1、美语发音概述-英语发音类别基本分类及常识语音分元音和辅音两大类，每一个语音必定属于这两者之一。元音元音是一种有声音，发音时用舌头和嘴唇使口腔定形，声带振动。同时气流从咽腔和口腔不断流出，不受阻碍，也没有变狭窄，因而听不出摩擦。辅音（在正常言语中）除元音外所有的其它音都叫辅音。一部分辅音发音时，气流不通过口腔，如m；另一部分辅音发音时，气流在通过口腔时，受到这样或那样的阻碍，或在口腔中的某个点受到摩擦。Practice these three sounds in phrases.the first term a long term some moneylearn the words among
2、the workers some honeya firm girl never forget once in a montha nervous nurse a sheet of paper a tough sonan early bird a drop of water a funny couplea dirty shirt the teachers of lace w:st=“on“Chinalace a sudden jumpthe third world the doctors daughter just for funan active learner at the counter b
3、lood for bloodMonophthongs: i: e 1 8 2: 3 3: u: 4: 4Diphthongs: ei 2i 3i 4u 2u i4 e4 u4In American English, we simply use five of these diphthongs:ei 4u 2i 2u 3i元音分类 C根据发音时嘴唇的形状：According to the shape of the lips合口元音 Rounded Vowels： 3: 3 u: 敞口元音 Unrounded Vowels： i: 自然口型 Neutral Vowels： e 1 8 4 元音分类
4、 D根据元音的发音长度：According to the length of the vowels长元音 Long Vowels：i: 4: 2: 3: u:短元音 Short Vowels： e 1 8 4 3 辅音分类 A根据声带振动情况：按照声带振动情况给辅音分类，发音时声带完全敞开，气流通过声带没有引起振动的辅音称为清辅音，发音时声带合拢，气流通过声带并引起振动的辅音称为浊辅音。每一组对应的清浊辅音在发音时发音部位和发音方式都是完全相同的，只以声带振动与否来进行区别。英语中有十组对应的清浊辅音，它们是：清辅音 Voiceless Consonants：p t k t5 f 7 s 5
5、ts tr t5浊辅音 Voiced Consonants：d g d9 v 0 z 9 dz dr d9英语中有些音是没有相对应的清浊辅音的，它们是：清辅音：h浊辅音：m n 6 l r另外，人们习惯上把半元音也归为浊辅音用。浊辅音：w j辅音分类 B根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果：根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果给辅音分类，可将辅音分为爆破音、摩擦音、塞擦音、鼻音和舌边音。另外，我们将半元音也放在这一部分，方便练习掌握。摩擦音：口腔通道较窄，气流通过时产生摩擦。爆破音：气流在口腔中完全封闭，然后再突然释放，在释放时不产生任何阻碍和摩擦。塞擦音：气流通过口腔时被闭住，释放时气流通道又不完全
6、敞开。鼻音： 发音时需要鼻腔共鸣。舌边音：发音时气流从舌的两侧同过。半元音：w j爆破音爆破音(plosive) ：在相当时间内，气流通道完全阻塞，气流（一般由于肺部的动作）受压，然后突然放开阻塞，发出爆破的声音。英语中的爆破音有六个，它们是: p t d k g嘴唇闭气：p 舌前端在上齿齿龈和硬腭前端闭气：t d舌后端抬高，软腭下垂进行闭气：k gRead the dialogues, paying attention to the pronunciation of plosives.(1) A: How do you do? Im Parker.B: How do you do, Mr.
7、Barker?A: Parker.B: Oh, Parker with a P?A: Yes, with a P.B: ErIm Barker.A: Barker? With a B. Of course.B: Yes, with a B.A: Wont you come in, Mr. Barker?B: Thank you, Mr. Parker.(2) A: I love you, Miss Brown.B: But how can I believe you, Mr. Black.A: Ill jump over the balcony, Miss Brown.B: Jump over
8、 the balcony, Mr. Black?A: Itll prove my love, Miss Brown.B: Itll break your back, Mr. Black.A: Then save me and take me back!(3) A: Whats the date today?B: December the fifteenth. The day after tomorrow is little Toms birthday.A: Right. What present should we give him this time? By the way, how old
9、 is he?B: Hes still thirteen today and tomorrow. Hell be fourteen the day after tomorrow. Lets get him a remote controlled toy truck.A: How time flies! He s a big boy now.B: And dont forget Mary, Toms twin sister. Its her birthday, too. A: OK. Lets invite all their little friends to come and celebra
10、te.(4) A: Was it a good game?B: It was a terrific game.A: You had a good day for it.B: A beautiful day.A: Did Chris score?B: He scored twice.A: And you?B: Now where did I put that bottle of milk?A: Did you score?B: Ah, got it.A: Maybe the next game?B: Sure thing. Ill score one goal at least.摩擦音摩擦音(f
11、ricative)：气流通道收窄，气流通过时发出可听擦音。英语中摩擦音有十个，其中清浊相对的有八个：f v 7 0 s z 5 9上齿接触下唇： f v上齿与舌面摩擦： 7 0上齿齿龈产生摩擦： s z声带摩擦： h硬腭摩擦： r 5 9Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the pronunciation of fricatives.(1) A: Frank flatters me, Fred.B: Frank flatters everybody.A: He said I create a flame in his heart.B:
12、A flame in his heart?A: A furious flame! He says I drive him frantic!B: You drive me frantic, too, Fanny.A: Oh, Fred! You old flatterer.B: But dont forget to fry the fish, Fanny.(2) A: Seven days old! Shes a lovely baby!B: Shes a beautiful baby!A: And shes a clever baby.B: And her voice, her voice i
13、s so so clear!A: Shes got a very clear voice, indeed.B: And shes big for a baby of her age!(3) A: Date of birth?B: The third of March, nineteen thirty-three.A: The third of March, nineteen thirty-three?B: I thinkA: You think what?B: I think it was the third, but maybe it was the fourth.A: You think
14、it was either the third or the fourth? Youre not sure of your own date of birth?B: No, Im sorry.A: Anyway, the position has been taken already. So it doesnt matter youre not sure of your date of birth.(4) A: Maybe youll let me play in the mud, Mother?B: Dont you dare play there.A: Father doesnt mind
15、 if we play in the mud.B: Father doesnt wash the dirty clothes, dear.(5) A: Ill sing you a song.B: Yes, sing a song. But dont sing a sad song.A: Most of my songs are sad, sorry.B: Well, please sing one thats not within the definition of too sad.A: OK, I ll sing San Francisco, then. (6) A: A shirt, s
16、ir? Yes, sir. This one will suit you. Its in a very fashionable shade.B: Mm. I want something simpler.A: A silver one, maybe? Its got something special on the sleeve.B: Cant you show me a simple shirt in a simple shade? Maybe I should try the next shop.(7) A: Whos that over there?B: Oh, thats John.
