1、1Passage 9 社会：生活百态 910 词 建议做题时间：13 分钟Why Should Animals Have Rights?Almost all of us eat meat，wear leather，and go to circuses and zoosMany of us bought our beloved“pets” at pet shops，and kept beautiful birds in cagesWe wore wool and silk，ate McDonalds burgers，and fishedWe never considered the impact
2、 of these actions on the animals involvedFor whatever reason，you are now asking the question：Why should animals have rights?In his book Animal Liberation，Peter Singer states that the basic principle of equality does not require equal or identical treatment；it requires equal consideration. This is an
3、 important distinction when talking about animal rightsPeople often ask if animals should have rights，and quite simply, the answer is“Yes!”Animals surely deserve to live their lives free from sufferingJeremy Bentham，the founder of the reforming utilitarian school of moral philosophy，stated that when
4、 deciding on a beings rights， “The question is notCan they reason?norCan they talk?butCan they suffer?” In that passage， Bentham points to the capacity for suffering as the vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal considerationThe capacity for suffering is not just another characte
5、ristic like the capacity for language or higher mathematicsAll animals have the ability to suffer in the same way and to the same degree that humans doThey feel pain，pleasure ，fear ，frustration ，loneliness ，and motherly loveWhenever we consider doing something that would interfere with their needs，
6、we are morally obligated to take them into accountSupporters of animal rights believe that animals have an inherent worth a value completely separate from their usefulness to humansWe believe that every creature with a will to live has a right to live free from sufferingAnimal right is not just a ph
7、ilosophyit is a social movement that challenges societys traditional view that all nonhuman animals exist solely for human useAs founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Ingrid Newkirk has said,“When it comes to pain，love，joy，loneliness ， and fear，a rat is a pig is a dog is a bo
8、yEach one values his or her life ”Only prejudice allows us to deny others the rights that we expect to have for ourselvesWhether its based on race，gender，or species，prejudice is morally unacceptable If you wouldnt eat a dog，why eat a pig? Dogs and pigs have the same capacity to feel pain，but it is p
9、rejudice based on species that allows us to think of one animal as a companion and the other as dinnerAs remarkable as the killings themselves，however ，has been the response to themChina is developing a pet-owning culture，with dogs standing out as a particular favoritePet owners have begun to mobili
10、zespeaking out online and circulating petitionsto try to stop the killingsIn fact discussion of the issue has surpassed the bounds of a simple conversation about petsrights，with many commentators sharply questioning a system that could order the mass extermination of dogs，whether or not they are lic
11、ensed and vaccinatedChinese humane societies have announced plans to file lawsuits against local governments that mount extermination campaigns “This kind of thing is just too terrible，too inhumane， ”said Huang Juan，a leader of the Abandoned Pets Assistance Center，in Wuhan “They did it 2without any
12、real reason，since many of these dogs are vaccinated and cannot spread rabies(狂犬病)But how can you speak reason with these people?”Another group，the China Small Animal Protection Association，said it would sue(控告) “We are meeting with lawyers recently and will go to court and bring charges against two
