1、豆浆 Soybean milk 社会发展的必然结果：aninevitable result of social development油条 Fried bread stick 引起社会广泛关注：rouse wide public concern / draw public attention水饺 Boiled dumpling蒸饺 Steamed dumplings 馒头/小笼包 Steamed (stuffed)buns泡菜 Pickle烧饼 Clay oven rolls饭团 Rice and vegetable roll蛋饼 Egg cakes 皮蛋 100-year egg 咸鸭蛋 S
2、alted duck egg Pandoras box(潘朵拉的盒子) “灾难的根源”的代名词。 2、the sword of Damocles(达摩克利斯之剑) 富贵中隐藏的危险。 3、Helen of Troy：是“红颜祸水，倾国尤物 ”的代名词。4、 The Trojan horse：常用来比喻暗藏的危险5、 Penelops web：源自 Odyssey 指永远也完不成的工作Wi-Fi：wireless Fidelity 无线保真；SIM 卡：Subscriber Identity Module 客户身份识别卡；pre-paid Phone Card：储值卡；Roaming：漫游；Vo
3、ice Prompt：语音提示；WAP：Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议sporting house 妓院（不是“体育室”）；capital idea 好主意（不是“资本主义思想 ”）；familiar talk 庸俗的交谈（不是“ 熟悉的谈话” ）；black art 妖术 Inkerlin#微词#confidence man 骗子（不是“信得过的人”）；personal remark 人身攻击（不是“ 个人评论”）；sweet water 淡水（不是“甜水”）；criminal lawyer 刑事律师（不是“犯罪的律师”）rest room 厕所（不
4、是 “休息室”）；#微词#lover 情人(不是“ 爱人“)；busboy 餐馆勤杂工 (不是“公汽售票员“)；busybody 爱管闲事的人(不是“大忙人“)；heartman 做心脏移植手术的人 (不是“ 有心人“)；mad doctor 精神病科医生( 不是“发疯的医生 “)；eleventh hour 最后时刻(不是“十一点“)；blind date 相、真题示例：（）“ 成果”和“ 后果” ，有人说是同义词，有人说是反义词，为什么？谈谈你的看法。（北师大年语言学和现代汉语语音、词汇专业课试题，分）分析：学过哲学的同学都知道，凡是都没有绝对，所以面对这道题我们心中会有个谱，二者应该是都
5、有道理，但是既然提到了两个极端的说法，那么必然也有各自的局限性。首先题目中涉及到了两个术语 同义词、反义词，那么一定先要把二者本质答出来，之后再根据材料分析二者的合理性和局限性。答：1、同义词是指意思相同或相近的一组词，反义词是指意思相对或相反的一组词；2、同义词分为绝对同义词（又叫等义词，意义完全相同并且可以互换）和相对同义词（在一定语境中或者某个义项上相近），“成果” 和“后果” 都表示做一件事情所取得的结果，那么在“ 结果”这一基本含义上二者属于相对同义词；3、反义词也分为绝对反义词和相对反义词（一定语境中或者某个义项上相对或相反），“成果”指做一件事情后取得了预期的效果，一般是好的方面
6、，而“后果” 一般是指不好的结果，二者在这个条件下就是反义词；4、综上所述， “成果”和“后果”在基本意义上构成同义词，在感情色彩上构成反义词，所以词的同义或者反义有时是需要条件的，要具体问题具体分析，所以题目中的观点都有各自合理的一面和局限的一面。（2）疑问代词、指示代词、人称代词都可以用于虚指，各举一例。（华中理工大学 2001 年现代汉语考研专业课试题，5 分）分析：一般说 6 分是 3 点，10 分是 5 点等等，那么这道题有的同学肯定特别“听话” ，上来各自举一例就完成任务，那么你想想，5 分的题你答了 3 点，怎么给分呀？而且这道题属于平行性的题，所以你答的肯定不完整。所以咱们再来
7、看看题，我前面说了，涉及到的术语一定要解释，那么看看这道题涉及到的术语有四个“ 疑问代词、指示代词、人称代词、虚指 ”，那么大家想想到底应该解释哪个的？3 个例子肯定是 3 分，那么剩下的 2 分应该解释哪个术语呢？（大家肯定知道，自己答吧，哈哈）。3、注意问题：简答题需要审题清楚，把隐含的踩分点都“揪”出来，这样你才能得高分，得满分。而且一般举一个例子简单说明即可（超过 8 分的简答一定得举例）。（三）论述题 论述题答题最基本就要遵循着“角度多、知识全、例子鲜明、解释精当 ”这么四个法则。2、真题示例：（1 ）词类划分的标准有哪些？谈谈你的看法。（北师大 2008 年古代汉语和现代汉语考研试
8、题，15分）答（只写要点了，具体内容自己充实）、词类的含义，划分词类的目的；、划分词类的标准（点，分别解释并举例说明各自的作用）、划分词类标准中最重要的标准 语法功能（分布状态），（为什么？举例说明。）、比较有代表性的各家对现代汉语的词类划分（马建忠、吕叔湘、黄廖本、胡裕树、朱德熙等等，举出得至少三个吧）。（）论述字 、语素、词的关系。（分）分析：这道题也够大的了，那么首先解释字、语素、词各自的含义，然后慢慢理请他们的关系。、字、语素、词各自的含义；：在古代汉语中字和语素、词的关系，在现代汉语中三者关系（举例），对比其他语言（一般是选择英语吧，英语中没“ 字” 这个概念），（角度广）；、（字和
9、后两者的区别还是比较明显的，“字” 是书写符号，后两者是词汇、语法单位）语素和词的关系（如何确定语素和词，举例说明）；、（加分点，呵呵），简单谈谈汉语本位问题（老师看到你这里的论述一定会给你高分的，相信我，汉语本位问题是最近研究的特别热的问题，但是不要论述太多，说个三句五句就可以）。3、注意问题：论述题切记洋洋洒洒没有条理，在答题之前一定要构思好，哪些术语和观点和题目吻合，然后构建答题步骤和思路，因为老师不仅仅是在看你知识掌握程度，也是看一个准研究生思考问题的逻辑性和层次性，试想性相近也，习相远也。By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, th
10、ey get to be wide apart. 过而不改，是谓过矣。Not to mend the fault one has made is to err indeed. 己所不欲，勿施于人。What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others. 言必信，行必果。Keep what you say and carry out what you do. 君子以文会友，以友辅仁。The superior man on grounds of culture meets with his friends, and by their f
11、riendship helps his virtue. 三军可夺师也，匹夫不可夺志也。The commander of the forces of a large State may be carried off, but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from him. 后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？A youth is to be regarded with respect. How do you know that his future will not be equal to our present? 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎
