1、高中英语语法讲解不定式（The Infinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。E.g.He want his students to read the book aloud.A1 不定式的构成（以动词 do 为例）主动形式 被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing 无完成进行式 to have been doing 无2 不定式的意义不定式的一般式(to do)一般式表示的动作或状态，
2、发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后My wish is to become a doctorHe seemed to be tired.She stopped to have a rest.不定式的被动式(to be done)当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.I am going to Beijing,I have something to take to my parents,do you have something to
3、 be taken to your parents?如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.（to be doing）They are said to be building another bridge across the street.They seemed to be talking about something important.When I went to his home,he happened to be traveling around the world.Im glad to be working with you.如果不定式
4、所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式(to have done)；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式(to have been done).He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He thought it a pity not to have invited us.The assistant seemed to have been fired.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.Einstein is sai
5、d to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang.Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.B.用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。一、不定式做主语：1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动
6、作。=动名词 doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。e.g:To finish the building in a month is difficult.To do such things is foolish.To see is to believe.(对等)注:1).不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2).当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用 it 做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。it 做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was+adj.+of sb.to do(2)It is+adj.+for sb.+to doIt is easy/difficult/hard/f
7、oolish/unwise/right/wrong/unnecessary(3)it is+a+名词+to do. It is a pity/a pleasure/a pleasant thing/ones duty/an honor/a shame/a crime/no easy jobto doIt takes(sb.)some time/courage/patienceto doIt requires courage/patience/hard workto do*注意:probable 和 possible 均可作表语，但 possible 可以用不定式作真实主语，而probable
8、不能用不定式作真实主语。It is probable for him to come to the meeting.(错）It is possible for him to come to the meeting.It is possible/probable that he will come to the meeting.二、不定式做表语主语是以 aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容,不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的
9、动作或状态。eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.What I would suggest is to start work at once.三动词不定式作宾语以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish 等只能用动词不定式
10、作宾语口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）想要学习早打算（want learn plan）快准备有希望（prepare hope wish expect）同意否供选择（agree offer choose）决定了已答应（decide be determined promise）尽力去着手做（manage undertake）别拒绝别假装（refuse pretend）失败不是属于你（fail）e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.We hope to get there before dark.The girl decided to do it herself.*注意:
11、某些及物动词可用-ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同的有stop go on remember forgetregret try mean cant helpbe used to四动词不定式做定语1.不定式作定语需要后置。2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语（逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）1）不定式前的名词是它的逻辑主语。He is the doctor to do the operation.2)不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。I have a lot of things to do.3）不定
12、式前的名词是它修饰的对象。This is the right time to start.注意如果不定式所修饰的词是 way 或 place,介词可省略。He has no way to go(by).This is the best place to work(at)五宾语补足语He want you to be his assistant.I saw her cross the street.注 1如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带 to，这些动词有see,hear,feel,watch,notice;have,make,let 等。I felt my blood r
