1、 流程图常用词句总结1. 描述过程，流程常用句子 the following/below/ given / diagraph/picture shows/tells /indicate / demonstrate/ illustrate the structure /step/process/procedure of 2.the picture illustrates it mainly consists of it works as follows./the step/ process for doing sth is as follows 3. Volvo revolve evolutio
2、n swift4. sony= soun- sonny pannasonic rejoice it always involves following steps. the whole procedure can be divided intostages. 2.描述流程，过程的常用过渡性词语 firstly secondly thirdly/finally cut some tomatoes into pieces the first step is to do-to do sth is the first stepsome tomatoes are cut into pieces.The
3、first step is to cut some tomatoes.The first step is that some tomatoes are cut.5. the first step is that6. the first step is to cut some tomatoes.7. the first step is that some tomatoes are cut.8. some tomatoes are cut, an important one, which is the first step.9. the first step is doing10.doing st
4、h is the first step.11. the next step is to the last step is to the first stage involves evolve revolve 12.revolution 13.Volvo volv- swift 14.sony soun- sonny- pann-in the next stage in the following stage in the last stage first of all to begin with next then later at the same time simultaneously s
5、ubsequently consequently before this during after this in the course of in order to/in order not to in order that so as to/so as not to 描述流程的文章，应说明： 1 首先说明是做什么工作的过程，目的是什么 2 准备工作 3 按时间/过程先后描述 4 结果 5 简单总结（可有可无） 描述一个实物/器具的工作过程，文章应分以下几点： 1 实物是什么，做什么用的 2 基本结构 3 工作过程 4 简单总结英语表方位词汇大全east 东 west 西 south 南 n
6、orth 北 northeast 东北 northwest 西北 southeast 东南 southwest 西南 front 前面 in front 在前面；当面 in front of 在 前面；当面 after 在 .之后, 在.后面 back 后面的, 在后面 behind 在.之后 left 左边 right 右边 above 在.上方 on top of 在.之上 over 在. 之上 below/down 在.下面east 东 west 西 south 南 north 北 southeast 东南 southwest 西南 northwest 西北 northeast 东北ea
7、st-southeast 东南偏东 east-northeast 东北偏东 south-southeast 东南偏南 south-southwest 西南偏南 north-northeast 东北偏北 north-northwest 西北偏北 west-northwest 西北偏西 west-southwest 西南偏西 east by north 东偏北 east by south 东偏南 south by west 南偏西 south by east 南偏东 north by west 北偏西 north by east 北偏东 west by north 西偏北 west by sout
8、h 西偏南 southeast by east 东南偏东 southeast by south 东南偏南 southwest by west 西南偏西 southwest by south 西南偏南 northeast by east 东北偏东 northeast by north 东北偏北 northwest by north 西北偏北 northwest by west 西北偏西eastward 向东地（的） westward 向西地（的） northward 向北地（的） southward 向南地（的） about 在附近 after 在 .之后 against 与相反 ahead 在
9、 之前 aimless 无方向的 along 顺着，向前 anticlinal 背斜的 apeak 垂直着（的） around 附近地 astatic 无定向的 astray 偏向的 asunder 在位置或方向上相互隔开地 at 在里，在附近 away 远离 axial 轴向的back 在后面 before 在.之前 behind 在.之后 beside 在 旁边 bottom 底部的 central 中心的clockwise 顺时针的 close 位于 边缘的 contrary 相反的，逆向的 coastwise 沿海岸方向 counter 相反的 counterclockwise 逆时针
10、的 crisscross 交叉方向的 crosswise 横穿的 deep 在深处的 dextrorotatory 向右旋的=dextrorotary diagonal 斜的 differential 差动的,涉及速度或运动方向不同的 direct 顺行的 downrange 顺导弹发射方向的 downstream 顺流的 downwind 顺风的 duplex 双向的 extreme 最远的 farther 更远地 following 后面的 fore 在前部的 forward 前部的 front 前面的 glancing 倾斜的 head-to-head 被安排在方向相对的直线上in 在.
