1、世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地理组第 1 页一 Continents 七大洲Asia Europe Africa Oceania North-American South-American Antarctica二 Ocean 五大洋 Pacific Ocean 太平洋 Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 Indian Ocean 印度洋 Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 Southern Ocean 南大洋三 South Geographic pole 地理南极 South Magnetic pole 南磁极 latitude 纬线 longitude 经线Western Hemi
2、sphere 西半球 Eastern Hemisphere 东半球 Peoples Republic Of China 中华人民共和国 四各种特殊纬线Arctic Circle 北极圈 Tropic of Cancer 北回归线 Antarctic Circle 南极圈 Tropic Of Capricorn 南回归线 Equator 赤道 International Data Line 国际日期变更线 Greenwich Meridian 本初子午线五各洲半岛亚洲 Indo-china Peninsula 中南半岛 Indian Peninsula 印度半岛 Arabian Peninsul
3、a 阿拉伯半岛欧洲：Iberian Peninsula 伊比利亚半岛 Apennines Peninsula 亚平宁半岛 Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛 北美：Florida Peninsula 佛罗里达半岛 Pendent Yucatan 尤卡坦半岛 California Peninsula 加利福利亚半岛 六 海峡：Isthmus Of Kra 克拉地峡 Straits Of Florida 佛罗里达海峡 Drake Passage 得雷克海峡 Mozambique Channel 莫桑比克海峡 Strait Of Gibraltar 直布罗陀海峡 Persian Gulf
4、波斯湾Straits of Turkey 土耳其海峡 Gulf Of O-Man 阿曼湾 Gulf Of Aden 亚丁湾 Arabian Sea 阿拉伯海 Yellow Sea 黄海 East China Sea 东海 South China Sea 南海 Beibu Gulf 北部湾 Island Arc.东亚岛弧 Philippine Islands 菲律宾群岛 The Pacific Ring of Fire 环太平洋火山带东亚岛弧：阿留申群岛、千岛群岛、日本群岛、琉球群岛、台湾岛、菲律宾群岛、大巽他群岛七主要高原Pamir Plateau 帕米尔高原 Armenian Highlan
5、d 亚美利亚高原 Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原八、海底地形：Continental Shelf 大陆架 Oceanic Spreading 海底扩张说 Oceanic Ridge 大洋中脊Mid-Atlantic Ridge 大西洋洋中脊（最壮观） Southwest Indian Ridge Pacific Antarctic Ridge 太平洋洋中脊Continental Shelf 大陆架：The continental Shelf usually ends at a point of decreasing slope.The sea floor below the brea
6、k is the continental slope. Below the slope is the continental rise. Which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain .The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental marginOceanic Trench 海沟 Volcanic Island 火山岛 Submarine Ridge 洋中脊 Continental Slope 大陆坡 Continental Ri
7、se ( 大陆隆 ) Continental shelf 大陆架 Abyssal Plain 深水平原 Sea Surface 海面九、学说Seafloor Spreading 海底扩张说 Oceanic Spreading 海洋扩张说 Continental Spreading 大陆漂移说 Plate Tectonics 板块构造说世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地理组第 2 页十、六大板块Pacific Plate 太平洋板块 Indian Plate 印度洋板块 African Plate 非洲板块 Antarctic Plate 南极洲板块 Eurasian Plate 亚欧板块
8、 American Plate 美洲版块Divergent Plate Boundaries 离散型板块边界 Transform Plate Boundaries 平措性板块边界Convergent Plate Boundaries 汇聚型板块边界十一 气候Geographical Zone 地理带: Each of the five main latitude regions of the earths surface is said to be geographical zone , divided by the major circles of latitude . The differ
9、ences between them relate to climate and the behavior of the sun五个自然带：The Frigid Zone 寒带 The Subarctic Zone 亚寒带 The Temperate Zone 温带 The Subtropical Zone 亚热带 The Tropics 热带 Solar year 太阳年 The Earths Tilt 倾角 The Earths Rotation 自转 The Earths Revolution 地球公转 Thermal Equator 热量赤道带十二、气候类型气候纬线分布规律：Tropi
10、cal ZoneTropical Rain Forest Climate（热带雨林气候） 、Tropical Savanna Climate（热带干湿季气候） 、Tropical Oceanic Climate（热带海洋气候） 、Tropical Monsoon Climate(热带季风气候)、Tropical Desert Climate （热带沙漠气候） Subtropical ZoneSubtropical Monsoon Climate、Mediterranean Climate（地中海气候） 、Subtropical Arid And Semiarid Climate（亚热带干旱半干