13、local governments， ”said Lu Di， the groups director “I will not just try to persuade, warn or criticize themits too late for thatWe will sue them to make them understand that this is not merely a moral issue，but a crime ”Not long ago，the Humane Society of the United States offered 100，000 to China t
14、o establish a program to control rabies in JiningMore broadly，others pointed out that the extermination campaigns contradict the guiding ideology of Chinas current leaders，who constantly invoke the need to build a harmonious societyAlthough the extermination programs are being widely denounced(公开指责)
15、 here，there is no doubting that rabies remains a severe problem in China Nationwide，961 people died of the disease in the first six months of the year，and last year，2，545 people diedBy contrast，rabies deaths in most Western countries are extremely rareExperts say the persistence of the disease refle
16、cts the breakdown of the rural health care systemMany poor rural provinces view canine rabies vaccinations as a costly burden Meanwhile，an oral vaccine，which is far easier to administer，is not imported，partly because of its cost“Many farmers are reluctant to get shots for their dogs，because its not
17、always free，whereas the veterinary system at the township level has become very inadequate， ” said Luo Tingrong，a rabies expert at Guangxi University “There isnt much investment into the system ”1. The basic principle of equality of animal rights demands according to Peter SingerA equal treatment B
18、identical treatmentC equal freedom D equal consideration2. According to Bentham，which of the following determines whether a being should have rights?A The capacity for reasoning B The capacity for talkingC The capacity for suffering D The capacity for consideration3. Nonhuman animals are traditional
19、ly believed to exist for A the natural law B human beingsC their own sake D ecological balance4. What makes most of us take eating pigs instead of dogs for granted?A Dogs to us are more friendly than pigsB Pigs have inherent worth as food while dogs haventC Pigs are inherent for dinner while dogs fo
20、r companionsD We have prejudice based on species5. What behavior of some local governments caused peoples wide dissatisfaction according to the passage?A Prohibition for raising petsB Request for all pets being licensedC Demand for all rural pets getting shotsD Mass slaughtering of dogs without cons
21、ideration36. What does Huang Juan think of government officials that mount extermination campaigns?A Reasonable B ResponsibleC Secular D Stubborn7. What has the China Small Animal Protection Association planed to do against two local governments?ABring charges against them. BGive them verbal warning
22、s.CCriticize them in public DDemonstrate against them8. The money the Humane Society of the US offered to China is for 9. The mass extermination of dogs does not accord with Chinas aim for establishing10. The farmers are not willing to get their dogs vaccinated because it is not always 做题点拨与全文翻译结构剖析
23、议论文。第一段提出为什么动物应该拥有权利。第二、三段分别讲了社会各界支持动物拥有权利的原因。第四、五段说人类对物种存在的偏见造成对待不同动物的态度不同。第六至十三段指出社会各界为动物争取权利做出的努力。解题思路1.【线索】The basic principle of equality of animal rights demands according to Peter Singer【定位】第二段【解析】选D 。该段第一句指出 Peter Singer 对动物权利平等原则的理解是：平等这一基本原则并不是要求待遇均等或相同，而是要求同等的关心，故答案选D。2. 【 线索 】According t
24、o Bentham，which of the following determines whether a being should have rights?【定位】第二段【解析】选C。该段第五、六句说当决定一个物种是否应该有权利的时候，本瑟姆认为应该主要看这一物种能否感知痛苦，故答案选C。3.【线索】Nonhuman animals are traditionally believed to exist for 【定位】第三段【解析】选B。该段第三句说传统观念认为一切非人类的动物的存在只是为了供人类使用，故B为答案。4.【线索】What makes most of us take eatin
