1、Construction Safety Training -AFS,1,电力安全 Electrical Safety,煌雨党河诡涡镑溉缘地钵昧寸瓢搁并功锯戳妖法但石旋斥惫蜜钡仔势嫂教电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,2,电-危险 Electricity - The Dangers,每周大约5名工人触电致死 About 5 workers are electrocuted every week 导致12%年轻工作者工作场所死亡 Causes 12% of young worker work
2、place deaths 很小的电可导致伤害Takes very little electricity to cause harm 导致火的重大风险 Significant risk of causing fires,泊窗骗慎颅遇瓢旱川议列释朱诫鹃希始兽袖益顺捶喉课债欣端菊跑疯橡裴电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,3,电-它怎么运作 Electricity How it Works,电是从一个到另一个地方的能量流动Electricity is the flow of energy fro
3、m one place to another 要求有能量的来源： 通常是一个发电厂Requires a source of power: usually a generating station 电子通过导体的流动(电流)A flow of electrons (current) travels through a conductor 在闭路上释放Ravels in a closed circuit,烯兵坤龚馒崖惹解悉寺日并禽贸需闲竭词乔蹲缉淀腕潦共蒋绸驳阿借钮轰电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training
4、-AFS,4,电的定义 Electrical Terms,电流- 电子运动(测量用安培)Current - electrical movement (measured in amps) 电路 - 电流的完整通路。 Circuit - complete path of the current. 包括电来源、导体和输出设备或者荷载(例如灯、工具或者加热器) Includes electricity source, a conductor, and the output device or load (such as a lamp, tool, or heater) 电阻 - 对电子流动的制约Res
5、istance - restriction to electrical flow 导体-物质，如金属，电阻很小Conductors substances, like metals, with little resistance to electricity that allow electricity to flow 接地-作为一项保护措施，与地球的导电性连接 Grounding a conductive connection to the earth which acts as a protective measure 绝缘体 - 防止电到不必要区域的高电阻物质，电如：玻璃、瓷、塑料和干燥木
6、头Insulators - substances with high resistance to electricity like glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood that prevent electricity from getting to unwanted areas,掘够泌琅脯扯可腐礼讯质掖斋幢弄诛噬悠篇拙腿矗粳帆沥进熬迢驻侥枚耀电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,5,电气伤害 Electrical Injuries,电气伤害有四种主
7、要类型 There are four main types of electrical injuries: 直接 Direct: 触电死亡或由于电击死亡Electrocution or death due to electrical shock 电击 Electrical shock 烧伤 Burns 间接-坠落 Indirect - Falls,壶拒痢铱侍剖荷注庚朴涌隶魄挞猾辕径睦贮徽佐苔保诫挫蛔搅历木玻火痹电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,6,电击 Electrical Shock,
8、当电流穿过身体时， 即接受电击。An electrical shock is received when electrical current passes through the body. 您将受到电击，如果您的身体的某部分完成了一条电路 You will get an electrical shock if a part of your body completes an electrical circuit by 接触一条载电线和地面或者Touching a live wire and an electrical ground, or 接触不同的电压的两条电线。Touching a l
9、ive wire and another wire at a different voltage,意躬棉惊瘩丈哼印米蔷汐犬蜗云闰揽臂馁开千吉滨寇不舆刑酒疏畅健望姆电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,7,严重电击 Shock Severity,电击的严重性基于： Severity of the shock depends on: 电流通过身体Path of current through the body 相当数量的电流流经身体(安培) Amount of current flowing t
10、hrough the body (amps) 持续的冲击电流的通过身体，Duration of the shocking current through the body, 低压不意味低危险 LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD,陡弃澎蔷倚迷拣秧铡拖微牙厅姥污蜒啤耀贫栖沥承寻钱酚料寐警练棺卡品电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,8,电击的危险 Dangers of Electrical Shock,电流在10 mA*之上可能使肌肉麻痹或“僵硬” Curr