11、之内 inside 在以内 into 到里面 inward 内部的isotropic 所有方向上都相同的 leeward 背风地（的） left 左边的 left-hand 左手的，左侧的 lengthwise 纵向的 lengthways 纵向的 levorotatory 左旋的 middle 中间的multipronged 有几种不同的方向的 negative 反的 northeastward 向东北地（的） northwestward 朝西北地（的） oblique 斜的 off 远的；远离的 offward 向海( 的 ),离岸(的) on 在上 onward 向前的 one-way
12、单向的 opposite 反方向的 oriental 东方的out 向外地 outside 在之外 outward 外面的 over 在 对面; 在顶端parallel 平行的 return 倒转或改变方向的 reverse 颠倒的 ,背面的 right 右边的 right-hand 右手的，右侧的 side 旁边的 skew 斜的 tail 尾部的 to 向，为了到达而朝一个方向，在 的面前 toward 朝着 的方向 tow-way 双向的 under 在 .之下 up 在上方地（的）upon 在.之上 upward 向上的 occidental 西方的 windward 向风的front
13、 前东 east; 西 west; western 南 south 北 north; northern 东北 northeast 东南 southeast 西北 northwest 西南 southwest 前方 front 后方 rear 左方 on the left 右方 on the right 顶部 coping;crest 底部 bottom 中部 central section; middle part 倾斜 obliquity;slope 地方 locatity; district;place 中心 hub(n.轴心） ； center; core(n.果核，果心；精髓，要义，中
14、心部分） ； focus(n.焦点，聚光点，注意活动的中心点） ； 前面 before; in front of;ahead 后面 behind; afterwards; back 正面 the obverse side; the right side ; directly 侧面 flank(胁；胁腹；侧面；厢房；军 侧翼）side ;aspect 到处 everywhere 纬度 latitude 经度 longitude 东方 east; orient(n.书东方； 大写亚洲，东方国家； 西方 western countries 上面 on 下面 behind, 左面 left 右面 ri
15、ght 12.3 12.4 关于如何写空间顺序段落的建议按照你想让你的读者了解你要描绘的场面的方式移动例如，从左到右，或从背景到前景，或按顺时针方向，等等。12.5 综合运用空间顺序和时间顺序有时候，尤其在描写参观时，有必要同时运用空间顺序和时间顺序，以增强段落的统一性。示范段落 12-1We enjoyed our visit to Dr Hassans house，perched high up on a hill.Walking up the long driveway，we approached the huge bronze door.A butler was standing in
16、 the open doorway，ushering guests into the house.Going in，we passed the oakpannelled library and the formal dining room before we arrived at the ballroom，where the reception was being held.Under three sparkling chandeliers，more than a hundred people were enjoying champagne，hors doeuvres and good con
17、versation.12.6 示范段落分析主题句：We enjoyed our visit to Dr Hassans house.时间空间顺序：drivewaydoorhouselibrarydiningroomballroomExercise 121Directions：Arrange the sentences into a paragraph，using the time order and adding the necessary listing signals.She never had a birthday party and she was twentyone year sol
18、d.The party was really a successful one.We planned to serve fruit punch and coffee.We planned entertainment.We carefully made a guest list.We planned a surprise party for Mary recently.We included many of her friends from school，a few of her friends from her neighbourhood，and all of her brothers and
19、 sisters.A boy did mayic tricks skillfully；another boy played the guitar well.We also wanted chicken sandwiches，a birthday cake with twentyone candles，and ice cream.We especially enjoyed the group singing.11.1 过程分析法过程分析法（process analysis）用作支配方法时，其目的是告诉读者怎样做某事，说明某事物的工作原理或某事物的制造方法。示范段落 111Even if you
20、dont know how to cook，youll never starve to death if you know how to prepare scrambled eggs.You begin by melting one tablespoon of butter in a frying pan over low heat.While the butter is melting，break three eggs into a bowl.Add 14teaspoon of salt，14 teaspoon of paprika，and three tablespoons of milk
21、 to the eggs in the bowl and mix them for about a minute.Pour the mixture into the frying pan，break them into shreds with a fork，or stir them with a spoon until they become solid.When they are cooked，serve them with lightly buttered toast.11.2 示范段落分析主题句：Even if you dont know how to cook，youll never
22、starve to death if you know how to prepare scrambled eggs.步骤 1：melt butter步骤 2：break eggs步骤 3：add salt，paprika and milk to the eggs步骤 4：mix them步骤 5：pour into the frying pan and stir them步骤 6：serve with buttered toast11.3 关于如何写过程分析段落的建议1）按照事物发展过程的顺序解释过程过程分析通常使用时间顺序法组织段落，因为告诉别人怎样做某件事的最容易的方法是一步一步地分析。2
23、）提及必要的用具、成分的分量和时机，在适当的地方提醒读者注意容易做错的地方。3）使用列举符号表示步骤。下面的列举符号（listing signals）常用于过程描述：first，second，third，etc.to begin with，then，finally，etc.Exercise 11-1Directions：Read the following paragraph，then find out the topic sentence，the listing signals and analyze the steps of the process.In his will，Alfred N