25、g pigs instead of dogs for granted?【定位】第四段【解析】选D 。该段最后一句说我们对物种有偏见，这种偏见导致了一种动物被当成人类的伙伴而另外一种动物被当成餐桌上的食物，故选D。其他三项均是基于偏见而产生的错误观点。5.【线索】What behavior of some local governments caused peoples wide dissatisfaction according to the passage?【定位】第五段【解析】选D 。原文提到许多评论家尖锐的质疑那种可以命令大规模灭狗的制度，也不管这些狗是否有领养许可或接受过疫苗注射。D是
26、原文的同义转述，故为答案。其他三项文中没有提到。6.【线索】What does Huang Juan think of government officials that mount extermination campaigns?4【定位】第七段【解析】选D 。该段最后两句黄娟谈到， “他们这样做，没有任何真正的理由，因为这些狗中许多都注射过疫苗，并不传播狂犬病。但是你怎么和这些人讲道理呢?”由此可以看出，她认为政府官员顽固不化，不讲道理，D项符合文意，故为答案。7. 【 线索 】What has the China Small Animal Protection Association p
27、laned to do against two local governments?【定位】第八段【解析】选A 。从中国小动物保护协会负责人的话中可以得知，该协会会向法院起诉，控告两个地方政府。A 是原文的细节再现，故为答案。原文提到劝服、警告或谴责他们已经是为时已晚了，由此可排除B、C 两项。D文中没有提及。8. 【线索】The money the Humane Society of the U. Soffered to China is for .【定位】第九段【解析】controlling rabies in Jining。美国保护动物协会向中国提供的钱是用于控制中国济宁市的狂犬病的。根
28、据语法要求，填 controlling rabies in Jining。9.【线索】The mass extermination of dogs does not accord with Chinas aim for establishing .【定位】第十段【解析】a harmonious society。文中的 extermination campaigns 与 the mass extermination of dogs 说的意思相同，contradict 与题干中的 not accord with 属于同义转述，大规模灭绝运动和中国建立和谐社会的目标不相符，故填 a harmonio
29、us society。10.【线索】 The farmers are not willing to get their dogs vaccinated because it is not always . 【定位】最后一段【解析】free。文中说农民之所以不愿给他们的狗打疫苗是因为不总是免费的，题干中的not willing to 与原文中 reluctant to 属于同义转述，故填 free。全文翻译为什么动物应该拥有权利几乎我们所有人都吃肉、穿皮衣、去马戏团和动物园。我们中的很多人在宠物店买过新意的“宠物” ，在笼子里杨过美丽的鸟儿。我们穿过毛织品和丝织品，吃过麦当劳的汉堡，钓过鱼。我们
30、以前从来没有考虑过这些行为会对相关的那些动物产生什么影响。不论基于何种原因，你现在再问：为什么动物应该有权利呢？彼得辛格在他的书动物的解放中说道：1平等这一基本原则并不是要求待遇均等或相同，而是要求同等的关心。在谈到动物的权利的时候，这是一个重要的区别。人们经常会问，动物是否应该有权利，很简单，答案就是“是！”动物肯定应该过它们自己的生活，而免受痛苦。道德哲学的功利主义改良派创始人之一杰里米本瑟姆指出，2当决定一种生物的权利的时候， “问题不在于他们能思考吗？或他们能交谈吗？ ，而在于他们能感知痛苦吗？ ”在这一段话中，本瑟姆将感知痛苦的能力视作一种生物获得同等关心的权利的重要特征。感知痛苦的
31、能力并不只是像语言能力或高等数学运算能力一样的另一种特征。所有的动物都有能力以与人类同样的方式和同样的程度来感知痛苦。他们能够感觉到疼痛、高兴、恐惧、沮丧、孤独，还有母亲般的爱。每当我们考虑做一些事情，而这些事情会牵扯到它们的需要时，从道义上讲，我们都有义务把它们考虑进去。动物权利的支持者们相信动物具有与生俱来的价值一种完全独立于对人类的用处之处的价值。我们认为，每一种有求生意愿的生物都有不受痛苦地生存的权利。动物权利不仅是一种哲学他还是一个挑战社会传统观念的社会运动，3这种传统观念认为，一切非人类的动物的存在只是为了供人类使用。据“争取人道对待动物”组织的创始人，英5格里德纽柯克， “当谈到
32、感受疼痛、爱、欢乐、孤独和恐惧时，一只老鼠、一头猪、一只狗和一只男孩是一样的。每一类都珍视着各自的生命。 ”只有偏见会让我们否认其他生物的权利，而这些权利却是我们自己所期望拥有的。 。无论是基于种族、性别、还是物种的原因，从道义上讲，偏见都是不可接受的。4如果你不吃狗肉，为什么要吃猪肉？狗和猪感知疼痛的能力是一样的，但正是基于对物种的偏见，我们将一种动物视为同伴而将另一种视为餐桌上的食品。然而人类对它们的反应与屠杀本身一样值得注意。中国正在形成一种养宠物的文化，狗尤其招人喜欢。宠物主人们已开始动员在网上呼吁并传播请愿书来设法阻止宰杀动物。其实，这个问题的讨论已经超越了单纯地争议有关宠物权利的界
33、限，5许多评论家尖锐地质疑那种可以命令大规模灭狗的制度，也不管这些狗是否有领养证可或接受过疫苗注射。中国动物保护协会已宣布计划对实施灭绝运动的地方政府提出诉讼。 “这种事确实太可怕，太不人道了。 ”黄娟说，她是武汉被遗弃宠物援助中心的一位负责人。6“他们这样做，没有任何真正的理由，因为这些狗中许多都注射过疫苗，并不传播狂犬病。但你怎么和这些人讲道理呢？”另一个团体中国小动物保护协会也表示，它会诉诸于法律。 “最近我们正在和律师见面，并会向法院起诉，控告两个地方政府。 ”这个协会的负责人鲁迪说。 “7我将不只是劝服、警告或谴责他们这样做为时已晚了。我们将起诉他们，好让他们明白，这不仅是一个道德问
34、题，还是一种犯罪行为。 ”8不久前，美国动物保护协会向中国提供了十万美元用于建立一个控制济宁市的狂犬病的项目。其他一些机构指出，在一个更广的层面上，9动物灭绝运动与中国目前领导人的指导思想相矛盾，他们一直强调要建立一个和谐社会。虽然这些灭绝运动正受到公开指责，但无疑，在中国狂犬病仍是一个严重问题。在全国范围内，今年前六个月共有 961 人死于狂犬病，去年死亡 2,545 人。相比之下，在大多数西方国家里，死于狂犬病的人数相当少。专家们说，狂犬病的持续存在，反映了农村卫生保健系统的薄弱，许多贫困省份把狂犬病疫苗注射看作一项昂贵的负担。与此同时，也没有引进更易管理的口服疫苗，部分原因是它的高成本。
35、“10许多农民都不愿意为他们的狗注射疫苗，因为那并不总是免费的，而兽医体系的建设在乡镇一级也显得不足。 ”广西大学狂犬病专家罗廷荣说。 “对这个体系的投入也不是很多。 ”Passage 10 社会：生活百态 1251 词 建议做题时间：14.5 分钟 Is the Flu Vaccine a Good Idea for Your Family?The flu season is from November to AprilWith most cases occurring between late December and early March，but the vaccine is usua
36、lly offered between September and mid-November(and may be given at other times of the year)Getting the shot before the flu season is in full force gives the body a chance to build up immunity to， or protection from，the virusAlthough you can get a flu shot well into flu season，itS best to try to get
37、it earlier rather than laterHowever ，even when there are only 2 6or 3 months left in the flu season，itS still a good idea to get protection if the vaccine is available in your areaIn times when the vaccine is in short supply，certain people need it more than othersThe Centers for Disease Control and
