1、Lyndon Baines Johnson: Renunciation SpeechGood evening, my fellow Americans:Tonight I want to speak to you of peace in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. No other question so preoccupies our people. No other dream so absorbs the 250 million human beings who live in that part of the world. No other goal mot
2、ivates American policy in Southeast Asia.For years, representatives of our Governments and others have traveled the world seeking to find a basis for peace talks. Since last September they have carried the offer that I made public at San Antonio. And that offer was this:That the United States would
3、stop its bombardment of North Vietnam when that would lead promptly to productive discussions - and that we would assume that North Vietnam would not take military advantage of our restraint.Hanoi denounced this offer, both privately and publicly. Even while the search for peace was going on, North
4、Vietnam rushed their preparations for a savage assault on the people, the government, and the allies of South Vietnam. Their attack - during the Tet holidays - failed to achieve its principal objectives. It did not collapse the elected Government of South Vietnam or shatter its army - as the Communi
5、sts had hoped. It did not produce a “general uprising“ among the people of the cities, as they had predicted. The Communists were unable to maintain control of any of the more than 30 cities that they attacked. And they took very heavy casualties. But they did compel the South Vietnamese and their a
6、llies to move certain forces from the countryside into the cities. They caused widespread disruption and suffering. Their attacks, and the battles that followed, made refugees of half a million human beings.The Communists may renew their attack any day. They are, it appears, trying to make 1968 the
7、year of decision in South Vietnam - the year that brings, if not final victory or defeat, at least a turning point in the struggle.This much is clear: If they do mount another round of heavy attacks, they will not succeed in destroying the fighting power of South Vietnam and its allies. But tragical
8、ly, this is also clear: Many men - on both sides of the struggle - will be lost. A nation that has already suffered 20 years of warfare will suffer once again. Armies on both sides will take new casualties. And the war will go on. There is no need for this to be so. There is no need to delay the tal
9、ks that could bring an end to this long and this bloody war.Tonight, I renew the offer I made last August: to stop the bombardment of North Vietnam. We ask that talks begin promptly, that they be serious talks on the substance of peace. We assume that during those talks Hanoi will not take advantage
10、 of our restraint. We are prepared to move immediately toward peace through negotiations. So tonight, in the hope that this action will lead to early talks, I am taking the first step to de-escalate the conflict. We are reducing - substantially reducing - the present level of hostilities, and we are
11、 doing so unilaterally and at once.Tonight, I have ordered our aircraft and our naval vessels to make no attacks on North Vietnam, except in the area north of the demilitarized zone where the continuing enemy buildup directly threatens allied forward positions and where the movements of their troops
12、 and supplies are clearly related to that threat. The area in which we are stopping our attacks includes almost 90 percent of North Vietnams population, and most of its territory. Thus, there will be no attacks around the principal populated areas, or in the food-producing areas of North Vietnam.Eve
13、n this very limited bombing of the North could come to an early end - if our restraint is matched by restraint in Hanoi. But I cannot in good conscience stop all bombing so long as to do so would immediately and directly endanger the lives of our men and our allies. Whether a complete bombing halt b
14、ecomes possible in the future will be determined by events. Our purpose in this action is to bring about a reduction in the level of violence that now exists. It is to save the lives of brave men -and to save the lives of innocent women and children. It is to permit the contending forces to move clo
15、ser to a political settlement. And tonight I call upon the United Kingdom and I call upon the Soviet Union - as co-chairmen of the Geneva conferences, and as permanent members of the United Nations Security Council - to do all they can to move from the unilateral act of de-escalation that I have jus
16、t announced toward genuine peace in Southeast Asia.Now, as in the past, the United States is ready to send its representatives to any forum, at any time, to discuss the means of bringing this ugly war to an end. I am designating one of our most distinguished Americans, Ambassador Averell Harriman, a
17、s my personal representative for such talks. In addition, I have asked Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson, who returned from Moscow for consultation, to be available to join Ambassador Harriman at Geneva or any other suitable place -just as soon as Hanoi agrees to a conference.I call upon President Ho Ch