24、obel left specific instructions as to how the winners of the science awards he endowed are to be selected.First，each year the Swedish Academy of Sciences（physics and chemistry）and the Caroline Medical Institute（physiology and medicine）solicit nearly two thousand recommendations from past laureates，u
25、niversity professors and other experts from all over the world.The second step is the review of recommendations received and the selections of preliminary candidates by special committees within the two Swedish institutions.The committee members are specifically instructed that those chosen “shall h
26、ave conferred the greatest benefit on mankind， ”and that no considerations be given to the candidates nationalities.Next，after lengthy investigation and discussion，the final choices are made for each discipline.Finally，telegrams informing them of their awards are sent to the new Nobel laureates abou
27、t one month prior to the award ceremony.实用英语写作技巧之九 推展段落方法 22006-7-23 13:49页面功能 【字体：大 中 小】 【打印】 【关闭】9.1 叙述法叙述法（narration）回答了“发生了什么”（what happened）这一问题。叙述经常用于讲述一系列事件。这种方法常用作小说（fiction）、传记（biographs）的支配方法，也可用作其他各种文体的辅助方法。例如，轶事（anecdotes）、寓言（fables）等都是用叙述形式阐述某一观点。示范段落 91I was seven years old when I firs
28、t became aware of the terrible power of guilt.For piling our toys into the toy box，Mother had rewarded my brother and me with five shiny pennies each.If I had ten pennies instead of just five，I could have bought a ginger bread man with raisin eyes and sugarfrosted hair.The image danced in my head al
29、l day，until，finally，I crept into my brothers room and stole his five pennies.The next morning，as my brother and I were dressing to go to school，I had all ten pennies in the pocket of my coat，cramming one of my fathers handkerchiefs on top of them.As my brother and I lined up in front of Mother to be
30、 kissed goodbye，she looked at my bulging pocket with amazement.“What on earth do you have in your pocket？she asked.”Its nothing，“I said，as offhandedly as I could.”Its nothing at all.“Bewildered，but toobusy to investigate any further，Mother kissed me goodbye I ran out the door and down our gravel pat
31、h as fast as my feet could carry me.But the farther from home I got，the more miserable I became.The shiny pennies in my pocket felt oppressively like oneton boulders.And I was haunted by the idea that I had become a thief.Forgotten was the gingerbread man，for whose sake I had stolen my brothers penn
32、ies Finally，unable to bear my horrible feeling of guilt，I ran back home to blurt out my crime to my mother.9.2 示范段落分析在上面段落中，作者在主题句中阐述了他的观点：I was seven years old when I first became aware of the terrible power of guilt.然后用一件轶事作为支持这一观点的细节，叙述发生了什么事，并说明了他的观点。9.3 关于如何写叙述段落的建议1）只着重叙述有意义的事件和经历尽量避免日常琐事和无聊事，
33、只使用那些有助于阐明你的观点的事件和经历。2）保持始终如一的着眼点不管叙述是以第一人称或第三人称进行，都要尽量使语言从叙述者的着眼点（point of view）反映叙述者的见解和意向。3）运用细节写叙述段落时要运用细节，使人物栩栩如生，并在读者的想象中唤起事件发生的那种环境气氛。在描绘人物时也使用细节，使人物血肉丰满，形象生动。4）使用时间顺序叙述几乎总是使用时间顺序法来组织细节。（第 12 单元将讨论时间顺序法）Exercise 9-1Directions：Write a paragraph of narration using the given topic sentence.Not k
34、nowing a language well can sometimes be embarrassing._Exercise 92Directions：Write a paragraph of narration，telling about one of your memorable trip.实用英语写作技巧之十 推展段落方法 32006-7-23 13:50页面功能 【字体：大 中 小】 【打印】 【关闭】10.1 描述法叙述讲述发生了什么事情，描述（description）则向读者描绘某事物的样子、声音、味道等等。作者可以通过外表、行动或变化用语言描绘一个人，一个物体，一个地方或一个场面
35、。示范段落 101A tsunami is a great wave or series of waves.It extends from the surface to the sea floor and moves the entire vertical section of ocean through which it speeds.The greater the ocean depth，the faster the tsunami travels.Speeds of up to 600 mph have been reached.Toward land it slows down as