38、Prevention(CDC)often will recommend that certain highrisk groups be given priority when flu shot supplies are limitedA non-shot option，the nasal mist(鼻腔喷雾剂) vaccine，is now available，but because it contains weakened live flu viruses it is not for people with weakened immune systems or certain health
39、conditionsThe nasal mist vaccine is only for healthy，nonpregnant people between the ages of 2 and 49 yearsCheck with your doctor to see if your child canor shouldget this type of flu vaccineWho should get the flu shot?Federal health officials now urge flu vaccination for all kids 6 months of age and
40、 older (instead of just the youngest， as before)Although young tots (from 6 months to 5 years old) are still considered the group of kids who need the flu vaccine the most updated guidelines from the CDC now recommend that all older kids and teens get it，too (as long as enough is available)Other hig
41、h-risk kids who should get the flu vaccine include those who：were bom prematurely and are at increased risk of developing lung problems if they get influenzahave chronic heart or lung disorders，including asthmahave certain kinds of chronic diseases such as diabetes，kidney disease，severe anemia， or i
42、mmune deficiency (including HIV/AIDS and immunosuppression caused by drugs)are on long-term aspirin therapy and may be at risk for Reye syndrome if they catch the flulive with someone in any of the high-risk groups aboveHigh-risk adults who should get the flu vaccine include：those who have chronic l
43、ung or heart disorders those who have some kind of chronic diseases such as diabetes menitus，kidney disease，severe anemia，or immune deficiency (including HIV/AIDS and immunosuppression caused by drugs)pregnant womenresidents of nursing homes and other facilities that care for people with chronic med
44、ical conditions health care workers and other employees of hospitals，nursing homes，and other outpatient facilities who care for patientspolice，firefighters，and other public safety workerspolice，firefighters，and other public safety workerseveryone 50 years of age or olderout-of-home caregivers and ho
45、usehold contacts of anyone in any of the high-risk groupsPeople who should not get a flu shot include：anyone whos severely allergic to eggs and egg products (ingredients for flu shots are grown inside eggs，so tell your doctor if your child is allergic to eggsor egg products before he or she gets a f
46、lu shot)infants under 6 months oldanyone whos ever had a severe reaction to a flu vaccination (although most people do not experience any side effects from the flu shot)7anyone with a feverKids under 9 years who get a flu shot for the first time will receive two separate shots a month apartIt can ta
47、ke about 1 or 2 weeks after the shot for the body to build up protection to the fluHow the flu vaccine works?Flu vaccines are available as a shot or nasal mistGiven as an injection，the flu shot contains killed flu viruses that will not cause the flu，but will prepare the body to fight off infection b
48、y the live flu virusGetting a shot of the killed virus means a person is protected against that particular type of live flu virus if he or she comes into contact with itThe nasal mist vaccine contains weakened 1ive flu virusesBecause it contains weakened live viruses，the mist is not for people with weakened immune systems or certain health conditionsEven if you or your child may have gotten the vaccine last year，that wont protect you from getting the flu this year because the protection wears off and flu viruses constantly change Th