18、i Minh to respond positively, and favorably, to this new step toward peace. But if peace does not come now through negotiations, it will come when Hanoi understands that our common resolve is unshakable, and our common strength is invincible.Tonight, we and the other allied nations are contributing
19、600,000 fighting men to assist 700,000 South Vietnamese troops in defending their little country. Our presence there has always rested on this basic belief: The main burden of preserving their freedom must be carried out by them - by the South Vietnamese themselves.We and our allies can only help to
20、 provide a shield behind which the people of South Vietnam can survive and can grow and develop. On their efforts - on their determinations and resourcefulness -the outcome will ultimately depend. That small, beleaguered nation has suffered terrible punishment for more than 20 years. I pay tribute o
21、nce again tonight to the great courage and the endurance of its people. South Vietnam supports armed forces tonight of almost 700,000 men, and I call your attention to the fact that that is the equivalent of more than 10 million in our own population. Its people maintain their firm determination to
22、be free of domination by the North.There has been substantial progress, I think, in building a durable government during these last three years. The South Vietnam of 1965 could not have survived the enemys Tet offensive of 1968. The elected government of South Vietnam survived that attack - and is r
23、apidly repairing the devastation that it wrought. The South Vietnamese know that further efforts are going to be required to expand their own armed forces; to move back into the countryside as quickly as possible; to increase their taxes; to select the very best men that they have for civil and mili
24、tary responsibilities; to achieve a new unity within their constitutional government, and to include in the national effort all those groups who wish to preserve South Vietnams control over its own destiny. Last week President Thieu ordered the mobilization of 135,000 additional South Vietnamese. He
25、 plans to reach as soon as possible a total military strength of more than 800,000 men. To achieve this, the Government of South Vietnam started the drafting of 19-year-olds on March 1st. On May 1st, the Government will begin the drafting of 18-year-olds. Last month, 10,000 men volunteered for milit
26、ary service. That was two and a half times the number of volunteers during the same month last year. Since the middle of January, more than 48,000 South Vietnamese have joined the armed forces, and nearly half of them volunteered to do so.All men in the South Vietnamese armed forces have had their t
27、ours of duty extended for the duration of the war, and reserves are now being called up for immediate active duty. President Thieu told his people last week, and I quote:“We must make greater efforts, we must accept more sacrifices, because as I have said many times, this is our country. The existen
28、ce of our nation is at stake, and this is mainly a Vietnamese responsibility.“He warned his people that a major national effort is required to root out corruption and incompetence at all levels of government. We applaud this evidence of determination on the part of South Vietnam. Our first priority
29、will be to support their effort. We shall accelerate the re-equipment of South Vietnams armed forces in order to meet the enemys increased firepower. And this will enable them progressively to undertake a larger share of combat operations against the Communist invaders.On many occasions I have told
30、the American people that we would send to Vietnam those forces that are required to accomplish our mission there. So with that as our guide we have previously authorized a force level of approximately 525,000. Some weeks ago to help meet the enemys new offensive we sent to Vietnam about 11,000 addit
31、ional Marine and airborne troops. They were deployed by air in 48 hours on an emergency basis. But the artillery and the tank and the aircraft and medical and other units that were needed to work with and support these infantry troops in combat could not then accompany them by air on that short noti
32、ce.In order that these forces may reach maximum combat effectiveness, the Joint Chiefs of Staff have recommended to me that we should prepare to send during the next five months the support troops totaling approximately 13,500 men. A portion of these men will be made available from our active forces
33、. The balance will come from reserve component units, which will be called up for service.The actions that we have taken since the beginning of the year to re-equip the South Vietnamese forces; to meet our responsibilities in Korea, as well as our responsibilities in Vietnam; to meet price increases
