1、Unit 1 Is the Earth Being Squeezed Dry?,Part I Getting ready,vicious adj. 危险的，会造成伤害的circular adj. 圆（形）的；循环的vicious circle 恶性循环 virtuous circle 良性循环monsoon season （印度等亚洲国家4至10月份的）季节性大雨；雨季 hygiene noun U 卫生（学），保健学,Part I Getting ready,accelerate verb I,T （使）加快；加速 Economic policies that have accelerate
2、d the decline of manufacturing industry 加快了制造业衰落的经济政策 deceleratesummit noun C 政府首脑会议，峰会； EU-China summit 中欧峰会 山顶，顶峰：the summit of Mount Everest,OPP,Part I Getting ready,think tank （政治、社会、经济问题的）智囊团，智库，专家小组trigger noun （枪的）扳机，触发器 verb 引发，激发（尤指一连串不好的事）Carbon dioxide （二氧化碳）Amazon forest （亚马逊热带雨林）rainfor
3、estthe Sahara Desert,Part I Getting ready,environmental issuesswell to the full sponser conferenceRio summitemission of carbon dioxide delegationprogressimplement,Part I Getting ready,Swell vi. 1.肿起,肿胀 His ankles began to swell. 2. (情绪等)高涨 Anger swelled in him. 他心头升起怒火。adj.【口】很棒的,一流的 She is a swell
4、girl. 她是一个好女孩n. 【口】衣着时髦的人;风头人物His brother is a swell at boxing. 他兄弟是个拳击能手。,Part I Getting ready,Rio de Janeiro 里约热内卢(巴西共和国的旧首都) Brasilia 巴西利亚 (the capital of Brazil) （1960）,Part I Getting ready,Listen to two short extractions. Write down the environmental issues mentioned in them.,摘录,Part I Getting
5、ready,1. burning of the forests / tree removal (deforestation) / reduction of the worlds rain forests,（热带）雨林,Part I Getting ready,The Amazon forests are disappearing because of increased burning and tree removal. In September, satellite pictures showed more than 20 000 fires burning in the Amazon. E
6、xperts say most of these fires were set by farmers. The farmers were attempting to clear land to grow crops.,Part I Getting ready,The World Wildlife Fund says another serious problem is that too many trees in the Amazon rain forest are being cut down. The World Wildlife Fund says the fires show the
7、need for urgent international action to protect the worlds rain forests. The group warns that without such action some forests could be lost forever.,Part I Getting ready,2. global warming / greenhouse effect / emission of CO,发射，散发,carbon dioxide,Part I Getting ready,Environmental issues swell to th
8、e full in Berlin this week, for the UN sponsored conference on global warming and climate change is the first such meeting since the Rio summit three years ago.,膨胀；增大,赞助,Part I Getting ready,With scientists and governments now generally ready to accept that the earth climate is being affected by emi
9、ssions of CO and other greenhouse gases, over a hundred countries are sending delegations. But how much progress has been made implementing the greenhouse gas reduction target agreed on at Rio? Simon Dary reports ,温室气体（阻止地球上空的热量散发并引起温室效应的气体，尤指二氧化碳和甲烷）,代表团,实施；执行,Part II The Earth at risk (I),clear-cu
10、t adj. 皆伐 轮廓分明的； The clear-cut outline of the mountains against the sky 在蓝天衬托下，群山的轮廓清晰可见 明确的； Clear-cut plans for future expansion 未来明确的扩展计划,Page 6,stabilize verb I,T （使）稳定 The price of coffee has been rising and falling sharply, but has now (been) stabilized.make way for 让路；为.开路domestic animal 家畜in
11、tensive agriculture 集约农业,Part II The Earth at risk (I),Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is an agricultural production system characterized by the high inputs of capital, labor, or heavy usage of technologies such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area.This is in contr
12、ast to many forms of sustainable agriculture such as organic farming or extensive agriculture, which involve a relatively low input of materials and labor, relative to the area of land farmed, and which focus on maintaining long-term ecological health of farmland, so that it can be farmed indefinite
13、ly.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),ranch n. 大牧场ranch dressing,Part II The Earth at risk (I),Ranch dressing is a condiment made of buttermilk or sour cream, mayonnaise, minced green onion, garlic powder, and other seasonings mixed into a sauce. Ranch dressing is one of the two most popular styles of s
14、alad dressing in the United States, together with Italian dressing.,调味料；调味汁（或酱等）,脱脂乳；白脱牛奶,酸奶油,蛋黄酱,Part II The Earth at risk (I),hardwood 硬木材；硬木树；阔叶树 (softwood 软木材，针叶树)at an alarming rate at this / that rate 照这种（那种）情况继续下去 e.g. At this rate we wont be able to afford a holiday. 照这样下去，我们就度不起假了。,可怕的；惊人的,
15、Part II The Earth at risk (I),unproductive 贫瘠的wasteland 荒地iron ore mine 铁砂矿,producer documentary continent Africa (impact of population) (Sahara Desert to expand) vicious circle consequently Mali North America (intensive agriculture) (grow crops) (stabilize soil) (blow away)South America (tropical f
16、orest cut down) (create ranches) (cattle be raised) (export)(tinned meat)junglemake way for -iron ore minehard woodluxury furniturewasteland,Part II The Earth at risk (I),Part II The Earth at risk (I),1. What is the vicious circle mentioned by Brian Cowels?,Part II The Earth at risk (I),Starting wit