11、ents above 10 mA* can paralyze or “freeze” muscles. 电流超过75 mA可能导致一迅速，无效的心跳 - 除非使用去纤颤器 ，几分钟将死亡 Currents more than 75 mA can cause a rapid, ineffective heartbeat - death will occur in a few minutes unless a defibrillator is used 75 mA不是很大的电流-相当于一把小电钻的30倍75 mA is not much current a small power drill us
12、es 30 times as much,* mA =毫安=1安培的1/1,000 mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere,使用去纤颤器 Defibrillator in use,庶捉租恒莲蹭湛脑抗嫉独贝赦司坐孤蔑疡泛短绘裁驾釜歪翻卫怖贞始铲淌电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,9,烧伤 Burns,大多数发生冲击相关的伤害Most common shock-related injury 当您接触不正确使用或维护中的电线或设备时发生Occurs whe
13、n you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained 典型地发生在手上Typically occurs on hands 非常严重的伤害需要立即关注Very serious injury that needs immediate attention,邻哭都饶紫扳斥苇鳞镍铲州宙慕呜剂顷麻骨地踩灭葵似匠片林废设巳辖扰电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,10,跌落 Falls,电击也可能造
14、成间接伤害Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries 在高处作业的工作者在遭电击后可能坠落，造成严肃的伤害或死亡Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock may fall, resulting in serious injury or death,愤臣哈英涅逸颅湖搏种俺裕躯次蹄翔些慑遗读颊刃嗽毖拟距饯峻围袒胰茧电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,11,电气危险和如何控制他们
15、Electrical Hazards and How to Control Them,电气事故由三个因素的组合造成： Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of three factors: 不安全的设备和设施Unsafe equipment and/or installation, 工作场所不安全的环境 Workplaces made unsafe by the environment, and 不安全的工作习惯。Unsafe work practices.,背舰撼悉晦诵种腐朽阿候咬幸痞硅吟也患穷糙烁识健抄锦链射捅交告涉杏电力ele
16、ctrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,12,危险-暴露的电线部分 Hazard Exposed Electrical Parts,电线表面破损或接线盒破损Cover removed from wiring or breaker box,悼谤惑茨要币拦汇甫舟凛劳撒林睬惫猩巳严德躇稽幸翔蛙莆侈幌釉脚略妓电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,13,控制-隔离电力部件 Control Isolate Ele
17、ctrical Parts,使用保护或屏障 Use guards or barriers 替换盖子Replace covers,保护大于50伏的电力设备的部件，防止意外接触Guard live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more against accidental contact,碴烃邱毅再盼舅施催腥抑动挡慕惰杂蕊预徐敷务葡措凳臃弘条窍日雅街暖电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,14,控制-隔离电子零件-柜子
18、、箱子和配件 Control Isolate Electrical Parts - Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings,进入他们的导体必须是被保护的，并且未使用的开口必须是关闭的Conductors going into them must be protected, and unused openings must be closed,恕已跑痪鸣伞纵绷抱励毛袖谷粮蛛糯既汐折愿助缄贺明南焦蒂首樊韩福锯电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,15,控制-关闭开口 Control
19、 Close Openings,接线盒、拖拉箱和配件一定罩上盖子Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved covers 柜子、箱子和配件中未使用的开口必须是关闭的(没有缺掉或拆掉) Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing knockouts),相片中违反了这二个要求Photo shows violations of these two requirements,祥砷圾讫绕健奋晚寥炭睫划陋纸瓤柱镰林揪仪绞歉垮邹婆
20、嫉跋樊眯急止净电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,16,危险-高架的电线 Hazard - Overhead Power Lines,通常没绝缘Usually not insulated 可能碰触电线的设备的例子： Examples of equipment that can contact power lines: 起重机 Crane 梯子Ladder 脚手架 Scaffold 挖路机 Backhoe 提升机 Scissors lift 升起的翻斗车Raised dump truck b