12、？ Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? 人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him? 父在，观其志。父没，观其行。三年无改于父之道，可谓孝矣。While a mans father is alive, look at the bent of his will; when his father is dead, look at
13、 his conduct. If for three years he does not alter from the way of his father, he may be called filial. 不患人之不己知，患不知人也。I will not be afflicted at mens not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men. 诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。In the Book of Poetry are three hundred pieces, but the design of them all
14、 may be embraced in one sentence- Having no depraved thoughts. 关睢乐而不*，哀而不伤。The Kwan Tsu is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious, and of grief without being hurtfully excessive. 父母在，不远游，游必有方。While his parents are alive, the son may not go abroad to a distance. If he does go abroad, he mus
15、t have a fixed place to which he goes. 德不孤，必有邻。Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practises it will have neighbors. 吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。 At fifteen I set my heart upon learning. At thirty, I planted my feet firm upon the ground. At forty, I no longer suffered from per
16、plexities. At fifty, I knew what were the biddings of Heaven. At sixty, I heard them with docile ear. At seventy, I could follow the dictates of my own heart; for what I desired no longer overstepped the boundaries of right. 贤哉回也!一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。贤哉回也! Incomparable indeed was Hui! A handful
17、of rice to eat, a gourdful of water to drink, living in a mean street. Others would have found it unendurably depressing, but to Huis cheerfulness it made no difference at all. Incomparable indeed was Hui. 知者乐水，仁者乐山。知者动，仁者静。知者乐，仁者寿。The wise find pleasure in water; the virtuous find pleasure in hills
18、. The wise are active; the virtuous are tranquil. The wise are joyful; the virtuous are long-lived. 逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night! 食不厌精，脍不厌细。He did not dislike to have his rice finely cleaned, nor to have his minced meat cut quite small. 非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动。Look no
19、t at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety. 人无远虑，必有近忧。If a man take no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand. 君子有三戒。少之时，血气未定，戒之在色。及其壮也，血气方刚，戒之在斗。及其
20、老也，血气既衰，戒之在得。There are three things which the superior man guards against. In youth, when the physical powers, are not yet settled, he guards against lust. When he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigor, he guards against quarrelsomeness. When he is old, and the animal powers are decaye
21、d, he guards against covetousness. 唯女子与小人，为难养也。近之则不孙，远之则怨。Of all people, girls and servants are the most difficult to behave to. If you are familiar with them, they lose their humility. If you maintain a reserve towards them, they are discontented.1 见机行事。1 Act according to circumstances. 2兵不厌诈。2 All
22、 is fair in war. 3留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。3 As long as the green hills last, therell always be wood to burn.5不问就听不到假话。5 Ask no questions and be told no lies.8海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 8 A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near9简洁是智慧的灵魂。 9 Brevity is the soul of wit. 10公事公办。 10Business is business. 11车到山前必有路。11The cart