17、h Africa, our film shows Generally speaking, this has caused the Sahara Desert to expand.,the impact of the population on the environment.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),Its a bit of a vicious circle we find.People cut down trees for firewood and their domestic animals eat all the available plants an
18、d so consequently they have toas the Sahara Desert,move south,expands further south.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),1. What is the vicious circle mentioned by Brian Cowels?,Part II The Earth at risk (I),2. Why is the rain so important to soil?A: Growing crops stabilizes soil, without them the top soi
19、l just blows away. But if there isnt enough rain the crops dont grow.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),In the USA, as you know, intensive agriculture requires a plentiful supply of rain for these crops to grow, I mean if there isnt enough rain the crops dont grow. And growing crops stabilizes soil, wit
20、hout them the top soil just blows away. This is also true for any region that is intensely farmed most of Europe, for example.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),3. What are some of the reasons that tropical forests are being cut down?A: People try to grow food to support themselves or to create ranches
21、where cattle can be raised, or to get hardwood for export, or to make way for mines.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),In South Africa (as in Central Africa and Southern Asia) tropical forests are being cut down at an alarming rate. This is done so that people can support themselves by growing food or t
22、o create ranches where cattle can be raised to be exported to Europe or America as tinned meat.,Part II The Earth at risk (I), jungle was destroyed to make way for an iron ore mine. Huge numbers of trees are being cut down for export as hardwood to Japan, Europe, USA to make things like luxury furni
23、ture.,矿石，矿砂,Outline (I),A. Africa 1. expansion 2. no grass for animals to eat (East Africa)B. 1. problem intensive farming / agriculture 2. potential problem ,Sahara Desert,North America & most of Europe,top soil blowing away,Part II The Earth at risk (I),C. South America, Central Africa & Southern
24、Asia 1. problem 2. consequences a. soil thin unproductive wasteland b. c.,tropical forests destruction,animal / plant species becoming extinct,climate change for the whole world,Part II The Earth at risk (I),These forests cant be replaced the forest soil is thin and unproductive and in just a few ye
25、ars, a jungle has become a waste land. Tropical forests contain rare plants and animals one animal or plant species becomes extinct every half hour.,Part II The Earth at risk (I),These forest trees also have worldwide effects. You know, they convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. The consequences of de
26、stroying forests is not only that the climate of that region changes but this change affects the whole world.,Part III The Earth at risk (II),the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN): 国际自然保护联盟arouse verb T 引起；激起 Her behavior aroused the suspicions of the police.arise verb I (fro
27、m, out of) 出现；发生 Some unexpected difficulties have arisen.,Part III The Earth at risk (II),Bangladeshbgl,de 孟加拉国 Nepal nip:l 尼泊尔The Blue Nile 青尼罗河 Himalayas ,himleiz range 喜马拉雅山脉Ganges River 恒河（India）depressing adj. 使人沮丧的forward-looking adj. （褒）向前看的；有远见的,Part III The Earth at risk (II),by and large
28、大概，总的来说 By and large, your idea is a good one. 总的说来你的看法不错。practically 1. 【口】几乎,差不多The town was practically deserted. 该镇几乎空无一人。 2. 实际上;事实上He is practically a dictator. 他实际上是个独裁者。 presumably przumbl据推测;大概,可能;想必Presumably youve read this notice. 你大概已经看到这个通知了。,Part III The Earth at risk (II),1. Why is s
29、ome flooding man-made?A: Trees would hold rainfall in their roots. When forests in the higher up-river have been destroyed by men, all the rain that falls in the monsoon season flows straight into the river and starts the flooding.,河的上游,Part III The Earth at risk (II), the whole of Bangladesh is flo
30、oded and this is getting worse. You know, the cause is that forests have been cut down up in Nepal and India, I mean, higher up-river in the Himalayas. Trees would hold rainfall in their roots, but if theyve been cut down all the rain that falls in the monsoon season flows straight into the river Ga
31、nges and floods the whole country.,恒河,Part III The Earth at risk (II),2. What does Brian imply when he says the national governments have to be forward-looking?A: He implies that some national governments just consider the results of their policies in the near future, or just think as far ahead as t
32、he next election.,Part III The Earth at risk (II), the national governments have to be forward-looking and consider the results of their policies in ten or twenty years, not just think as far ahead as the next election.,Outline (II),II. Reasons for some “natural” disasters mainly man-made A. B. floo