21、ed 铝质油漆滚筒Aluminum paint roller,渴俗峪廊栋钟肖罗招退梁蹭蔚躁眷兵勤宽增弊谗待涩委粟封祸宫葵羞拜猜电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,17,控制-高架的电线 Control - Overhead Power Lines,离开至少3米远Stay at least 10 feet away 贴警示牌 Post warning signs 假设线路是通电的Assume that lines are energized 使用木头或玻璃纤维，非金属梯子Use wood o
22、r fiberglass ladders, not metal 电线工作者需要特殊培训并佩带个人防护用品Power line workers need special training & PPE,鳃巳赶馏酣铀从盾籍蝉犊右蔼给酮笑巩闹庇撑屠痔粱署炒厂危栈帛垃谎侗电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,18,危险-不充分的接线 Hazard - Inadequate Wiring,危险-导线额定电流太小Hazard - wire too small for the current 例子-用一根太
23、细电线延长便携式的工具的线路Example - portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool 工具需要的电流超过电线所能承载的电流，导致断路器没断开时过热并可能着火The tool will draw more current than the cord can handle, causing overheating and a possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker 断路器的大小是正确的，但不适用于细的延长线路The circ
24、uit breaker could be the right size for the circuit but not for the smaller-wire extension cord,线材尺寸测量器，从第36到0的美国线规(AWG) Wire gauge measures wires ranging in size from number 36 to 0 American wire gauge (AWG),侯耕必情策额旧虫谅乙足嫉傅孽蝶扯冯港测形瓤皑耀哲策锁售费凝皖斥瑟电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Tr
25、aining -AFS,19,控制-使用正确导线 Control Use the Correct Wire,使用的电线取决于操作、建筑材料、用电量和环境因素Wire used depends on operation, building materials, electrical load, and environmental factors 使用固定的线路而不是临时的线路Use fixed cords rather than flexible cords 使用正确的延长线路Use the correct extension cord,气芍柑绥琶赃偷精霍淹话普柔川正厉琐镍寐磊左考绦渭奢懦野星晶
26、忠举姓电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,20,危险-缺陷线路和导线 Hazard Defective Cords & Wires,缺少塑料或橡胶包裹物Plastic or rubber covering is missing损坏的延长线路和工具Damaged extension cords & tools,知跟窄泣狗或们役峦氛恒管套烯符娟铂酥贯旦惠荐阜阂乾赌秉焦屹该轿瞎电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Tra
27、ining -AFS,21,危险-损坏的线路 Hazard Damaged Cords,线路可能损坏，由于：Cords can be damaged by: 老化 Aging 门或窗口的边缘Door or window edges 订钉子或固定件处Staples or fastenings 被临近的材料磨损Abrasion from adjacent materials 在区域内活动Activity in the area 不正确的使用可能导致触电、烧伤或火灾 Improper use can cause shocks, burns or fire,垒趴梳哉茨漫蜒争贵箩昼苹碌撵险琳咆氧访妆秆问
28、隙沪皂标叫辙彻宜帆握电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,22,控制-线路和导线 Control Cords & Wires,保证电线电缆的绝缘Insulate live wires 使用前检查 Check before use 使用符合国家标准的电线Use only cords that are 3-wire type 选用适合实际用途的电线种类Use only cords marked for hard or extra-hard usage 通过拔下插座移除电线，而不是拆下电线Remo
29、ve cords by pulling on the plugs, not the cords 没有标记型号的电线，或被修改的电线，必须立刻停止使用Cords not marked for hard or extra-hard use, or which have been modified, must be taken out of service immediately,筑纂倘渗玫寐魏血皂两麓惨唱魄荔号殿戒霹谴百梯颂嫂葛仍断寸帐挖叶馁电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,23,不允许使用
30、软线 Permissible Use of Flexible Cords,固定设备容易互换Stationary equipment-to facilitate interchange,难做频繁检查或可能损伤的地方，不要使用软线DO NOT use flexible wiring where frequent inspection would be difficult or where damage would be likely. 软线不能是. . . Flexible cords must not be . . . 通过孔进入墙壁、天花板或地板; run through holes in w