11、旱气候） 、Humid Subtropical Continental Climate（亚热带大陆性湿润气候）Temperate ZoneTemperate Marine climate、Temperate Monsoon Climate、Temperate Arid And Semiarid Climate、Humid Temperate Continental ClimateSubarctic Zone Northern Coniferous Forest Climate（亚寒带针叶林气候） 、Subarctic Continental Climate（副极地大陆气候）Frigid Zon
12、e Ice Cap Climate（ 极地冰原带） 、Tundra Climate （极地苔原气候带） 、Polar Climate （极地气候带）Special ClimateAlpine Climate 高山气候 Climate Of Antarctica 南极大陆气候带气候非纬向地带性分布：Region Climate TypeEast Coast of Eurasia Temperate Monsoon Climate or Humid Temperate Continental ClimateInterior of Eurasia Temperate Arid And Semiari
13、d Climate or Temperate Continental ClimateWest Coast Of EurasiaTemperate Marine climate or Temperate Oceanic climate影响气候的因素：latitude、 elevation、wind、ocean currents、landform（地形特点）相关的一些单词：Chemistry Of The Atmosphere 大气化学成分 Air Circulation 大气环流Planet Wind System 行星风系 Prevailing Wind 盛行风 Trade Wind 信风 P
14、olar High Pressure 极地高压带 Land Breeze 陆风 Sea Breeze 海风 Siberian High Pressure System 西伯利亚高压 Continental Climate 大陆性气候十三、全球陆地自然带世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地理组第 3 页（图略）Natural Terrestrial Belts 陆地自然带：Tropical Rainforest 热带雨林 Monsoon Forest 季雨林 Savannas 热带稀树草原 Temperate Broadleaf 温带阔叶林 Temperate Grasslands 温带草原
15、 Temperate Conifer 温带针叶林 Montana Grasslands 高山草甸 Semi-desert 半荒漠 Alpine Desert 高山荒漠 Evergreen needleLeaf Forest 常绿针叶林 Deciduous Needle Forest 落叶针叶林 Mixed Broadleaf Needle Leaf Forest 针阔混交林 Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 常绿阔叶林 Freshwater Swamp Forest 沼泽森林 Disturbed Natural Forest 人工林 Lowland Evergreen Br
16、oadleaf Rain Forest 低地常绿阔叶雨林 Lower Montana Forest 低山森林 Upper Montana Forest 高山森林 Mangroves 红树林 Shrubs 灌丛 Herbs 草甸Montana Grasslands 高山草甸 Horizontal Zone 水平地带Vertical Zone 垂直地带分布 沙漠类型：（Trade wind deserts、Mid-latitude deserts 、 Rain shadow deserts、 coastal deserts、Monsoon deserts、 Montana deserts、Pola
17、r deserts）植被结构：（Woody Plants 木本植物、 Shrub 灌木、Herbaceous 草本植物、 Sub-shrub 半灌木 、Biennale 两年生、Perennial Herb 多年生草本植物） 、Vegetation Ecologists 植物生态学家植被带分布类型：（Latitude Vegetation Belts 纬向植被分布、 Longitude Vegetation Belts、Horizontal Vegetation Belts、Vertical Vegetation Belts） Ecological Succession 生态演替十四、八大生物
18、区系：Eco-zonesNearctic 新北区 Plearctic 古北区 Indomalaya 印度马来亚生物区系、Afrotropic 非洲热带生物区系 Australasia 澳大利亚生物区系 Neotropic 新热带生物区系）Oceania 大洋生物区系 Antarctic 大西洋生物区系（具体分布区见笔记本）陆/水生生物群 Terrestrial/Aquatic Biomes 相关单词：Coral island 珊瑚岛 Saline Water 盐分水 Hydrosphere 水圈 Salinity 盐度 River Mouth 河口十五、洋流The North Equatori
19、al Current 北赤道暖流 The North Equatorial Counter Current 北赤道逆流The South Equatorial Current 南赤道暖流 The West Wind Drift 西风漂流 The Indian Monsoon Current 印度洋季风洋流 The Antarctic Circum Polar Current 南极洲环流 The Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾暖流 The Canary Current 加那利洋流 The Benguele Current 本格拉寒流 anti-clockwise clockwise 逆时针和顺
20、时针The Brazil Current 巴西暖流 The North Atlantic Current/Drift 大西洋暖流名词解释：Ocean Current(洋流):An Ocean Current is a continuous , directed movement of ocean water generated by the forces acting upon this mean flow . Such as breaking waves, wind . Coriolis effect（科里奥利力影响） : temperature and salinity differenc