33、ding in SudanIII. A. national governments forward-looking B. C. stopping using hardwood for furniture-making D. educating people to realize the consequences,flooding in Bangladesh,Action to be taken,population control,Part IV The Effects of Global Warming,Britains Climate Prediction Center英国天气预测中心fo
34、ssil fuel矿物燃料(如煤、石油、天然气等) equator 赤道University of London, London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine伦敦大学卫生与热带医学院insect 昆虫 bacteria 细菌environmental refugee 环境难民contamination 污染，玷污 diarrhea 腹泻,Part IV The Effects of Global Warming,Do you know what some of the effects of global warming are?,Part IV The
35、 Effects of Global Warming,5 Deadliest Effects of Global WarmingSpread of diseaseWarmer waters and more hurricanesIncreased probability and intensity of droughts and heat wavesEconomic consequencesPolar ice caps melting 极地冰冠,干旱，旱灾,热浪; 热 (辐射) 波,(南北极常年不融的) 冰盖，冰冠,Outline,I. A. average temperature B. ye
36、arly increaseII. Causes of global warming,Warming up of the world,The world is warming up. We know this because average temperatures are the highest since scientists started measuring them 600 years ago. The increase is about 0.2 every year. This may seem very slight, but we know that slight changes
37、 in temperature can have a big effect on other things.Most scientists now believe this global warming is due to human activity.,Review, degree Celsius / Centigrade degree Fahrenheit,Outline,III. Effects of global warming A. great changes in rainfall B. rise in the sea level C. D. health and social p
38、roblems,reduced potential for food production,computers are being used to predict what this may mean. They showed that there could be great changes in rainfall and the rise in the sea level as ice caps in the north and south poles melt. This could have a serious effect on agriculture according to Pr
39、of. Martin Perry . He says it could become more difficult to grow food in the tropics at lower latitude nearer to the equator.“The most clear pattern emerging is the possibility of reduced potential production in lower latitude regions, ”,纬度,赤道,Outline,III. Effects of global warming D. health and so
40、cial problems 1. environmental refugees 2. change of patterns of distribution of insects and infective agents 3.IV. Time to take action,change of patterns of heat-related food poisoning, etc.,Food production is only one area that could be affected. There could also be health and social problems“Alre
41、ady a number of rural populations around the world are suffering from the decline of agricultural systems. Climate change would add to this. And we would expect that it would accelerate the flood of environmental refugees around the world”,A climate refugee is a displaced person caused by climate ch
42、ange-induced environmental disasters. Such disasters are evidence of human-influenced ecological change and disruption to Earths climate system, primarily through the emissions of green house gases.,Part IV The Effects of Global Warming,生态的,分裂；崩溃,“But it includes not just the food production systems
43、, but the patterns of distribution of the insects and infective agents around the world. It includes likely effects on patterns of heat-related food poisoning, water contamination and diarrhea diseases, lots of things like this that would respond very sensitively to changes in climate.”,污染,腹泻,感染因素，传
44、染物,Part V Do you know?,abundant 丰富的，充裕的scarce 缺乏的，不足的cubic 立方的glacier 冰河，冰川groundwater 地下水freshwater 淡水 OPP saltwater 海水evaporate 蒸发runoff 径流，溢流, 流走物,Part V Do you know?,International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI) 国际食品政策研究所leap 跳跃Indigenous 本土的home market 国内市场scarcity n. 缺乏,短缺e.g The scarcit
45、y of fruit was caused by the drought. 水果缺乏是由干旱引起的。 West Bangal take a back seat (口)冷板凳Arsenic poisoning 砷中毒（砒霜中毒）,Part V Do you know?,1. FIn some parts of the world, water consumption has increased five fold.2. FIts often been said that water rather than oil will be the cause of warfare in the next
46、century (21st century).,Part V Do you know?,3. FThe number of people affected by water shortage will increase ten fold over the next 30 years, 4. FThe main reason why water is becoming a scarce resource is agriculture, which now accounts for 70% of water consumption worldwide, 90% in some developing
47、 countries.,Part V Do you know?,DosRough-dry your towels and nylon things.Cut out unnecessary lighting.Do without a wall-fire if you can.Defrost the fridge regularly.Before using your washing machine, wait until youve a full load.Cook a complete meal in the oven and Save It on the rings and grill.,（衣服等）晾干而不熨干,停止；省掉,除霜；解冻,Part V Do you know?,DontsDont attempt to iron everything.Dont turn the iron up too high.Dont leave the kettle to boil away.Dont fill the kettle to the brim for only a cup of tea.Dont put hot food in the fridge.,