13、un cold.What made you think like that?但如果句子是被动语态，则 to 不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.注 21.谓语动词 help 后可接带 to 或不带 to 的不定式作宾补。用不带 to 的不定式表示帮助者直接参与动作；用带 to 的不定式表示主语没有直接参与动作。They helped me carry the boxes.This kind of soap will help you to wa
14、sh the clothes more easily.2.在美式英语或非正式文体中，help 后用作宾补的不定式均不带 to。3.help 后可以直接用带 to 或不带 to 的不定式作宾语。They helped(to)carry the furniture upstairs.注 3look at 及 listen to 后用作宾补的不定式不带 to（这主要是美式英语） 。We have been listening to the radio tell a long story.六表语补足语当不定式与主语存在逻辑上动宾关系的时候，用主动表被动。That is hard to say.The
15、chair is comfortable to sit in.七不定式做状语不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1、表目的 e.g.To learn a foreign language well,you must try your best(主语一致)He came here to attend an important meeting.He came here in order to see Charlie.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的
16、标志之一。*但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是 to,in order to，但却不可以是 so as to.”,”To draw maps properly,you need a special pen.In order to draw maps properly,you need a special pen.To get the best results,use clean water.To be elected monitor of our class,he gave money to us.*放在句末时，to do 表示目的，不可有“， ”若有用 doing 表示伴随的目的e.g.H
17、e bowed to us to thank us for helping him find the way.He worked day and night,hoping to finish the work beforehand.注：1.不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(主语一致)e.g.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.例外 e g He opened the door for the children to come in.They sent a
18、man to mend the window.2、表结果不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型soas toWould you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle/tell me the time?such()as toIm not such a fool as to believe that.adj./adv.+enough toThe boy is old enough to go to school.tootoHis eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.（5）only to find,only
19、 to be told 出乎意料之外的结果3原因不定式可以用于动词、形容词或-ed 分词后表示原因。He was too excited to get high marks.八同位语Is this your purpose,to avoid being punished?九独立成分To tell you the truth,I dont like you.They arrived here at 11:55 a.m.,to be exact.类似的有：to be frank 坦率地说，to hear him talk 听他说话的口气，to cut a long story short 长话短说
20、，等等。C不定式的各种结构1宾格词+不定式1）普通结构此结构中的宾格词为名词或代词的宾格，宾格词是谓语动词的宾语，同时又是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式和宾格词一起构成复合宾语。I want Henry to come.She expects this to be true.I heard them sing yesterday.2)“there to be+宾格词”结构此结构的宾格词仍是不定式的逻辑主语，只是它位于不定式 to be 的后面。I dont want there to be any misunderstanding.3)各种形式的不定式都可以用于此种结构中。The judge wan
21、ted the man to be punished.He expected each of his students to be working hard for the coming exam.2主格词+不定式当上一种结构变为被动语态时，就出现了此种结构，此结构中，不定式都要带 to，主格词是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式在句中作主语补足语。They are allowed to go.We allowed them to go.He was seen to enter the store.I saw him enter the store.3for+宾格词+不定式此结构中，宾格词是不定式的逻辑
22、主语，这种结构在句中可作：1） 主语 It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign language.2）宾语 I consider it necessary for her to learn French.3）表语 The best thing is for us to make our own decision.4）定语 There is a lot of work for us to do.5）状语 He opened the door for the car to enter.The book is too easy for them
23、 to read.4with/without+宾格词+不定式此结构在句中常作原因状语，宾格词是不定式的逻辑宾语。With so much work to do,I shall not be able to watch the match with you.Without anything to eat,he died of hunger.5疑问词+不定式此结构相当于名词词组，在句中可作：1） 主语 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet.2） 宾语 We must know how to operate this machine.3）
24、表语 The problem now is how to collect enough money.4） 同位语 The problem what to do next is unknown.注意 intend,plan,hope,expect,mean,promise,want,think,wish,were(was),would like,should like+不定式完成式，可表过去没有实现的愿望，期待和计划。He intended to have come.=He intended to come,but he didnt.She wished to have bought a car
25、.=She wished to buy a car,but she didnt. I meant to have called on you,but I was too busy. She hoped to have passed the exam.(but she didnt)I would like to have gone abroad.(but I didnt)D不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加 not，表示较强的否定意义时可用 never。I told him not to touch the equipment.You must promise never to do that a
