1、英语专业四级考试 语法精讲虚拟语气第一部分：概述虚拟语气类型（宾语从句；状语从句；名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句， 表语从句）；定语从句；特殊类型 （感叹句）；省略 if 的虚拟法 （倒装）Examples The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.I would rather that you did nothing for the time being.I wish that I we
2、re a student again.I wished that I had followed his suggestion.名词性从句中的虚拟主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that)同位语从句(The +n. that )表语从句(n. +be that)省略 if 的虚拟法 （倒装）(1)虚拟语气中如果从句引导词 if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词(系动词）或情态动词。Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting. =Should it ra
3、in tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.省略 if 的虚拟法 （倒装）(2)Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting. =Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions.=Had she been
4、given more information, she could have answered the questions.第二部分 详解 so is silver.John failed in the exam; so did Mark.He takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates.I have been to the Temple of Heaven, so has she.平衡倒装There+be 或其它不及物动词 come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。T
5、here stands an old house that is being pulled down.There existed a hostile relationship between the two families.There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person.Such/sothat 句型中的倒装Such/sothat 句型中 such+名词或 so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay
6、in the hospital for treatment.So excited was I that I didnt know what to say.比较状语从句中的倒装than 引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors.表频率的状语至于句首倒装表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。Many a time has
7、 he given us sound advice.Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents.More than once have we heard him make such promises.As, though 让步状语从句中倒装在以 as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，副， 动词）Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong.Intelligent as/though you are, you sho
8、uld be modest.Much as I admire him, I dont think he is perfect.Try as she did, she failed again.虚拟语气中的倒装虚拟语气中省略虚拟语气中省略 “if”或或 “whether”时的倒装。时的倒装。Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the former.Had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday.Be we rich
9、or poor, we should have our own dignity.副词至于句首Here、there、in、out、up、down 等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。Here comes the bus.Down jumped the little boy from the bridge. Here it ( 指 the bus) comes.There they went.主谓一致集体名词做主语集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种有些集体名词如 cattle、folk 、people 、 youth 、clergy（教士）、police 等常做复数看。The police
10、 have caught the murderer.有些集体名词（表示总称）如 machinery、stationery, merchandise （商品） 、foliage（树和植物叶子的总称）等看作单数。New machinery is being installed in the factory.有些集体名词如 army, audience、class 、club, committee、company, crowd, family、group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, public 、poultry 等根据意思决定，有时做
11、单数看待，有时做复数看待。The committee meet every Monday. He is on the committee that controls public spending.单复数同形的名词作主语单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据意义决定谓语的形式。This means of transportation is the most convenient one.There are various means of transportation being developed. 成双成对的东西的名词表示成双成对的东西的名词，若被 a pair of 修饰，要求单数谓语；否则，用
12、复数谓语形式。A pair of gloves is a nice present.My shoes need repairing.My trousers want mending.表示时间、重量 、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词做主语表示时间、重量 、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词以及概念上属于整体的一个单元的名词虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。Ten years is only a moment in history.Two copies is enough.Three hours is not a long time to wait.表数量名词做主语number、variety 、
13、proportion、majority、population、percent 、 total 等词有时做单数，有时作复数看待，从意思上决定。（分数、百分数、部分）20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea.20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program.不可数名词不可数名词前加表示数量的复数名词，后面跟复数谓语。There are two cups of coffee.Here are several pieces of valu
14、able information for you to refer to / make reference to.书名、电影名或格言等专有名词做主语如果主语是一本书的名字、电影的名字或一个格言等专有名词，谓语动词用单数。“Gone with the Wind” is an interesting novel.“The Scent of a Woman” is an awarded film.“No Pains, No Gains” is a widely quoted proverb.学科名词做主语表示学科名称的名词如 physics, mathematics, economics, poli