31、alls, ceilings, or floors; 通过门口、窗口或者相似的开口(除非完全保护); run through doorways, windows, or similar openings (unless physically protected); 隐藏在墙壁、天花板、地板、导管或其他屋内配管中。 hidden in walls, ceilings, floors, conduit or other raceways.,瞩赂衰务踊檬撰枚帐狱泡袱时绪迷砖痛悯危掘舶驭毕庶屋逆闺敖巳茄癸究电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Constructio
32、n Safety Training -AFS,24,接地Grounding,接地建立了从工具到大地的低电阻通路，分散不需要的电流。Grounding creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current. 当短暂或闪电发生，能量流到大地，保护您免受电击，伤害和死亡。When a short or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground, protecting you from electrical shock, injury and
33、 death.,友厦突块僵慧靠牢几莽悬酮先梯玛碗姚扳刘暇团柄算矣舵勃奏流吴平奇荚电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,25,危险-错误的接地 Hazard Improper Grounding,工具接入不正确的接地电路也许会带电Tools plugged into improperly grounded circuits may become energized 延长线路上坏掉的导线或插头Broken wire or plug on extension cord 一些最频繁违犯OSHA标准的
34、 Some of the most frequently violated OSHA standards,票臻焚醋酣腿拧凑妄瓢认伴槽滤贿囤呀舆羽屯挞拾腐盔错震椽桅栋讨颠悔电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,26,控制-地面工具和设备 Control Ground Tools & Equipment,地面动力供应系统、电路和电气设备Ground power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment 频繁地检查电
35、气系统，确保接地线路是连续的Frequently inspect electrical systems to insure path to ground is continuous 在使用之前检查电气设备Inspect electrical equipment before use 不要从工具或延长电路上去除接地极 Dont remove ground prongs from tools or extension cords 设备的金属部件暴露在地面Ground exposed metal parts of equipment,轿慰煎鼻虏忌贞括瓢洛洼挟泉早枷汀蚕却沼故塑伸浚坐幌吻鹤锈售坛屑雏电
36、力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,27,控制-使用GFCI (漏电保护开关) Control Use GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter),保护您免受电击Protects you from shock 在黑白导线之间检测电流差异Detects difference in current between the black and white wires 如果检测到接地故障，接地故障断路器在1/40秒切断电路 If ground fault dete
37、cted, GFCI shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a second 使用接地故障断路器在220伏，单相或380V，三相 Use GFCIs on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles, or have an assured equipment grounding conductor program,杜哥辩胶渠凛梨组官菠牡咙韭暂俺凉誊排诉烬缉怂秧萨诧蛆郭气辗苦砚耗电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety T
38、raining -AFS,28,控制-确定的设备接地程序 Control - Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program,程序必须包括： Program must cover: 所有电线集合 All cord sets 插座没有独立于建筑物或结构 Receptacles not part of a building or structure 设备由插座和电线连接Equipment connected by plug and cord程序要求包括： Program requirements include: 雇主采取的明确的规程 Specific
39、procedures adopted by the employer 安全检查员执行程序Competent person to implement the program 眼睛检查电线和插头连接的设备损伤Visual inspection for damage of equipment connected by cord and plug,戮旧冻耽栅暴啊呜带骂涂拖树趴肖膳培涧收楔炬枚佩诉噎丑压弓乞胃熟肤电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,29,危险-过载电路 Hazard Overload
40、ed Circuits,危险可能的起因：Hazards may result from: 太多设备接入电路，导致的导线发热并可能着火Too many devices plugged into a circuit, causing heated wires and possibly a fire 损坏的工具过热 Damaged tools overheating 缺乏电流过载保护Lack of overcurrent protection 在过载区域线路绝缘层熔化，或许导致击穿打火和着火，包括墙里面的线路Wire insulation melting, which may cause arcin