21、e and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun depth contours , shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a currents direction and strength。十六、产业 IndustryPrimary Industry 第一产业 Secondary Industry 第二产业 Tertiary Industry 第三产业Labor-intensive Industry 劳动密集型产
22、业 Capital-intensive Industry 资金密集型产业High-tech Industry 高新技术型产业 Industry Can also be identified by product:Chemical industry, Petroleum industry，Automobile industry , Meat-parking industry, Hospitality industry, Food industry, fish industry , Software industry , Paper industry , Entertainment industr
23、y,Semi-conductor industry 半导体产业， Cultural industry，Poverty industry 扶贫事业NICS：Newly Industrialized Countries 新兴产业化国家： Brazil，China, Indian, Malaysia，Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey.Arable Land 可耕地 Livestock 家畜 Organic Agriculture 有机农业 Husbandry 饲养 Domesticated 世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地
24、理组第 4 页驯养 Densely Populated 稠密人口 stratified societies 社会分层 Logging 伐木工业 Pastoral 牧场 Herding 养殖 Cattle 牛 Cow 奶牛 Goat 山羊 Pig 猪 A Pasturing Area 牧区 Pasture Husbandry 放牧业、畜牧业 Rabbi try 养兔业 Grain Security 粮食安全 三大粮食：Rice、 Wheat、 Maize。可耕地前十位国家:美、印度、中、俄、欧盟、巴西、加、乌克兰、尼日利亚、阿根廷Lowland rain red 雨养农业 Rice Cultur
25、e 稻米文化 Rice Bowl 水稻种植区 Rice Paddy 稻田、水田 Rice Terraces 梯田 Rice Glue Ball 元宵Rice Noodles 米粉 Rice Flour 米粉 Rice Corn 稻米 Rice Vinegar 米醋 Most Of the Asians live on rice 大多数亚洲人以大米为主食排在前四位的是：China、India、Indonesia、Bangladesh.世界商品小麦主产区：美、加、法、澳、阿根廷Fertile Crescent 新月型地带In Terms Of 就.而言Staple Food 主食 Wheatlan
26、d 小麦地 Spring Wheat 春小麦 Winter Wheat 冬小麦 Maize 玉米 Corn cob 玉米棒子 Maize meal 玉米粉 Corn Wages 谷物工资 Cash Crop 经济作物 Fiber Crop 纤维作物 Oil Plants 油料作物 Sugar 糖料 Tobacco 烟草 Cotton 棉花 Jute 黄麻 Tea 茶 Coffee 咖啡 Cocoa 可可 Convertinto.把转换成Hydroelectric Power 水电 Wind Power 风力电 Solar Power 太阳能 The Renewable Energy Indus
27、try 可再生能源 Sustainable Energy 持续能源 第二产业包括：（Aerospace 航天工业、Brewing industry 酿造业 Textile industry 纺织工业、Consumer Electronics 电子商品、 Metalworking 冶金工业、Tobacco industry 烟草工业、Automobile industry 、Chemical industry）Mechanization =Industrialization 产业化名词解释 Asia：Asia is traditionally defined as part of the lan
28、dmass of Africa-Eurasia with the western potion of the latter occupied by Europe lying east of the Suez Canal, East of the Ural Mountains, The Ural River and south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas .Interior Of Continents 内陆十七、土壤 SoilSoil：The top layer of the earths surface ,
29、consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter Brick-red Soil 砖红壤 Brown Soil 棕壤 Yellow-brown Soil 黄棕壤 Yellow Soil 黄壤 Red-Yellow Soil 红黄壤 Red Soil 红壤 Loess 黄土 Umber 棕土 Alluvium 冲积土 Purple Soil 紫色土 十八 、日本 JapanSea Of Japan 日本海 翻译：日本是太平洋西岸的位于亚洲大陆东岸的一个岛国Japan is an island country eas
30、t of the Asian continent on the western edge of the pacific oceanKorea Straits 朝鲜海峡 Archipelago 群岛 Japan Archipelago 日本群岛 Ryukyu Archipelago 琉球群岛 翻译：日本是一个高度工业化国家,被称为“太阳升起的地方”.Japan is one of the worlds leading industrialized countries, it is be called the “the land of rising sun”。翻译：日本位于环太平洋地震火山带上Ja
