1、第 1 页 共 11 页主谓一致【考纲解读】高考研究主谓一致是历年高考试题中的主要测试点之一,它主要以单项填空的形式来测试语法一致的原则,意义一致的原则,就近一致的原则,同时还涉及动词时态、语态和修饰等。由于汉语中没有主谓一致现象,所以有时很难把握这一语法现象。在注意掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时,要特别注意语言内容上一致的原则。分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、主语从句等用作主语的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。【知识要点】一、主谓一致的种类1.语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。The number of the students p
2、resent is 200.Jane and Mary look alike.2.意义上一致1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数,如 people,police,cattle 等The crowd were shouting.2)主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如 news 和一些以 ics 结尾的学科名称,如physics,politics,economics 等。The news was so surprising.3.就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词 or,either.or ,neither.nor,not only.but
3、 also 等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.二、主谓一致的应用1.名词作主语1) 某些集体名词,如 family,team 等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His family is a happy one.他的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。The whole family are watching TV.全家人都在看电视。 这类名词有audience,class,club,company,crew,e
4、nemy ,crowd,government,group,party,public,team 等。名词 population 一词的使用情况类似。 “a group(crowd) of+复数名词 ”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分 。2) 某些集体名词,如 people,police,cattle 等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。The police are searching for the thief.警察正在搜捕那个贼。3) 单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如:A sheep is over there.那边有只羊
5、。Some sheep are over there.那边有些羊。4) 名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。如:The doctors is across the street.诊所在街道的对面。My uncles is not far from here.我叔叔家离这儿不远。 常见的省略名词有 the bakers,the barbers,the carpenters,the Zhangs 等。表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。如:Richardsons have a lot of goods to s
6、ell.理查德店有很多货物要卖。第 2 页 共 11 页5) 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。如:Three years has passed since then.自从那时到现在,三年已经过去了。6) 不定代词 each,every,no 所修饰的名词即使以 and 或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.孩子们都想去看电影。 7) 如果主语有 more than one.或 many
7、 a.构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:More than one student has read the book. 很多学生读过这本书。 但是, “more +复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如:More members than one are against your plan. 许多成员反对你的计划。8) 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:glasses, clothes, trousers,shoes, compasses,chopsticks,scissors 等。但如果主语
8、用“a kind of,a pair of , a series of 等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如: A pair of shoes was on the desk.桌子上有一双鞋。9) this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书) ,其谓语动词用单数;短语 this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(口语)(这一类人) ,但 this kind of men 的谓语动词用单数,men of this kind和 these kind of men 的谓语动词用复数, all
9、kinds of 后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如: This kind of men is dangerous.这一种人很危险。 Men of this kind are dangerous.这种类型的人很危险。10) 复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有 means(方法) ,works(工厂) ,species(种类) ,Chinese,Japanese 等。如:The (This) glass works was set up in 1980. 这家玻璃厂建于 1980 年。The(These )glass w
10、orks are near the railway station.这些玻璃厂在火车站附近啊。 当它们前面有 a, such a ,this,that 修饰时,谓语用单数;有 all,such,these,those 修饰时,谓语用复数;但 means,no means ,the means 等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。11) 如果名词词组中心词是 all,most,half,rest 等词语,所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。如:All of my classmates like music.我的同学都喜欢音乐。All of the water is g
11、one.所有的水都没了。12) 在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:Between the two windows hangs a picture.两窗户间挂着一幅画。2.由连接词连接的名词作主语1) 用 and 或 both.and 连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:Plastics and rubber never rot.橡胶和塑料永不腐烂。Walking and riding are good exercises.散步和骑车是很好的运动。但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词。如:To l
12、ove and to be loved is great happiness.爱与被爱是种幸福。Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.早睡早起是种好习惯。 A knife and fork is on the table.桌子上有副刀叉。2) 当主语后面跟有 as well as,as much as ,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides ,including ,in addition to 等引导的