17、Hes the Club Treasurer.A: Whats he doing there?B: Watching television.A: And does he always sleep when the televisions on?B: Usually he does.A: Ah.B: And occasionally he snores.A: Rather noisily.B: As even the man on the moon must have noticed!(8) You and your friend are looking at some things in a
18、shop window but you cant see very well.A: Is that a radio?B: It looks like a radio.A: Is that a pretty dress?B: It looks like a pretty dress.A: Is that a rugby ball?B: It looks like a rugby ball.A: Is that a record?B: It looks like a record.A: Is that a record player?B: It looks like a record player
19、.A: Is that a refrigerator?B: It looks like a refrigerator.(9) A: How handsome Henry is!B: Henry is handsome, isnt he?A: And how hardworking Henry is!B: Henry does work hard.A: And how honest Henry is!B: Oh? Is Henry honest?塞擦音塞擦音(affricate)：其形成如爆破音，但发音器官放开阻塞较慢，因而在放开阻塞时可以听得出相应的摩擦。英语中塞擦音有六个，它们是： t5 d
20、9 ts dz tr dr牙齿处闭气： ts dz硬腭前端摩擦： t5 d9舌头在硬腭处闭气： tr drRead the dialogues, while paying attention to the affricates.(1) A：We need some cheese.B：Ive just bought some cheese.A：And we need some chocolate.B：Ive just bought some chocolate.A：And what about chicken soup?B：Ive just bought some chicken soup.A：
21、Good, but we still havent got enough chairs.B：Dont worry. Ive just bought some cheap chairs.A：Thats everything then. Oh no! China plates.(2) A：You cant do that!B：Of course I can. Its my bridge.A：But you cant chop it down!B：Its my bridge, and Im chopping it down.A：Dont chop it down! How shall we cros
22、s? We cant manage without it.B：Well, youve got to learn how to jump really far! Jump! Jump!鼻音鼻音(nasal)：口腔通道完全阻塞，但软颚下垂，气流自由通过鼻腔发出的音。 英语中鼻音有三个，它们是：m n 6嘴唇处闭气： m舌前端在硬腭处闭气： n舌后部抬高，软腭下垂闭气： 6Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the nasals.(1) A：Dont be alarmed if Mum stamps.B：And dont be alarmed
23、if Mum screams.A：Its not what it seems.B：Dont be alarmed. You wont really be harmed.(2) A：Norman went. And he never returned.B：He went? When?A：Oh, about the end of June.B：Did he send the rent?A：Yes, and Ive found a new tenant, Nancy Noble.B：I hope there wont be any problems.A：You dont know Nancy, do
24、 you?B：Well, I once lent her some cash and she never returned it.(3) A friend is helping you to do a crossword puzzle.A：I think its “singing”.B：No, “singing ” is wrong.A：What about ”ringing”?B：No, “ringing” is wrong.A：Well, can it be “bringing”?B：No, “bringing” is wrong.A：What about “thinking”?B：No,
25、 “thinking” is wrong.A：Well, is it “hanging”?B：No, “hanging” is wrong.A：What about “drinking ”?B：No, “drinking” is wrong.A：Oh, dear, is anything going to be right?舌边音舌边音(lateral)：气流通道中央阻塞，在阻塞处的两边或一边留下通道让气流自由通过时发出的音。英语中舌边音只有一个，就是：lRead the dialogue, while paying attention to the lateral.A：If you look
26、 on the library shelves, youll find A History of theLakes. The Lakes were a large, rich, but unlucky family.They had thirteen children. The first eleven were killed inmysterious fatal accidents. And the twelfth, Lance. PoorLance was eaten by wolves.B：And the remaining child? The last of the Lakes?A：
27、I was lucky. I inherited everything. Now sign the contract or Imay start calling you brother!半元音半元音(semi-vowel)：即有声滑音。发这个音时，发音器官开始时轻微地发出一个本身响度较弱的音，然后立即过渡到一个响度相同或更加显著的音。英语中半元音有两个，它们是：w jRead the dialogue, while paying attention to the semi-vowels.A：How much do we have to give?B：We dont have to give.A
28、：Ill give whatever Mrs. Whitney gave.B：She gave five.A：Very well, Ill give five dollars, too.B：She gave five hundred dollars.A：Oh, my! She always gives too much. Read the two poems.(1) We waddle away from the water.And now we will waddle back.Then swish, swish, we are swimming again.Quack! Quack! Quack!(2) When the orchard yield will be gathered soon.And the fields beyond are yellow with corn,The dog in our yard awakes with a yawn,And yaps and yelps at the yellow moon.
