1、第一章动词动词是表示动作或状态的词,是构成句子的核心部分。动词具有时态、语态、语气和非谓语形式等变化。动词和名词、代词一样,也有人称和数的变化,谓词动词的人称和数一般都应与主语的人称和数一致。第一节动词的种类及其作用动词就其句法作用来说,可分为连系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词。一、 连系动词连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征、身份或结果等。连系动词后面可接形容词、名词、副词、分词、分词、介词短语、不定式以及句子等作表语,通常称作系表结构。常见的连系动词有:be 是 appear 看来 become 变为,成为 fall 变成 feel 感觉到 get 变得,成为 go
2、变得 grow 渐渐变成 keep 保持 look 看来 prove 证明是 remain 仍然是seem 好像 sound 听起来 smell 闻起来 stay 保持 turn 变成 taste 尝起来例如:They are my teachers.他们是我的老师The weather still remained cold in April.虽然已进入四月,天气仍然很冷。She fell ill and had to enter the hospital.她生病了,必须住医院治疗。The children want to become star players.那些孩子想当体育明星。The
3、 district remained unchanged.那个地区仍然没有什么变化。I was at a loss for an answer.我不知如何回答。二、实义动词就用法来说实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。1、及物动词后面要求接宾语,否则意思不完整;不及物动词自身意思完整,不需接宾语。及物动词有被动词结构,不及物动词没有被动结构。例如:Ayou should plan carefully in advance.你应该事前谨慎地拟订计划。B. They are planning a trip to korea.他们正计划到韩国旅游C. My father will buy me a c
4、omputer. 父亲将给我买一台计算机D. I found the film very interesting.我发现这部电影很有趣。(复合宾语- 由宾语 the film 和宾语补足语 interesting 构成。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系)E. we elected him our representative.我们选他为我们的代表。上面的句子代表了英语中除系表结构以外的另外 4 种句型,即:A主+谓(+ 状)B主+谓+宾C主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语D/E. 主+ 谓+ 宾+宾补2、状态动词和动作动词就实义动词的词汇意义来说,可分为状态动词和动作动词。1) 状态动词是表示相
5、对静止状态的动词,它们通常没有进行时态。例如:这房子属于我叔叔()The house belongs to my uncle.(X)The house is belonging to my uncle.我现在理解他为什么要放弃这个计划()I now understand why he gave up the plan.(X)I am now understanding why he gave up the plan.英语中状态动词大体可分为 4 类:(1)动词 be(是)和 have(有)(2)拥有或关系的动词,如:belong, consist, contain, cost, depend,
6、 deserve, differ, exist, hold, include, involve, matter, owe, own, possess, resemble, stand 等。(3)表示心理或情感状态的词。如:believe, care, consider, disagree, dislike, expect, find, forget, hate, hope, know, like, live, mind, remember, suppose, think, understand 等。(4)表示感官的动词。如 appear, feel, hear, look, seem, not
7、ice, observe, remain, see, smell, sound, taste 等。例如:He is a professor. 他是位教授we have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。I believe we have met a already. 我想我们见过面。The hall holds two thousand people.这个大礼堂能容纳 2000 人The food tastes delicious. 这饭菜真好吃。注:有些动词有多种词义,一种词义是状态动词,另一种词义则是表示动词的动词,使用时应加以注意。例如:I hav
8、e a lot of books.我有很多书。 (have 为状态动词)They are having English classes.他们正在上英语课(have 为动作动词,意为“上课” )I think him to be a clever boy. 我认为他是一个聪明的孩子。 (think 为状态动词)I am thinking about how to arrange the meeting.我在考虑如何安排这个会议。 (think 为动作动词,意为“考虑” )2)表示动作的动词即为表示运动状态的动词。在体分为 3 类:(1)表示持续动作的动词。如 drink, eat, read,
9、write, run, play, fly 等。(2)表示状态改变或位置移动的词。如 get, become, grow, turn, change, reach, arrive 等。(3)表示非持续性动作的动词或终止性动作的动词。这些动作没有持续性,即一发生就结束。如 begin, come, arrive, end, die, hit, jump, join, know, lose, open 等。例如:Its getting warmer and warmer.天气越来越暖和了。The party ended at midnight. 舞会于午夜结束。He came back yeste