23、 will find its way round the hill ，when it gets there.12巧妇难为无米之炊。12 he cleverest housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. 13笨鸟先飞。 13 Clumsy birds have to start flying early.14精诚所至，金石为开。14 Complete sincerity can affect even metal and stone. 15置之死地而后生。15 Confront a person with the danger of death an
24、d he will fight to live. 16滴水穿石。16 Constant dripping wears away the stone. 17习惯成自然。 17 Custom is a second nature. 18以其人之道，还治其人之身。18 Deal with a man as he deals with you. 19血债要用血来还。19 Debts of blood must be paid in blood. 20隔行如隔山。20 Different trades are separated as by mountains. 21一回生，二回熟。21 Differe
25、nt the first time, easy the second. 22早动手，早收获。22 Early sow, early mow.23者千虑，必有一失。 23 Even the wise are not free from error. 24吃一堑，长一智。 24 Every failure one meets with adds to ones experience. 25国家兴亡，匹夫有责。26每一个人都有美中不足的地方。27人各有所好。28行行出状元。29仁者见仁，智者见智。25 Every man has a share of responsibility for the f
26、ate of his country.26 Every man has the defects of his own virtues. 27 Every man to his taste. 28 Every profession produces its own leading authority. 29 Everyone thinks in his way. 30切莫错过良机。31凡事总有一个开头。32身教胜于言教。30 Everything has its time and that time must be watched. 31 Everything must have a begin
27、ning. 32 Example is better than precept. 33经验是智慧之母。34经验是愚者之师。35乐极生悲。36以眼还眼，以牙还牙。37心有余而力不足（贪多嚼不烂）。33 Experience is the mother of wisdom. 34 Experience is the teacher of fools. 35 Extreme joy begets sorrow. 36 An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. 37 The eye is bigger than the belly. 38吃一堑，长一智。3
28、9人怕出名猪怕壮。40少说为佳。41寡不敌众。42水火无情。38 A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 39 Fame portends trouble for men just as fattening does for pigs. 40 Few words are best.41 A few are no match for the many. 42 Fire and water have no mercy. 43看菜吃饭，量体裁衣。44患难之交才是真正的朋友。45君子之交淡如水。46天才出自勤奋。47礼轻情意重。43 Fit the appet
29、ite to the dishes and the dress to the figure. 44 A friend in need is a friend indeed.45 The friendship of a gentleman is insipid as water.46 Genius is an infinite capacity for taking pains. 47 The gift is trifling but the feeling is profound. 48好故事百听不厌。49有报，恶有恶报。50名师出高徒。51习惯成自然。52欲速则不达（忙中有错）。48 A g
30、ood tale is not the worse for being told twice. 49 Good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil.50 A great teacher produces a brilliant student. 51 Habit is second nature. 52 Haste makes waste. 53满招损，谦受益。54时来运转百事顺。55人人都有缺点。56近墨者黑。 53Haughtiness invites disaster, humility receives benefit. 54
31、He dances well to whom fortune pipes. 55 He is lifeless that is faultless. 56 He that touchs pitch shall be defiled. 57人无远虑，必有近忧。58来者不，者不来57 He who gives no thought to difficulties in the future is sure to be beset by worries much closer at hand. 558 He who has come is surely strong or hed never hav
32、e come along. 2 1. 中国意念词（ Chinesenesses） 八卦 trigram 阴、阳 yin, yang 道 Dao（cf. logo） 江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits world） e.g. You cant control everything in a traits world. (人在江湖，身不由己) 道 Daoism（Taoism） 上火 excessive internal heat 儒学 Confucianism 红学（红楼梦研究） redology 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia 开放 k