31、pan is situated in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire 。（Circum-pacific Belt 环太平洋带）Natural Disaster 自然灾害 Natural Resource 自然资源 Thermal Field 地热发电厂 Volcanic 世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地理组第 5 页Activity 火山活动 OU mountains 奥玉山 翻译：日本是一个四季分明的国家，冬天风从陆地吹向海洋，夏天相反。Japan is a temperate region with four distinct
32、 seasons , the climate is also affected by the seasonal winds blown from the continent to the ocean in winters and vice versa in summers .One sea and three bays 三湾一海 ：Inland sea 濑户内海 Osak Bay 大阪湾 Ise Bay 伊势湾 Tokyo Bay 东京湾 。Silicon Island 硅岛 （九洲岛）Free market economic 市场经济 Double Cropping 双季作物 Single
33、Cropping 单季作物 Oats 荞麦 Per Unit Area 单产 翻译：在世界上，日本农田是单产最高的，因此日本保持着 5%的农业自给率。With Per Unit Area Crop yields among the highest in the world , Japan maintains an overall agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about95%.翻译：中国要在未来保持 95%的农业自给率China maintains an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of 95% in th
34、e future.Minerals :Gold , magnesium, silver, copper, bauxite(钡), lead, zinc, Iron ore 翻译;环太平洋工业地带：A zone of Pacific ring of industry in Japan/ Circum Pacific Belt of industry in Japan .日本宗教：Buddhism 佛教 Confucianism 儒教 Taoism 道教 Shintoism 神道教 Kimono 和服翻译：东京位于本州岛的东部，是日本首都，也是人口密度最大的地区之一。The national ca
35、pital, Tokyo, in east central Honshu , is one of the worlds most populous cities.十九、马来西亚群岛 Malaya ArchipelagoGeologically the Malay archipelago is very interesting, being one of the most active volcanic logical regions in the world.Tsunami 海啸 ：A very large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthqua
36、ke or volcanic eruption .The strait Of Malacca 马六甲海峡 Malaysia :Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea, Peninsular Malaysia is on the mainland while East Malaysia is on Borneo , the largest islands in the region . However , Malaysia is often considered an archipelagic nation .Tin and Petroleum ar
37、e the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysia economy , Malaysia was once the worlds largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s .Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas . such as agriculture , forestry as well as
38、 minerals , Malaysia is the worlds primary exporter of natural rubber（天然橡胶） and palm oil(棕榈油)。Crude Oil 原油 Net importer 净进口国 注：印度尼西亚是世界第二大橡胶出口国。Indonesia is a country of Bicontinental country 印尼是地跨两洲的国家。注：印尼有芳香原油国得美称。Thailand 泰国：A country of southeast Asia on the Gulf of Thailand ,an arm of the sout
39、h china sea.Gulf of Thailand 泰国湾。 Constitutional Monarchy 君主立宪制国家。Vietnam 越南 Cambodia 柬埔寨 The Mekong river 湄公河 The Salween river 萨尔温江 River Deltas 河口三角洲 Mountainous Character 多山的特征 Mountains and Rivers 山河相间 Tropical Monsoon Climate 热带季风气候 Indo-Malayalam biome 印度马来西亚 Asian Elephant 亚洲象 The Malayan-ta
40、pire 貘 The Sumatran Rhinoceros 犀牛 Bearcat 猫熊 leopard 云豹 The Water Buffalo 水牛 Southeast Asia Coral Reefs 东南亚珊瑚 世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地理组第 6 页Overseas Chinese 华人 ：The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in southeast Asia and varies by country , And about 30 million overseas Chinese are li