10、rday. 他是昨天回来的。3)非延续性动词的误用。非延续性动作的动词表示动作一发生就结束,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:他已经回来三天了。(X)he has comb back for three days.()he came back three days ago.那位科学家已经去世 5 年了。(X)The famous scientist has died for five years.()The famous scientist has been dead for five years.()The famous scientist died five years ago.三、助动
11、词助动词本身没有独立的词义,不能单独作谓语,应和谓语动词连用,表示时态、语态、语气或构成陈述句、否定句和疑问句(请参阅本书第四章的讲解)例如:she is doing her homework.她在做作业(构成时态)The car was made in Japan.那辆汽车是日本造的。 (构成语态)I have been living here for years.我已经这里住了多年。 (构成完成时态)Did you go to the cinema yesterday?你昨天去看电影了吗?(构成疑问句)I dont like the film.我不喜欢这部电影(构成否定句)I do fee
12、l that way.我的确有那种感觉。 (加强语气)We shall have a meeting.我们明天要开个会(构成将来时态)四、情态动词情态动词具有一定的词义,没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作谓语,必须和实义动词连用才能构成谓语。 (请参阅本书第四章的讲解)例如:you must try to solve the problem.你们必须设法解决那个问题。He can speak several foreign languages.他能说好几国外语。Tom neednt have told the lie.汤姆没有必要撒谎We ought to help them to finish
13、the task.我们应该帮助他们完成那项工作。第二节普通动词的变化形式英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形,第三人称单数形式,过去式,过去分词和现在分词。这五种形式一起构成动词的各种时态、语态和语气。一、一般现在时的第三人称单数变化形式当主语是第三人称单数,时态为一般现在时的时候,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。例如:she studies hard.她学习刻苦。He works every day.他每天上班。具体构成形式如下:1 通常在动词词尾加-s.work-works begin-begins leave-leaves play-plays2.词尾以 s, ch, sh, x 或 o 结
14、尾的词加-es.teach-teaches watch-watches go-goes guess-guesses fix-fixes3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,变 y 为 i 再加-estry-tries study-studies carry-carries注:这种变化和名词复数词尾-s 的加法是一样的。二、现在分词的词尾变化形式1.一般情况在词尾加-inggo-going do-doing play-playing study-studying carry-carrying meet-meeting2 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的词,去 e 加-ing.live-living leav
15、e-leaving move-moving write-writing take-taking make-making但以-ee 结尾的动词,直接加-ing 例如:agree-agreeing see-seeing3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾又只有一个辅音字母的,将末尾辅音字母双写,再加-ing.Plan-planning begin-beginning beg-begging sit-sitting get-getting cut-cutting另外要注意下面几个词的现在分词形式:die-dying lie-lying tie-tying picnic-picnicking panic-
16、panicking三、过去式和过去分词词尾的变化形式1、一般情况下在动词词尾加-edwant-wanted-wanted work-worked-workedhasten-hastened-hastened stay-stayed-stayed2、以字母 e 结尾的动词词尾加-dlive-lived-lived precede-preceded-precededarrive-arrived-arrived face-faced-faced3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,再将-y 变-i 加-ed.try-tried-tried study-studied-studiedcarry-carri
17、ed-carried marry-married-married4、以重读闭音节结尾,末尾又只是一个辅音字母的,将末尾的辅音字母双写后,再加-ed.plan-planned-planned permit-permitted-permittedbeg-begged-begged5、有些动词的过去词、过去分词的变化不按上述规则,而有特殊的形式。这种规则动词形式可分为三类。1)第一类不规则动词的原形、过去式、过去分词三个主要形式同形。例如:burst-burst-burst cost-cost-cost cast-cast-cast cut-cut-cuthit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-
18、hurt put-put-put set-set-setshut-shut-shut spread-spread-spread2)第二类不规则动词的过去式与过去分词同形。例如:bend-bent-bent bleed-bled-bled breed-bred-bred catch-caught-caughtfeed-fed-fed buy-bought-bought bring-brought-brought fight-fought-foughtfind-found-found send-sent-sent meet-met-met leave-left-leftsell-sold-sold