13、词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数据这些词前面的主语而定。如:The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.老师和学生都在图书馆里看书。3) 以 or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also 等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如:Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.汤姆和哥哥们在房间里等着。3.代词作主语 1) 名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替第 3 页 共
14、 11 页的是单数还是复数。如:Ours (Our Party) is a great party.我们的党是个伟大的党。2) such,the same 起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如: Such is our plan. Such are his words.那就是我们的计划。那就是他的话。3) 关系代词 who,that ,which 等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:Those who want to go please put up your hands.想去的请举手。 Some of the energy that is us
15、ed by man comes from the sun.人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。4) 疑问代词 who,what ,which 作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如:Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.谁住在隔壁?是小刘。What produce(s) heat? 什么产生热量?5) 不定代词 any, either,neither ,none,all,some,more 等作主语时,有以下两种情况:单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词用单数或复数形式,例如:Now all has been changed.现在一切都改变了。A
16、ll are present.所有人都到场了。either,neither 单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数。但后接 of 时,若 of 的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若 of 的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。如:Do(es) any of you know his address? 你们当中有谁知道他的地址吗?None of them has (have) seen the film.他们当中没人看过这部电影。4.分数、量词作主语1) “分数或百分数+ 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty o
17、f,a large quantity of,a heap of, heaps of,half of+名词” 构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中 of 后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语,如:About three fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.地球的四分之三被水覆盖。Three fifths of the workers here are women.这个地方五分之三的工人是妇女。和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数”,但是“the number
18、of+名词”的中心词却是 number,试比较:A number of students have gone home.许多学生都回家了。The number of pages in this book is two hundred.这本书中的页码是二百。注意:(large)quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数,Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.大量的食物在桌子上。短语 in quantity,in large quantities 意为“大量”;in small quantities 意为
19、“少量” 。2) a great deal of ,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数,如:Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.大量的钱花在了这座桥上。3) 表示数量的 one and a half 后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,如:One and a half bananas is left on the table.桌子上有一个半香蕉。4) half of,(a
20、) part of 修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。5.名词化的形容词作主语如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词) ”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数,这类词有 the brave,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead , the deaf and dumb,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded ,the unemployed 等;但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。如:The blind study i
21、n special schools.盲人在特殊的学校学习。6.从句作主语1) 由 what 引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般第 4 页 共 11 页用复数形式,如:What we need is more time.我们所需要的是更多的时间。What we need are doctors.我们所需要的是医生。 2) 在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,关系代词 who/that/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是 one,因此,从句中的动词应该是复数形式。如:This is one of the
22、most interesting stories that have been told.这是讲过的最有趣的故事之一。但是当 one 之前有 the only 等修饰语时,关系代词的先行词是 one,而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如:She was the only one of the girls who was late.她是惟一一位迟到的女生。【考点诠释】主谓一致主谓一致就是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。中学生在主谓一致问题的理解上与汉语的思维存在偏差,容易被忽略。高考中的单项填空题与短文改错题经常对主谓一致问题进行考查。考点 1 名词作主语时的主谓一致
23、名词作主语时的主谓一致主要是把握好名词作主语时,谓语动词与主语的单复数须保持一致。1单复数同形的名词作主语,其谓语动词应根据具体内容决定单复数。如:Every means has been tried每种方法都试过了。These means are out of date这些方法是过时的。2具体的距离、时间、金钱、度量、温度、书名等作主语,其内容可作整体概念,故谓语动词用单数。如:Three days is not enough to finish the work要完成那项工作三天的时间是不够的。3不定代词 each,every,no 所修饰的名词作主语,其内容是整体概念,故谓语动词仍用单数
24、。如:Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future每个男孩和女孩都想在未来为人民服务。 4由两个相同部分组成的一个整体名词作主语,其内容是复数的,谓语动词用复数,此类词有glasses, trousers,shoes,scissors,clothes,compasses,chopsticks 等。但若此类词被“a kind/pair of”修饰,则其内容是单数的,谓语动词用单数。如:Look!The shoes are under the bed看!鞋子在床底下。Look I This pair of shoes