26、gain.E 特殊动词不定式的“省略与保留”一、不定式符号的省略与保留1.在 had better,would rather,would rather.than,would sooner.than,cannot but,why(not)等结构后面的不定式符号 to 通常被省略。如:Youd better tell her the truth.你最好告诉她真相。2.动词不定式短语作介词 but,except,besides 的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词 do 或它的其它形式时,不定式符号 to 通常被省略。如:What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳,你还
27、喜欢干什么?My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.妈妈只好等着医生的到来。Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her.(本句中不定式符号 to 不可省略)当时他毫无选择的余地,只好告诉她了。3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号 to 通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号 to 通常要保留。如:They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系)他们没有告诉
28、我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系)她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4.在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear,listen to,notice,observe,see,watch,make 等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号 to 总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号 to 通常要保留。如:They made that man work all the morning.他们让那个人干了一个早晨。That man was made to work all the
29、morning.那个人被要求干了一个早晨。5.不定式短语作表语,不定式符号 to 常常要保留,但当 what 引导的名词性从句作主语,或all,everything 等后接定语从句作主语,从句谓语部分含有动词 do 或 do 的其他形式时,作表语的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符号 to。如:The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。The only thing I can do now is(to)go on by myself.我现在唯一能做的就是靠自己继续进行下去。二、不定式符号后
30、面动词的省略与保留1.为了避免重复,在 hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer,want,have to,be able to,be going to,used to,ought to 等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号 to,而把其它部分省略。如:Ms King lied to us because she had to.金女士跟我们撒了谎,因为她不得不这样做。I heard that you would go to Dalian for your holiday.我听说你要去大连度假。I planned to
31、,but I have some important business to deal with.我原计划去的,但有重要的事情要处理。2.当不定式在 ask,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,tell,expect,force,invite,beg 等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。如:She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to.她想来,但她的父母不允许。If he doesnt want to go there,dont force him to.如果他
32、不想去那里,别强迫他。He didnt come,though we had invited him to.虽然我们邀请了他,但他没来。Did your husband give up smoking?你丈夫戒烟了吗?No.He was advised to,but he wouldnt listen.没有。有人劝过他,但他就是不听。3.在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式 to be.或完成式 to have done时,则不定式符号 to 和 be 或 have 常一并保留,be 或 have 之后的部分通常要省略。如:Arent you the headmaster? 你难
33、道不是校长吗?No,and I dont want to be.我不是,而且我也不想当。Hasnt he finished writing the report?难道他还没写完报告吗?No,but he ought to have.是的,但他本来应该写完。F常见的含有动词不定式的句式主要有以下几种：一.It takes sb.some time（money）to do sth.某人花费多少时间（金钱）做某事。例如：1.It often takes me half an hour to watch TV every evening.每天晚上我常常用半小时看电视。2.It took me ten
34、yuan to buy the book last week.上周我花了 10 元买那本书。3.How long will it take them to finish the work?完成那项工作需要花费他们多少时间？在使用该句式要注意的是：sb.如果代词表示用宾格；take 随时态改变；句中的时间用段时间，对此提问用 how long。例：It takes us more than two hours to do our homework every day.It took us more than two hours to do our homework yesterday.It wi
35、ll take us more than two hours to do our homework tomorrow.How long did it take you to do your homework yesterday?二.Its time to do sth.该做某事了，同义句为：Its time for sth./doing sth.例：Its time to go to school.该上学了。（Its time for school.）Its time to get up.该起床了。（Its time for getting up.）此句可以扩展为：Its time for s
36、b.to do sth.是某人做某事的时间了。for sb.to do sth.是动词不定式的复合结构。例：Its time for me to work.到我工作的时间了。Its time for you to go to school.到你们上学的时间了。三.主语be（not）+adj.+enough to do sth.（某人、某物）足够（不能）做某事。例：The boy is old enough to go to school.这个孩子到了上学年龄。Im tall enough to reach the top of the tree.我够高能够到树顶。*1.此句是肯定句时，可以用主
37、besoadj.that 的句型（即 so,that表示的结果状语从句）来替换。The boy is so old that he can go to school.Im so tall that I can reach the top of the tree.2.此句是否定句式时，既可以用 sothat引导的结果状语从句来替换，还可以用 tooto句式替换。例：He is not old enough to go to work.他太小不能去上班。He is so young that he cant go to work.He is too young to go to work.再如：T