19、 sleep-slept-slept teach-taught-taught think-thought-thought3)第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词均不相同。例如:begin-began-begun blow-blew-blown break-broke-broken give-gave-givenlie-lay-lain grow-grew-grown know-knew-known see-saw-seenrise-rose-risen drink-drank-drunk speak-spoke-spoken swim-swam-swum上面所给出的不规则动词只是其中的一部
20、分,常用不规则动词的三种形式列于书后的附录中,供读者查阅。第三节短语动词动词可以和介词、副词或其他词等构成固定词组,这些词组在意义上相当于一个实义动词。例如:professionals can participate in the sports meeting.职业选手也可参加这届运动会。The car broke down halfway.汽车在半路抛锚了。We are looking forward to their arrival.我们在期待着他们的到来。We were brought up to respect to old.我们从小受教育要尊敬老人。The police are lo
21、oking into the matter.警察正在调查那件事。一、动词+介词某些动词可以与不同的介词(如 at, for, from, of, to, with 等)搭配构成固定搭配。这类动词相当于一个及物动词,其后必须有宾语。例如:Many people are applying for the job.许多人在申请这个工作。I came across the book in a bookstore.我在一家书店偶然发现了这本书。She dreamed of becoming a singer.她梦想成为一名歌唱家。常用的这类动词短语有许多,下面只列一部分:account for 说明 a
22、llow for 考虑到 apply for 申请 attend to 照料believe in 相信 break with 断绝关系,绝交 break into 闯入 come across 偶然遇到consist in 在于 consist of 是 组成 complain of/about 抱怨 count on 指望,依靠depend on 依靠,依赖 determine on 决心,决定look after 照料 look into 调查object to 反对 operate on 为做手术 long for 渴望 lead to 导致live on 靠生活 participate
23、 in 参加 insist on 坚持 persist in 坚持 interfere with 干涉 rely on 依靠 resort to 求助于 turn to 求助于二、动词+副词某些动词可以与不同的副词(如 away, down, out, off, over, aside 等)搭配构成固定词组。这类短语动词有些相当于一个及物动词,有些则相当于不及动词.例如:The war broke out in 1945那场战争爆发于 1945 年。Put out your cigarettes.把你的香烟灭掉。The match has been called off because of
24、the rain.由于下雨,那场比赛被取消了。Turn off Tv before you go out.你出去之前把电视关掉。常见的这类动词短语如下:back down 撤回,放弃 back up 支持,援助 break up 结束,终止 blow up 炸毁 call off 取消 carry out 执行 cut down 缩减 cut off 切断 come off 成功 come to 苏醒 find out 查明 hand out 分发 make out 理解填写 make up 和好,化装,捏造cut away 砍下,切掉 take over 接管 put aside 储存,搁置
25、一边put away 收拾起来 take out 除去,携出 turn out 证明是,结果是turn up 露面,出现 turn off 关掉注:当这类充当及物动词的短语后接宾语时,如果宾语是人称代词(包括 it)或反身代词,其结构是“动词+代词+ 副词” ;如果宾语是名词或不定代词,既可放在副词之前,也可以放在副词之后。例如:她已经长大了,我完全认为出是她。()She has grown out and I cant make her out any more.(X)She has grown out and I cant make out her any more.她编造了这个故事。()
26、She made up the story.(X)She made the story up.三、动词+名词+ 介词某些动词可以与不同的名词和介词搭配构成固定用法。这类短语动词相当于及物动词,需跟宾语。例如:You should pay attention to you spellings.你应该注意你的拼写。They should not make fun of the disabled.他们不应该取笑残疾人。We must make use of the opportunity to learn English.我们必须利用这次机会学习英语。常用的这类短语有:catch sight of
27、看见 get rid of 摆脱 make fun of 取笑keep an eye on 留意 make use of 利用 take advantage of 利用pay attention to 注意 take care of 照顾 take part in 参加give rise to 引起 make friends with 与交友 take notice of 注意到find fault with 挑毛病 make mention to 提到 take account of 考虑take hold of 抓住注:“动词+名词+ 介词”这类短词动词大多数可以构成被动语态,而且两种形式