15、tics, electronics, 做主语，虽然形式上以 结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。In my opinion, physics is a difficult subject.Politics is an interesting topic for many men.表示疾病的名词做主语表疾病名称的名词如 diabetes, tuberculosis, measles 等做主语，虽然形式上以 结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。Diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich. （富贵病）Tu
16、berculosis is no longer threatening peoples life.就近/毗邻一致原则(1)There 或 here 引起的句子中主语不止一个时，谓语就近一致。就近/毗邻一致原则(2)由 or、 eitheror 或 neithernor、not only、but also、not,but等连接的两个主语谓语就近一致。谓语动词多用单数的情况（1）Many a /More than one 所修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词多用单数。 Many a brave soldier has died in that battle.More than one question h
17、as been raised in the lecture.谓语动词多用单数的情况（2）Either/neither 做主语通常作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。Either of the methods is effective.Neither of the roads leads to the town.谓语动词多用单数的情况（3）each、some、any 、no 、every 等构成的复合代词，都作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。There is somebody on the phone for you.Nobody was working when I came in.Everything
18、 is all right.Each is given a copy of the book.谓语动词多用单数的情况（4）主语中包括“and”时，若表示一个单一概念，谓语动词应做单数。加：(and 连接两个单数名词前面如有 each、every， many a， no 等)The poet and writer has come.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Every man and woman is eager to find a life-long companion.谓语动词多用单数的情况（5）主语是单数，后面尽管有 with、t
19、ogether、with 、along with 、besides 、as well as 等引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。The teacher, together with some of her students, was cleaning the classroom.We as well as he agree with you. one of+名词/代词做主语“one of+宾语”后的定语从句中谓语动词的形式有两种情况： (only) one of +宾语 that+复数 the(only)one of + 宾语 that+单数He is only one of the studen
20、ts in our class who have passed the CET-4.He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET-6.谓语动词多用单数的情况（6）None 在代表不可数名词时总是单数.I am afraid that we cant have coffee; there is none left.None of +名词短语做主语谓语动词总是用单数。None of us is interested in the suggestion.None of the students has passed
21、 the exam.谓语动词多用复数的情况（1）由 bothand 连接的两个部分总是作复数看待。Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job.Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job.谓语动词多用复数的情况（2）the +adj（或过去分词）表一类人需作复数看待。The old need our care.The wounded are being taken good care of.The young are our countrys hope.The injured were s
22、ent to the hospital immediately.谓语动词多用复数的情况（3）ch、sh 、-ese 等结尾的表示国籍的词，也作复数看待。The British are very fond of their sense of humor.The French are well-known for their romance.The Chinese are famous for their hospitality.The rest of +名词/代词做主语The rest of +名词/代词做主语时， 谓语动词有三种情况：1）The rest of +可数名词复数做主语，谓语动词用
23、复数。2）The rest of +可数名词单数做主语，谓语动词用单数。3）The rest of +不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。what 引导的主语从句由 what 引导的主语从句，一般用单数谓语。若从句谓语或从句后表语为复数，则用复数谓语形式。What he has told me is not true.What ideas he has are his wifes.动名词短语，不定式短语过分作表语有被动的含义，它表示主语所处状态或具有的情感2) 作定语 Im reading a very attracting book.He likes to drink cold boiled
24、water.一般，分词作前置定语泛指一般情况 Eg. An excited child is not easy to control.分词作后置定语时，是特指某一特定情况下的特点，具有特殊含义。 Eg. The child excited by the gift was brought under control.Theres a broken window in their classroom.The window broken yesterday will have to be paid for.She said she would never get married, because s
25、he didnt want to spend her life surrounded by screaming children.The child screaming there is his son.作宾语的补足语3)分词作宾语的补足语只用于下列结构：(1) 当 v.为表示感觉或心理状态时，这些 v.包括see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell, find, think, observe, listen to, catch, leave, start, setExamples a. I saw a girl standing by the goldfish
26、 pond.b. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light.c. I found him drinking my mineral water.d. Everyone thought the battle lost.e. Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?(2) 当 v.为 make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使、使得”含义时：a. I have my hair cut every ten days.b. He got his bad tooth pulled out.c. She
27、s going to have her clothes altered.(3) 在 have+宾+p.p.结构中，have 有三种不同含义。a. We had the problem solved. (意为“致使”有意的行为 )b. He had his arms broken in an accident. (意为“遭受” ，表示无意行为)c. I have no money left. (have 有)(4) 当 v.为 like, want, wish, order 等表示希望要求命令等意义时a. He wanted his eggs fried.b. He wont like such