41、ving here ,most prominently Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand. Growth Rates 经济增长率 One of the East Asian Tigers 亚洲四小龙之一ASEAN （东盟）：ASEAN was formed on August 8, 1967 by Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia, Singapore , and the Philippines.翻译：Maintenance of these paddies is very labor-intensive :稻田养护是劳动密集产业
42、。The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region ：稻田非常适合子这季风区种植。Minority populations 少数民族 maritime 沿海 flavor 香料 teak 柚木 lemon ，banana , Jute , clove(丁香) ， Pepper（胡椒） ，areca （槟榔） ，jackfruit (木菠萝)， abaca （玛尼拉麻） 。East Asian Tigers :亚洲四小龙 The term East Asian Tigers refers to the ec
43、onomies of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore , and south Korea.Singapore :Singapore is an island nation located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula .Singapore is a diamond-shaped island separated from the hinterland of peninsular Malaysia by the Tebrau Straits.Singapore is one of the few remaining
44、 city-states (城邦制) in the world and the smallest country in South Asia .翻译：Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate with no distinctive seasons, its climate is characterized by uniform temperature and pressure , high humidity ,and abundant rainfall . Singapore is a tropical country with no distin
45、ctive seasons. Urbanization 城市化 Primary Rainforest 原始雨林 desalination facilities 海水淡化设备 The central business district 中心产业区 Export-led model 出口导向模式 The community of high-tech industry 高新技术产业国 翻译：The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASWAN) is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 coun
46、tries located in Southeast Asia. It was formed on August 8, 1967 by Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia, Singapore , and the Philippines. It aims include the acceleration of economic growth social progress, cultural development among its members and the promotion of regional peace .Comparison With Other
47、 Regional BlocsRegional Blocs Area(km2) Population GDP in million GDP Per capita Member statesEU 3977487 460124266 11723816 25480 25ASEAN 4400000 553900000 2172000 4044 10Regional Economical 区域经济组织Asia-pacific economic cooperation(APEC) is a group of pacific Rim countries who meet with the purpose o
48、f improve economic and political ties , The first meeting was held in Canberra , Australia in 1989.二十、南亚地区Indus River Plain 印度河平原 Great Indian desert 印度大沙漠 Kashmir 克什米尔 Himalayas 喜马拉雅地区 Brahmaputra 布拉马普特拉河 Deccan Plat 德干高原 南亚主要国家：印度 India 巴基斯坦 Pakistan 孟加拉国 Bangladesh 斯里兰卡 Strilakos马尔代夫 Maldives 尼泊尔
49、 Nepal 不丹 Bhutan 锡金 Sikkim Socio-economic data 社会经济数据 Socio-economic Progress 社会经济进步 Population Growth Rata 人口增长率 Highest Elevation 最高海拔 coastline 海岸线 Literacy 识字率 Indian subcontinent 南亚次大陆 翻译：The Indian subcontinent is a peninsular landmass of the Asian continent occupying the 世界地理 版权所有 翻印必究 柯桥中学地理组第 7 页Indian plate and extending into the Indian Ocean ,bordered on the north by the Eurasian Plate .The region is known as a subcontinent because its geography , geology, and culture are distinct from the rest of the continent.Indian is the se