28、:把短语动词中的名词用作被动语态句中的主语,或把短语动词后面的介词宾语用作被动语态句中的主语。例如:应该充分利用这次机会The opportunity should be made full use of.Full use should be made of the opportunity.四、动词+副词+ 介词某些动词可以与不同的副词和介词搭配构成固定词组。这类短语动词相当于及物动词,需跟宾语。例如:We must to away with the old laws.我们必须废除这些旧的法律。I cant put up with these insults any more.我已无法再忍受这
29、样的侮辱了。Keep out of the railroad track.请勿靠近铁轨。He waked to so fast that she couldnt keep up with him.他走得很快,使得她无法跟上。常用的这类短语有:catch up with 赶上 go in for 从事 come down with 患(病)look down upon 轻视 date back to 追溯到 live up to 不辜负,实现look forward to 期望 listen in to 听广播 look up to 尊敬come up to 达到,符合 stand up for
30、 保卫,支持 do away with 废除put up with 忍受 come up with 得出 cut down on 减少make up for 弥补 go through with 完成 run out of 抓住go through with 用完,耗尽 get along with 与相处 face up to 面对look out for 警惕第四节常用动词的区别1、adapt v.(to)使适应,改编,改写adopt 采纳,收养例如:He quickly adapted himself to the life in the university.他很快适应了大学生活。I
31、adopted their method of making the machine.我采纳了他们制造机器的方法。2、assess 指对人的能力、价值等作出判断,评价。 Estimate 指凭借自己的经验和知识对某物的性质、数量作大概的推断。例如:They assessed the house at 600 000 dollars.他们把这所房子估价为 60 万美元。They estimated the number of visitors at 10 million.他们估计参观的人数为 100 万。3、accept vt. (表示主动)接受,指某人经过自己考虑后自愿接受他人所给予的东西。R
32、eceive vt.(表示被动)收到,只能表示被动的收到,并不涉及是否接受。例如:He received the invitation but he didnt accept it.他收到了邀请,然而没有接受。4、affect vt.影响,使受到影响,着重指使事物受到不良的影响或指个人感情受到影响。influence vt.着重强调对人的思想或行为进行潜移默化的影响effect 作名词用表示“影响” ,作动词用表示“产生,招致”例如:The changes has seriously affected his income.这一变化严重影响了他的收入。The war effected chan
33、ges all over the world.战争给全世界带来了变化。Influenced by a teacher, he took up the study of medicine.受老师的影响,他学医了。5、arise vi.发生,出现(问题,困难等)arouse vt.引起,唤起,激起rise vi. 上升,提高rasise vt. 提高,举起例如:New Problems arise daily.每天都有新问题。The noise aroused him from sleep.噪声吵醒了他。The sun rises every day.太阳每天升起。He is too weak t
34、o raise the heavy box.他太虚弱了,以至于提不动那个重箱子。6、assure vt.表示向人保证某事一定会发生(内含有让某人放心的意思)ensure vt.保证(获得,实现等)insure vt.保险,投保guarantee vt.指对事物,商品等无质量,性能欺人的行为作出保证例如:I can assure you of its quality.我可以向你保证其质量。His hard work will ensure success to him.他的努力工作将给他带来成功。He insured his house against fire.他给房子保了火险。The art
35、 dealer guaranteed the picture genuine.那个工艺品商保证这幅画是真品。7、award vt.给予,授予,指因成绩或贡献由政府或社团组织授予奖励。后面可连接两个宾语。reward vt.(for)酬劳,奖赏,指对人给予的奖励,有时指为某事而付给的酬金。只能以人或人的行为作宾语,如果要说明以何为报酬,需加 with 短语。The university awarded him an honorary degree.这所大学授予他名誉学位。How can I reward you for your help?对于你的帮助,我将怎样报答呢?The winners w
36、ill be rewarded with medals and cash.获胜将得到奖章和奖金。8、cost vt.花费,主语多为物。spend vt.花费,主语多为人take vt.花费,主语可为人或物。用法:spend(in) doing sth.spendon sth.It take sb. some time to do sth.sb. take some time to do sth.He spends five days in finishing the task.他花了五天时间完成这项工作。This watch costs him $10 这块表花了他 10 英镑。He took
37、 five days to finish the task.=it took him five days to finish the task.他花了 5 天时间完成这项工作。9、crash vt. dont make a noise.听音乐,不要吵。21、lie v.躺,其过去式,过去分词及现在分词分别为:lay, lain, lying.lay v.放置,其过去式,过去分词及现在分词分别为:laid, laid, laying lie v.撒谎,其过去式,过去分词及现在分词分别为:lied, lied, lying例如:He lay till evening without moving.