34、 and the cost of activating and deploying these reserve forces; to replace helicopters and provide the other military supplies we need, all of these actions are going to require additional expenditures. The tentative estimate of those additional expenditures is 2 1/2 billion dollars in this fiscal y
35、ear and 2 billion, 600 million in the next fiscal year. These projected increases in expenditures for our national security will bring into sharper focus the nations need for immediate action, action to protect the prosperity of the American people and to protect the strength and the stability of ou
36、r American dollar.On many occasions I have pointed out that without a tax bill or decreased expenditures, next years deficit would again be around $20 billion. I have emphasized the need to set strict priorities in our spending. I have stressed that failure to act - and to act promptly and decisivel
37、y - would raise very strong doubts throughout the world about Americas willingness to keep its financial house in order.Yet Congress has not acted. And tonight we face the sharpest financial threat in the postwar era - a threat to the dollars role as the keystone of international trade and finance i
38、n the world.Last week, at the monetary conference in Stockholm, the major industrial countries decided to take a big step toward creating a new international monetary asset that will strengthen the international monetary system. And Im very proud of the very able work done by Secretary Fowler and Ch
39、airman Martin of the Federal Reserve Board. But to make this system work, the United States just must bring its balance of payments to - or very close to - equilibrium. We must have a responsible fiscal policy in this country. The passage of a tax bill now, together with expenditure control that the
40、 Congress may desire and dictate, is absolutely necessary to protect this nations security, and to continue our prosperity, and to meet the needs of our people.Now, what is at stake is seven years of unparalleled prosperity. In those seven years, the real income of the average American, after taxes,
41、 rose by almost 30 percent - a gain as large as that of the entire preceding 19 years. So the steps that we must take to convince the world are exactly the steps that we must take to sustain our own economic strength here at home. In the past eight months, prices and interest rates have risen becaus
42、e of our inaction. We must therefore now do everything we can to move from debate to action, from talking to voting and there is, I believe - I hope there is - in both Houses of the Congress a growing sense of urgency that this situation just must be acted upon and must be corrected.My budget in Jan
43、uary, we thought, was a tight one. It fully reflected our evaluation of most of the demanding needs of this nation. But in these budgetary matters, the President does not decide alone. The Congress has the power, and the duty, to determine appropriations and taxes. And the Congress is now considerin
44、g our proposals, and they are considering reductions in the budget that we submitted.As part of a program of fiscal restraint that includes the tax surcharge, I shall approve appropriate reductions in the January budget when and if Congress so decides that that should be done. One thing is unmistaka
45、bly clear, however. Our deficit just must be reduced. Failure to act could bring on conditions that would strike hardest at those people that all of us are trying so hard to help So these times call for prudence in this land of plenty. And I believe that we have the character to provide it, and toni
46、ght I plead with the Congress and with the people to act promptly to serve the national interest and thereby serve all of our people.Now let me give you my estimate of the chances for peace - the peace that will one day stop the bloodshed in South Vietnam; that will - all the Vietnamese people will
47、be permitted to rebuild and develop their land; that will permit us to turn more fully to our own tasks here at home. I cannot promise that the initiative that I have announced tonight will be completely successful in achieving peace any more than the 30 others that we have undertaken and agreed to
48、in recent years. But it is our fervent hope that North Vietnam, after years of fighting that has left the issue unresolved, will now cease its efforts to achieve a military victory and will join with us in moving toward the peace table.And there may come a time when South Vietnamese - on both sides
49、- are able to work out a way to settle their own differences by free political choice rather than by war. As Hanoi considers its course, it should be in no doubt of our intentions. It must not miscalculate the pressures within our democracy in this election year. We have no intention of widening this war. But the United States will never accept a fake solution to this long and arduous struggle and call it peace. No one can foretell the precise terms of an eventual settlement. Our objective in South Vietnam has never been the annihilation of the enemy