25、is under the bed看! 这双鞋在床底下。5含 all,most,half,rest 等的名词词组作主语,所指的内容是复数意义时,谓语动词用复数;反之,用单数。如:All of my classmates work hard我所有的同学学习都很努力。All of the water is up now现在所有的水都用光了。6在主谓倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:Between the two windows hangs a picture在两扇窗子之间挂着一幅画。归纳拓展 1)不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数。如:Reading often m
26、eans learning读书常意味着学习。To read Enghsh aloud every morning does you a lot of good每天早晨大声朗读英语对你有许多好处。What he said has been recorded 他说的话已被录音了。(2)某些集体名词( 如 family,team 等)作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:The whole family are watching TV一家人都在看电视。His family was very poor when he was a chil
27、d他小时候家里很穷。The population in China is very large,and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers中国第 5 页 共 11 页人口众多,并且 80的人口都是农民。考点 2 含有连接词的主谓一致含有连接词的主谓一致是指对主语起连接作用的词会影响主语与谓语动词的一致关系。1用 and 或 bothand 连接并列主语,其内容是复数的,谓语动词用复数。若 and 连接的两个单数主语指同一个人、同一物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数。如:The teacher and writer has alr
28、eady come to the meeting这位教师兼作家已来开会了。Both my brother and my sister are workers我的哥哥和姐姐都是工人。2主语后面接连接性短语时,这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系,即谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有 as well as,as much as,along with, with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to 等。如:Your sister as well as your parents
29、is very kind to me你姐姐和你父母一样,对我很好。She,like you and Betty,is very clever像你和 Betty 一样,她也很聪明。3以 or,either一 or,neithernor,not onlybut also等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数应与就近的名词或代词一致。如:was he or you in the next room just now?刚才是他还是你在隔壁房间 ?Are not only you but also he wrong?不仅你错了,而且他也错了吗?考点 3 不定量词修饰名词作主语时的主谓一致不定量词修饰名
30、词作主语时的主谓一致主要是指不同的不定量词修饰名词作主语时,其谓语动词也将随之变化,与主语保持一致。1a(great)number of ,many,a few 修饰可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:A number of students like English very much许多学生都非常喜欢英语。Many bananas are in the basket这个篮子里有许多香蕉。2a little,much,a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:Much information has been writt
31、en down大量的信息已被写下了。3(1arge)quantities of 修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。如:There are large quantities of food in the shop商店里有大量的食物。4the number of+复数名词,the amount of+不可数名词,the quantity of+可数名词复数/不可数名词等构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:The amount of money is great钱很多。5this kind of+ 名词单数,名词单数+ofthis kind,this kind of+名词复数
32、等结构作主语时,其内容是单数的,谓语动词也用单数。如:This kind of animals is dangerous这种动物很危险。6these kinds of+名词复数,名词复数+of this kind 等结构作主语时,其内容是复数的,谓语动词用复数。如: These kinds of things are produced and sold by many different companies in the U.S美国许多不同的公司生产和出售这些产品。7基数词单纯表示数字作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数,但当基数词表示的不是数字而是数量时,谓语动词可用复数。由此可推断出,分数或百分数
33、作主语时,其谓语动词的形式取决于分数或百分数所指的具体含义。如:A billion is a large number十亿是个大数目。There are 23 students,but only onethird aye boys有 23 个学生,但只有 1/3 是男生。8many a+名词单数,more than one+名词单数,a/an+名词单数+or two/and a half 等作主语时,尽管是复数意义,但谓语动词多用单数。如:Many a student has passed the exam许多学生都通过了考试。More than one question was raised
34、不止一个问题被提出来。9one and a half+名词复数,one or two+名词复数,more+名词复数+than one 等结构作主语时,谓语动词多用复数。如:One and a half apples aye left on the table一个半苹果剩在桌上。第 6 页 共 11 页One or two reasons were suggested有人提出了一两个理由。【高考链接】1.(2010 高考英语四川卷,15)Such poets as Shakespeare widely read,of whose works,however,some difficult to u
35、nderstandAare;are Bis;is C are;is Dis :are2.(2010 高考英语陕西卷,24)It is reported that many a new house at present in the disaster area. A. are being built B. were being built C. was being built D. is being built【答案】D【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。从时间状语 at present 可判断出用现在时, “many a+单数可数名词”虽然表示复数意思,但要用单数谓语。3.(2010 高考英语江苏卷,
36、33)-Is everyone here? -Not yetLook , there_ the rest of our guests!A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming【答案】A【解析】考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处所在句子为倒装句,the rest of our guests 作主语,谓语动词要用复数形式;此处叙述的又是现在的事实,所以用一般现在时。come 用于进行时通常用来表示按照计划或安排将要发生的动作,因此 D 项不恰当。4.(2010 高考英语湖南卷,33)Liste ning to loud music at rock conc
37、erts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.A. is B. are C. has D. have1. 代词做主语A主语是 he, she, it, either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anything, anyone, something, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等代词时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Somebody is asking for you