33、aifang （Chinese openness to the outside world） 大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on 合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quo
34、tas and service charge 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) posts; guaranteed leading post 脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty 治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline 五四青年节 Youth Day 3 中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods） 馄饨 wonton 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 套餐 set meal
35、 盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away 米豆腐 rice tofu 魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu 米粉 rice noodles 冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 火锅 chafing dish 八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding 粉丝 glass noodles 豆腐脑 jellied bean curd 4 中国新兴事物（ Newly Sprouted Things） 中国电信 China Telecom 中国移动 China Mobile 十五计划 the 10t
36、h Five-Year Plan 中国电脑联网 Chinanet 三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project 希望工程 Project Hope 京九铁路 Beijing Kowloon Railway 扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project 菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project 温饱工程 Decent-Life Project 安居工程 Economy Housing Project 扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign 西部大开发 Go-West Campaign 5 特有的一些汉语词汇 禅宗 Zen Buddhism 禅 d
37、hyana; dhgaya 混沌 chaos 道 Daosim, the way and its power 四谛 Four Noble Truth 八正道 Eightfold Path 无常 anity 五行说 Theory of Five Elements 无我 anatman 坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation 空 sunyata 虚无 nothingness 双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英) 小品 witty skits 相声 cross-talk 噱头；掉包袱 gimmick,
38、 stunt 夜猫子 night people; night-owls 处世之道 philosophy of life 姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage） 还愿 redeem a wish (vows)红宝书 little red book 红色中国 socialist China 四化 Four Modernizations 终生职业 job-for-life 铁饭碗 iron rice bowl 大锅饭 communal pot 关系户 closely-related units 外出打工人员 migrant workers 关系网 personal
39、 nets, closely-knitted guild 五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals 四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment 7 中国古代独特事物（Unique Ancient Chinese Items） 宣纸 rice paper 衙
40、门 yamen 叩头 kowtow 牌楼 pailou；pai-loo 武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts） 中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means） 中和 harmony (zhonghe) 孝顺 to show filial obedience 孝子 dutiful son 家长 family head 三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife 五常：仁、义、理、智、信
41、five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity 八股文 eight-legged essays 养儿防老：raising sons to support one in ones old age 8 近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译 基层监督 grass-roots supervision 基础税率 base tariff level 婚介所 matrimonial agency 婚外恋 extramarital love 婚纱摄影 bride phot
42、o 黑心棉 shoddy cotton 机器阅卷 machine scoring 即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 价格听证会 public price hearings 甲 A 球队 Division A Soccer Team 家政服务 household management service 加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 假帐 accounting fraud 叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel 矫情 use lame arguments 渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence 借调 temporarily transfer 扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group. 扩大内需，刺激消费 expand domestic demand and consumption