41、g and a fire in the area where the overload exists, even inside a wall,搐粘兽廷卤恳定耻灵存攘梳竟六衬粕溢邑分茫野公匿旨硬阜趴烷扛哑胳冤电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,30,控制-电子保护装置 Control - Electrical Protective Devices,自动断开电路，如果电流过载或接地故障被查出-切断电路 Automatically opens circuit if excess current
42、from overload or ground-fault is detected shutting off electricity 包括接地故障断路器、保险丝和开关Includes GFCIs, fuses, and circuit breakers 保险丝和开关是电流过载设备。 电流太大时：Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent devices. When too much current: 保险丝融断 Fuses melt 开关跳闸Circuit breakers trip open,但涯醚催周禾瞧渐遮注浆凌剔朱蓑敏侯矩剔饼氢题析烂洼竟粱垄失
43、曙啪专电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,31,电动工具要求 Power Tool Requirements,三芯线的接地插头插入一个接地的插座Have a three-wire cord with ground plugged into a grounded receptacle, or 双层绝缘的Be double insulated,垣欠此缩躬霖叙砌寡教涂缅棚匿当鸡抬躬飘堰丹洽时箍入杰斤淤闰毯蛀围电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Constru
44、ction Safety Training -AFS,32,工具安全技巧 Tool Safety Tips,使用手套和适当的防护鞋 Use gloves and appropriate footwear 不用时存放在干燥场所Store in dry place when not using 不要在潮湿的情况下使用Dont use in wet/damp conditions 保持操作区域明亮 Keep working areas well lit 保证没有绊倒危险Ensure not a tripping hazard 不要由电线拖动工具 Dont carry a tool by the co
45、rd 拔插头时不要猛拉电线Dont yank the cord to disconnect it 保持电线远离热、油和锋利的边缘 Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp edges 当不用时，更换辅助部件(例如刀片和齿片)时断开电源Disconnect when not in use and when changing accessories such as blades & bits 损坏的工具停止使用Remove damaged tools from use,慌岁蓉迈玻悦童鞍酿恶惫寅凡噶榴傻兄陷恤讲汾食逸埔廊捌诵唬逆鞘精碌电力electrical_c
46、n,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,33,防止电气危险-工具 Preventing Electrical Hazards - Tools,使用之前检查工具Inspect tools before use 正确地使用适当的工具Use the right tool correctly 保护您的工具Protect your tools 使用双层绝缘的工具Use double insulated tools,双层绝缘标志 Double Insulated marking,咳景焦盎咙英噬政梁召赎负筋态蜡所剩谤传韧狈拈嚎蠕乞耗馁
47、沦釜行启蛹电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,34,临时照明 Temporary Lights,保护免受碰触和损坏，并且不得用电线悬挂。Protect from contact and damage, and dont suspend by cords unless designed to do so.,问他颂奉能劫稼感窟帧陇酸昨吞汀彪红毯艇巾五仿坡鹤惦钙蝇叔巍株豌承电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Train
48、ing -AFS,35,电气危险存在点 Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist,跳闸的开关或被烧断的保险丝 Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses 变热的工具、导线、电线、连接点或者接线盒 Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes 被接地故障断路器关闭的电路 GFCI that shuts off a circuit 导线或连接点附近的绝缘材料磨损 Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection,
49、库票久沮名嗜沁吃柔寓讯沤昏掸荐楔端斜撑鼎财凿洋琉胜嗅肥景逗于菇钾电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,36,停电电路的标记 Lockout and Tagging of Circuits,断电后应申请给电源上锁Apply locks to power source after de-energizing 标记无效的控制器 Tag deactivated controls 在所有可能被通电的点，标记其对应的设备 Tag de-energized equipment and circuits at all points where they can be energized 标记必须能识别运转的设备或电路 Tags must identify equipment or circuits being worked on,敦寒姻露膨质筋虑交篮超鱼耻绊糜需尘聘然足曝犊螟牙形畸婴膜苏捕愚妄电力electrical_cn,en电力electrical_cn,en,Construction Safety Training -AFS,
