阅读的顺序规律是完全一样的，在此笔者不做过多赘述。请参考快速阅读中的相关讲解。2. 选词填空这也是广大考生朋友普遍反映难度很大的题目，究其原因是大家对此题较为陌生，在以往的英语考试中题目形式往往是固定的几样，然而这种形式，让习惯了四选一的考生朋友找不到方向了，由于此题还未曾在真正的六级考试中出现过，但四级却是必考的题目，所以笔者将会结合四级考过的题目大概介绍一下此题可能具有的命题规律和一般解题思路。1)命题规律。选词填空的主要考察四种词性的单词，分别为动词，名词，形
16、容词和副词。通常只需要关注单词的含义，而很少涉及到用法，因此这部分对考生的要求主要是单词的识记，和前后文含义的把握，属于基本的字面理解。然而在四级的选词填空真题中我们也发现一种现象，那就是有些选项词汇的词性是不确定的，如以-ing 结尾的单词，可能是形容词，也可能是动名词，也可能只是动词的现在分词，具体是哪一种词性最终要看它所表达的意思，和文章所需要的意思。类似还有-ed结尾和-es/s 结尾的单词。这一点会给考生在理解上带来一定的难度，不知道如何处理这类单词。2)解题思路。第一步，把选项按词性分类。这一点建议考生朋友们要做到尽可能的细化，基于上面的命题规律的分析，笔者建议大家把选项分成七类，
17、分别是：动词(原形)，名词(单数、集合)，形容词，副词，-ing(形容词、名词、动词现在分词)，-ed(形容词、动词过去式、过去分词)，-es/s(动词单三、名词复数)。这样的分法可以使每类下的所属单词做到最小化(一般 23 个，最多 4 个，很可能只有一个)，而且分类明确对后面解题也会极大提高效率。第二步，判断文章中空格的词性，到相应的类别中去根据意思寻找答案。如何能快速的判断文章中空格的词性呢?其实办法很简单，是早在大家初中阶段就已经学习过的，句子的基本构成。初中的英语学习大多数的时间我们都在学习句子构成，主谓宾，主系表，陈述句，疑问句，感叹句，祈使句，单数复数，主格宾格，各种时态等等等等
18、，这些说到底其实还只是一个句子，简单句。而高中的学习中我们就深入到了复合句，这种相对复杂，相对高级的英语语法知识。3)注意事项。还有几点小问题希望考生朋友们注意，比较琐碎：如果一个句子有两个以上的空格，建议把整个句子读完后再由后向前解题，这样能适当的降低一些难度。文章中如果空格前后有连词，一定要好好利用。尤其是并列连词，这既是词性的提示，也是含义的提示。注意文章内部的重复，内容当中一般都会对段首或篇首的主旨进行某种重复，找到重复也就找到答案了。养成良好做题习惯，有自己的符号系统，动词如何标记，名词如何标记，做到自己非常熟悉一目了解，可以大大提高做题的速度。每选出一项就把该项划去，避免重复选择，
19、也是提高速度的办法。快速阅读 （一）The History of Pizza HutPizza Hut was started in 1958， by two brothers in Wichita， Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother， and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959， the first franchise unit opened in Topeka， Kansas
20、. Almost a decade later， Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970， Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ.In 1986， Pizza Hut introduced delivery service， something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990s Pizza H
21、ut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998， Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary， and launched their famous campaign “The Best Pizzas Under One Roof.” In 1996， Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains， Pizza Hut had the largest ma
22、rket share， 46.4%. However， Pizza Huts market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Dominos， Little Caesars and newcomer Papa Johns. Home delivery was a driving force for success， especially for Pizza Hut and Dominos.However， this forced competitors to look for new
23、 methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings， and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer， bigger， better， pizza for a low price. Offe
24、ring special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example， chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas.In the past， Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies tha
25、t they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu， trying to reach new markets. For example， in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food item
26、s for customers who didnt necessarily want pizza.Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different - different enough that customers will
27、think its a whole new product. For example， lets look at some of the pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983， Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza， which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993， they introduced the “BigFoot，” which
28、was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995， they introduced “Stuffed Crust Pizza，” where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997， they marketed “The Edge，” which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently， they are marketing “The Big New Yorker，” try
29、ing to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country.Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new ordering online system. Anyone with Internet access can order whatever they wish and get it delivered to their house without even speaking to someone. This program has just been star
30、ted， so we do not have any numbers to support whether or not it will be a success.Lastly， Pizza Hut has always valued customer service and satisfaction. In 1995， Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs： a 1-800 number customer hotline， and a customer call-back program. These were implemen
31、ted to make sure their customers were happy， and always wanted to return. In our plan， we will first give a situation analysis of current and relevant environmental conditions that affect our plan. Next， we will give a brief analysis of the current fast food industry， and any trends or changes that
32、might occur in the future.However， the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead costs， due to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obvio
33、usly， Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices.An indirect weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due to such intense competition with competitors. Pizza Huts opp
34、ortunities are almost endless. They can increase revenue with their new innovative pizzas， and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.Pizza Huts number one threats are from their competitors. Currently， their closest competitor is Dominos Pizza. Dominos main competitive advantage over Piz
35、za Hut is their price. It is generally lower than Pizza Hut. Also， Dominos was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza within 30 minutes. However， many lawsuits have been filed against Dominos in the past for reckless driving by their drivers， so Dominos withdrew the
36、 promotion. Little Caesars is another one of Pizza Huts competitors， right behind Dominos in market share. Little Caesars is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. Other competitors include Papa Johns， Sbarro， and Pizza Inn.A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each
37、 of their individual competitive advantages are pretty much everyones competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer free delivery， and always have some sort of promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizza
38、s and make-it-yourself pizzas that are purchased in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas， Boboli， and DiGornio pizzas.1. Pizza Hut expanded its business into many parts of the country by the time of 1969.2. Pizza Hut has always dominated the market and is free of challenge.3.
39、Fruits and salads are now commonly served at pizza restaurants.4. The diversification strategy is to be the first mover.5. In Pizza Hut， a Pan Pizza was _ to serve in 5 minutes.6. If you want a pizza from Pizza Hut delivered directly to your house， you have to have _ in the first place.7. In order t
40、o make sure their customers were happy， Pizza Hut introduced _.8. The higher overhead costs of Pizza Hut obviously accounted for _9. The reason why Dominos withdrew their promotion was that they suffered legally from _10. Major pizza makers have to face the problem that their competitive advantages
41、are _参考答案1. Y 2. N 3. NG 4. N5. guaranteed6. Internet access7. two customer satisfaction programs8. higher prices of their pizzas9. reckless driving by their drivers10. the same简单解析：快速阅读的解题策略是关键词定位和信息对比。本文主要讲述了必胜客的发展和行业竞争，题目设置较为清楚，根据题干及文章都很容易定位，基本上是一段对应一题。可能在第 1、9、10 题会有些踌躇，第一题中的 1969 年对应了文章第一段 a de
42、cade later，第9 题中需要填写遭受（suffer from）的宾语，文中并没有直接点明，而是在第 11 段中用了一个同义替换的形式“filed against Dominos in the past for”，最后一题对应文章最后一段中的 pretty much。（二）The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating
43、 in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.There is general agreement that there should be zero tol
44、erance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers, and government.The behaviours under question are multi
45、factorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolera
46、te cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all
47、 the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviourif one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future
48、doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.The creation of a perva
49、sive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a schools culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the schools examination system and general treatm