38、他一动不动地躺到晚上。Its wonderful lying on the beach all day.整天躺在海滩上真是太好了。Apparently, he was lying.显而易见,他在撒谎。Lay the package on the table.把包裹放在桌上。22、hang vt. 悬挂,其过去式,过去分词分别为:hung, hung.Hang vt.吊死,绞死,其过去式,过去分词分别为:hanged, hanged例如:he hung the coat outside.他把大衣挂在外面。He hanged himself in sorrow after his wife die
39、d.妻子死后,他因悲伤而自缢。23、replace vt.取代,代替(by,with)substitute vt.& vi. 以代替 (for)例如:we have replaced slave labor with/by machines.We have replaced machines for slave labor.我们已用机器取代了奴隶劳动。He substituted for the worker who was ill.他代替了生病的工人。24、wear vt.穿着,戴着,表示状态dress vt.给穿衣 vi 穿衣,穿着。用主动语态表示动作,用被动形式表示状态。在表示动作时,后
40、面接的不是衣服而是人。put on vt.穿上,戴上,常表示动作。例如:He was wearing my coat.他正穿着我的衣服。The mother dressed her child in beautiful clothes.妈妈给孩子穿上漂亮的衣服。The lady was dressed in white at the party.那位女士在晚会上穿了一件白衣衣服。She put her hat and coat on 她戴上帽子,穿上大衣。25、cheat 着重为自己的利益或占别人的便宜时而“行使不诚实的手段”因此常用于骗取钱财等场合。deceive 着重“隐瞒真相”或 “造成
41、错误印象”结构:cheat sb.into doing 骗人使之cheat sb. out of sth.诈取某人某物deceive sb. into doing 欺骗某人使其例如:The salesman cheated him into buying the fake goods.那个销售人员骗他买了那件假货。The mirage deceived him into thinking there was a town over there.海市蜃楼的景象使他误认为在那边有一个城镇。26、sit vi.坐,后面需加相应的介词再加上名词作宾语seat vt.(使)坐,后接反身代词或用被动形式I
42、f you cant find a seat youll have to sit on the floor.如果你找不到座位,就得坐在地板上。He sat at his desk working.他坐在桌旁工作。He seated himself near the window.他坐在窗口附近。Please be seated (sit down).请坐下。27、choose 指一般性的选择或挑选,强调作出选择的意愿与行为。Select 指经过斟酌和淘汰,审慎地从许多同类事物或人中选择最好者。Pick 表示仔细地选择,但其程度低于 select,强调从个人角度在众多对象中进行挑选。例如:I c
43、hose several reference books from the bookstore.我从书店选了几本参考书。He selected a tie to match his suit.他选择了一条与西装相配的领带。She picked what she wanted from the supermarket.她从超市里挑选她所需要的东西。28、cite 指出示有力的证据、引用权威的论断、论点、论据quote 指逐字逐句地引用资料,与原文完全一致,不得有所改动例如:The minister cited the latest crime figures as proof of the ne
44、ed for more police.部长列举了最新的犯罪数字作为增加警察的论据。He quoted a passage from the book.他从那本书上选了一段。29、display 展示,陈列expose (to)使暴露于(日光、风、雨等) ,泄露秘密等,也指陈列商品。例如:The students works were displayed on the walls.学生们的作品被展示在墙上。Dont expose your skin to direct sunlight.不要让你的皮肤直接暴晒于阳光下。30、live on 以 为食,靠生活,on 后接名词,如食物、工资或钱等。l
45、ive by 靠生活,by 后接名词或动名词,指以某种生存方式生活,如捕鱼、打猎、出苦力等。例如:The people in the area chiefly live on rice.那个地方的人主要以大米为主食。They lived by running a restaurant.他们靠经营一家饭馆为生。31、include 指包括作为整体的一部分或要素contain 指某物容纳在比某更大的东西之内involve 指包含有根据整体的性质决定的成分或结果例如:The tour includes a visit to Paris.这次旅行包括游览巴黎。The basket contains a
46、 variety of fruits.这篮子装有各种各样的水果。The plan involved the cooperation of both young and old.实施这个计划必须包含年轻人和老年人之间的合作。32、fit 通常表示尺寸、大小、形状等合适。suit 表示打扮或颜色是否合适。match 表示质料、颜色等是否匹配。It is difficult to fit a suit on him because he is so irregularly built.他因体型与常人大不相同,所以很难有合身的衣服。The new dress suited her very well
47、那件新衣服非常适合于她。We must find carpets thatll match the curtains.我们必须寻找和这些窗帘搭配的地毯。33、prohibit 指通过法律、法令、公告、严正警告等方式禁止某些事物。Forbid 普通用词,用于较小事物,或指个人,官方、上级、长辈作出的禁止命令、规定、或客观条件不允许。Ban 指合法地或由于社会压力而禁止,含谴现或不赞成的态度。结构:prohibit sb. from doing 禁止某人做forbid sb.doing/to do 不准某人做ban sb. from doing.明令禁止某人做My mother forbade m
48、e to watch TV.=my mother forbade my watching TV我母亲不让我看电视He was banned from attending the meeting.他被禁止参加那个会议。His poor eyesight prohibited him from becoming a pilot.他因视力弱而不能当飞行员。34、expect 所表示的期望,其对象一般是自己认为应得的东西。hope 强调个人的愿望,所期望的对象总是好的,无论愿望有无根据。结构:这两个词在用法上有一点不同,expect 后面可接不定式作宾补,但 hope 却不能这样用。()hope/expect to do 希望做()hope/expect that-clause 希望()expect sb.to do 希望某人做(X)hope sb. to doThey expected to have the door opened for them 他们期望有人替他们开门Nobody expected the experiment to succeed.没有人希望这个实验会成功。I hope you d