38、. 有人在找你。(2) Everyone is here. 大家都来了。(3) There is something wrong with my bike. 没有的单车有点毛病。B主语是 I(除 be 动词用 am 外) , you, we, they 代词时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如:(1) I like to stay here with you. 我喜欢跟你在这儿。(2) They are all soldiers. 他们都是战士。(3) We play football after school. 我们放学后踢足球。C主语是:who, what, which, all, more
39、, most, some, any, none, the rest, the remainder 时,谓语动词的形式须依具体情况而定。如:(1) Whos the girl over there? 那边的那个女孩是谁?(2) Who are the boys playing games there? 在那里做游戏的男孩子是哪些人?(3) Whats this? 这是什么?(4) What are those? 哪些是什么?(5) Which is yours? 哪一个是你的?(6) Which are childrens? 哪一些是孩子们的?第 7 页 共 11 页2. 名词做主语A. 一般说
40、来,不可数名词及可数名词的单数做主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Water is necessary for living things. 水对于生物来说是必须的。(2) The desk over there is Li Leis. 那边的那张课桌是李蕾的。(3) The dog is a useful animal. 狗是一种有用的动物。B. 表示总称意义的名词 people (人们,人民 ), cattle, police,youth 做主语时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如:(1) English people are fond of talking about wea
41、ther. 英国人喜欢谈论天气。(2) Cattle are farmers friends. 牛是农民的朋友。C. 主语是:public, board, family, class, team, group, crowd, audience, company, crew, committee, enemy, government, herd, jury, party 等名词时,如果是作为整体的,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果作为其中一个个的成员,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如:如:(1) Our class is made up of fifty students. 我们班有五十个学生组成
42、。(2) Our class are working very hard. 我们班学习都很努力。(3) His team is very strong. 他们队很强大。(4) His team are talking with the coach. 他们队在跟教练谈话。D. 主语是:时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语,即使是复数,谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Three years passes quickly. 三年很快过去了。(2) Two meters is not long enough. 两米不够长。(from )E. 主语是:news, politics, p
43、hysics, plastics, mathematics 等名词虽然以 s 结尾,但谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Physics is very interesting and useful. 物理既很有趣也很有用。(2) Plastics is widely used in our daily life. 塑料在日常生活中被广泛地应用。F. 主语若是书名,剧名、报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时,即使名词是复数形式,谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) The Arabian Nights is very interesting. 一千零一夜很有趣。(2) The N
44、ew York Times is popular in America. 纽约时报在美国很受欢迎。G. 在算式里,主语是数词时,谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Three and five is eight. 三加五等于八。(2) Twelve divided by six is two. 十二除以六等于二。8) 主与是:clothes, compasses, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves 等名时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如:(1) The trousers are not expensive
45、. 这条裤子不贵。(2) Your socks are over there. 你的袜子在那边。H. 主语是:a lot of, lots of, plenty,百分比 of +名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照名词的数而确定。如:(1) A lot of people have taken part in the activity. 很多人参加了这次活动。(2) Lots of water is lost. 大量的水被流失了。I. 主语是: kind of, type of, pair of, amount of, quantity of + 名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照 kind, type,
46、amount, pair, quantity 的数而确定。如:(1) This pair of trousers was made by Master Li. 这条裤子是李师傅做的。(2) A large quantity of water in the sea has been polluted. 这个海里大量的水被污染了。(3) Large quantities of rice have been destroyed in the flood. 大量的庄稼在洪水中被毁坏了。J. 主语是:the number of + 名词的复数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:The number of
47、 students in our class is seventy-eight. 我们班的学生数是七十八。主语是:a number of + 名词复数时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如:A number of students of our school come from the countryside. 我们学校很多学生来自农村。K. 主语是:the population 时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) What is the population of your town? 你们镇的人口多少?第 8 页 共 11 页(2) The population of America
48、is a little over two hundred million. 美国人口数大约是两亿多一点。主语是:分数 + population 时,谓语动词常用第三人称复数形式。如:About eighty percent of the population in our country are farmers. 我们国家大约有百分之八十的人口是农民。 L. 主语是:means, works, sheep, fish, Japanese, Chinese 等名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照它们在句中的意义来确定。如:(1) Every means has been tried but we can
49、t save him. 每一种方法我们都是用过了,但是我们还是救不了他。(2) All the means have been tried but we cant save him. 所有的方法我们都是用过了,但是我们还是救不了他。 3. 两个或两个以上的名词连在一起做主语(一) and, both.and 连接名词或代词做主语A谓语一般用复数形式。如:(1) Li Lei and Liu Mei are both interested in English. 李蕾和魏方都对英语感兴趣。(2) He and she are good friends. 他跟她是好朋友。Band 连接的两个成对的名词,如 fork and kni