36、the bottom of the wave drags on the seabed；its crest rises from fifty to a hundred feet or more.10.2 示范段落分析主题句：A tsunami is a great wave or series of waves.细节 1：extention细节 2：speed（statistics used）细节 3：height（statistics used）在上面段落中，作者用细节（包括数据）描述了海啸的宽度（extention）、速度（speed）和高度（height），从而告诉读者海啸是什么样子。示范
37、段落 102The kitchen was in a mess.Along the left wall were the counter and sink covered with dirty dishes and garbage.On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of filthy clothes.Right next to the door where I was standing，on my right，I saw at able cluttered with old newspapers，an overtu
38、rned catsup bottle，and a wet，halfeaten hot dog.At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with the door ajar and milk dripping down from the top shelf.It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen.10.3 示范段落分析主题句：The kitchen was in a mess.细节 1：Along the left wallcounter and sink细节 2：On the
39、 far wallwashing machine细节 3：Right next to the door，on my righttable细节 4：At the far end of the right wallrefrigerator结论句：It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen.10.4 关于如何写描述段落的建议1）主题句给读者一个深刻的印象写一段好的描述段落要注意两个方面：首先给读者一个深刻的印象（a dominant impression），然后运用充分的细节（aptdetails）。这种深刻的印象必须首先吸引读者，因此不要在主题句中用太琐
40、碎的东西冲淡这一印象。比较下面两个主题句：a.The kitchen is in a mess.b.The kitchen is a place where the hostess does almost all the housework and as a consequence it is not always attractive and neat.显然，前一句主题句比后一句更吸引读者，因为它能给人以更深刻的印象。2）提供充足的细节具体和生动的细节是成功的描述所不可缺少的。在示范段落 10-1 中，作者通过海啸外表的生动细节以及速度和高度的具体数据描述海啸。在示范段落 102 中，在主题
41、句后，作者提供细节描绘厨房是怎样的乱七八糟。记住不要提供无用的细节使读者失望。3）使用空间顺序法（space order）组织段落好的描述还在于把一大堆具体的细节按空间顺序组成一个整体（关于空间顺序法见第 12 单元）。在示范段落 101，作者按照从表面到海底，从远到近的顺序描绘。在示范段落 102中，作者按照从左到右，从近到远的顺序描绘。4）使用有新意的明喻和暗喻明喻（Similes）和暗喻（metaphors）可使描述更加生动。但要尽量避免使用已经用得太滥的比喻。Exercise 10-1Directions：Write a paragraph of description，describ
42、ing a student dormitory._Exercise 102Directions：Write a paragraph of desccription，describing a natural phenomenon that you are familiar with._(一）表示首先 1 First, 2 Firstly, 3 First of all, 4 In the first place, 5 To begin with, 6 To start with, 7 First and foremost, 8 Initially, 9 The first thing I （二）
43、表示第二、此外 ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， （三）表示第三、最后 ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， （四）表示总而言之 ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ，写作倒装句型黄金总结倒装共分两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将全部谓语动词都放在主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词,系动词或情态动词放在主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其放在主语之前。 A 全部倒装：把全部谓语放在主语前。1there be 句型(特殊的全部倒装句型)There are bloody contents, vio
44、lence and pornography in the Internet.2 there here now then 放在句首时，句子进行全部倒装。Now is the time to take action.3 方位状语开头时，句子进行全部倒装。In books are embalmed the greatest thoughts of all ages.4 主语与表语互换位置(当主语过长而表语过短时，可以把主语与表语互换位置从而构成全部倒装)Well-known is that energy crisis poses a threat to the society.5 伴随状语开头(Wi
45、th 或 Along with 放在句首时，句子应该全部倒装)With globalization have come many problems.B 部分倒装：只将情态动词、助动词或系动词放在主语前1 only +单词、词组、状语从句位于句首，句子进行部分倒装。Only through education can we rise in the world.2 以否定意义状语开头，句子进行部分倒装。Never has this topic failed to fascinate people.3 neither nor 开头，句子进行部分倒装。Economic success is not t
46、he only factor in achieving happiness, neither is social status.4 so 开头，句子进行部分倒装。Success teaches us something about ourselves. So does failure.5 always often particularly many times many a time 放在句首时，句子进行部分倒装。Always am I amazed when I hear people saying that computers can replace teachers.6 让步状语从句由
47、though 或 as 引导时可用倒装，将表语放在句子最前面。Fascinating as computers utilized in education seem, teachersroles are more imperative.7 so that 引导的结果状语从句可用倒装。So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it写作强调句式精要分析强调句是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感，通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。 常见到的强调形式，共有以下七类：用 dodoesdid + V 可表强调Some people do believe that nuclear power poses a threat to the world peace.adv 或 adj