38、he box is not light enough for me to carry.这个箱子太重我搬不动。The box is too heavy for me to carry.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.四.sb.+be ready+to do sth.（某人乐意做某事）He is always ready to help others.（他总是乐于帮助别人）Im always ready to make new friends.我总是乐于结交新朋友。五.Its+adj.+for/of sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事例：I
39、ts dangerous for children to play football in the street.对孩子来说在街上踢足球是很危险的。Its good for us to take more exercise.对我们来说多运动是有益的。Its very kind of you to say so.你这样说真是太好了。Its very kind of you to help me.你真好，肯帮我。该句式中，引导动词不定式的逻辑主语的介词用 for 还是 of，主要取决于前面的形容词。如果形容词是描述动词不定式的行为者的性格、品质的。如：kind,good,nice,wrong,ri
40、ght,clever,careless,foolish 等，应用 of；如果形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对动词不定式的行为者的品质进行评价的，就用 for.常见这类形容词有difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous 等。Its wrong of you to do it.你做这件事是错的。Its hard for you to be a lawyer.对你来说做律师很困难。六.主+would like/love to do sth.喜欢（想做某事）Id like to go there with you.我很想和你一起去那。Id love I like to
41、help you study English.我很愿意帮你学英语。此句式还可以扩展为：would like/love sb.to do sth.“喜欢/想让某人做某事。”Id like you to stay here.我想让你留在这。Id like them to help me.我想让他们帮助我。七.had better do sth.（最好做）Its very cold outside,youd better put on your coat.外面很冷，你最好穿上大衣。Wed better go right now.我们最好马上去。had better do 的否定式为had bette
42、r not do.（在 better 后加 not 即可）例：Youd better not speak when your mouth is full of food.满嘴食物时你最好别讲话。八.Why dont you+动词原形+？（Why not动词原形？）你为什么不？这本书有点难，为什么不读些容易的？This book is a bit hard,why not read something easier?Its warm here,why dont you take off your coat?这很暖和，你为什么不脱掉外衣？There is a seat,why not sit do
43、wn?还有座位，怎么不坐下？九.Would/Will/Could you please动词原形？请你好吗？（用来请求对方为自己做某件事）Would you please bring some water with you?请你带点水来好吗？Will you please help her with her maths?请你帮她学数学好吗？十.preferto do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿也不愿I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.我宁愿呆在家里，也不愿出去。She prefers to be poor rather
44、than get money in such a way.她宁愿受穷也不愿以这种方式挣钱。十一.Its ones turn to do sth.该轮到谁做某事了。ones 用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格来替换。例：Its my turn to be on duty.该轮到我值日了。Its Li Pings turn to clean the blackboard.该轮到李平擦黑板了。Its our turn to do the cleaning.该轮到我们做扫除了。Its Dannys turn to give a talk.该轮到 Danny 做报告了。十二.主语be形容词to do sth
45、.做某事如何。例：Im sorry to hear that.听到这事很难过。Im glad to see you again.再次见到你我很高兴G1.The teacher told them_make so much noise.A.dont B.not C.will not D.not to2.Our master often told us_things for granted.A.not to have B.not to takeC.didnt take D.not to make3.Tell him_the window.A.to shut not B.not to shutC.t
46、o not shut D.not shut4.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him_.A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to5.Mrs Smith warned her daughter_after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never driveC.never driving D.never drive6.The patient was warned_oily food after the opera
47、tion.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating7.The workers want us_together with them.A.work B.working C.to work D.worked8.They would not allow him_across the enemy line.A.to risk going B.risking to goC.for risk to go D.risk going9.I saw him_out of the room.A.go B.had gone C.has gone D.go
48、es10.They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow11.Ive heard him_about you often.A.spoke B.speaks C.speak12.Though he had often made his little sister_,today he was made_by his little sister.A.cry；to cry B.crying；cryingC.cry；cry D.to cry；cry13.He
49、 was made_.A.go B.gone C.going D.to go14.John was made_the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing15.Paul doesnt have to be made_.He always works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning16.Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind_to buy.A.what B.which C.ho