28、 questions discussed at the meeting.c. The boss ordered all the errors corrected.与不定式作宾补的区别注：有些动词如 see, feel, notice, watch 即可跟现分也可跟不定式作宾补，区别在于：现在分词着重说明动作正在发生，不定式说明动作的全过程。I saw the boys climbing the wall. (在爬)I saw the boys climb the wall. (爬了)4) 作状语：(1) 作时间或原因状语，常位于句前a. Arriving at the station, he
29、found a crowd of people waiting there.b. Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.(2) 表示让步或条件a. Heating water, you can change it into steam.b. Though beaten by another football team, the players of Guo An did not lose confidence.省略在上述两种情况下，分词所做的状语可以相当于一个状语从句。此时可在分词前加一个引导词如
30、 when, if, though, unless, before, after 等，这就构成了省略。Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there. = When he arrived at the station, he= When arriving at the station, heMore ExamplesInspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.= After/Because they were inspi
31、red by = After/Because inspired by Heating water, you can change it into steam.= If you heat water, you can = If heating water, you canThough beaten by another football team, the players of Guo An did not lose confidence.= Though they were beaten by (3) 表方式、结果及伴随状况。( 不能用相当的状从替代)a. Laughing and talki
32、ng, the students went out from the cinema.b. He came running back to tell us the news.c. She stood there waiting for the bus.d. The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen. 匪徒向山里逃窜，警察在后面追捕着。分词独立结构分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名 / 代词， n. / pron. +分词的结构就是独立（主格）结构。A new
33、technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. (90.1 CET-4)Answer: having been worked out.分词独立结构的功能1）它在句中作状语，表示谓语动作的时间，原因伴随情况，方式方法条件等a. The question being settled, we signed the contract.b. It being sunny, we went out for a walk.c. The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.d.
34、 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.(分词) 独立结构的构成（1）名 / 代 + 分词：a. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.b. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him.c. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.（2）省去 bein
35、g 或分词 后，由 n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。He entered the room, his nose （being ）red with cold.The meal （being ）over, he went to his office again.He stood in doorway, a hat （held） in his hand.Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.（3）with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词
36、being.She left the room with the candle burning on the table.He wandered in without shoes or socks on.分词的否定结构否定：not + 分词a. Not knowing what to do, she went to the professor for help.b. I left at noon, not staying for lunch.分词的时态(1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。a. Working together with Dr. White, we lea
37、rnt a lot from him.b. Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.c. He came up to me, saying “Glad to see you again”.(2) 现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。a. Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest.b. Not having done it right, I tri
38、ed again. c. Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.分词的语态(3) 现在分词的被动语态：being done. 表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。having been done 表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时间或原因。a. Who is the patient being operated on?b. You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.c. Having be
39、en told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.不定式在句中可作除谓语以外的一切成份：主、表、宾、定、状、（主、宾）补语。不定式作主语To say something is one thing, to do it is another.It is not fair to blame them for the accident. （it 形式主语）不定式作表语My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately.The question is how to organiz
40、e the work. （不定式的特殊结构，见后）不定式作宾语He offered to go with us.I dont know where to get the books.（不定式的特殊结构，见后）常跟 to do(不定式) 作宾语的 v:afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim（声称）,dare, decide, decline（谢绝）,desire, determine, fail, intend, learn, long, mean, offer, pretend, promise, refus
41、e, seek, tend, undertake（承担）, volunteer.不定式的特殊结构构成：疑问代词、副词及 whether / if + to do常跟疑问代词、副词及 whether / if + to do 作宾语的 v.有ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, inquire, forget, know, learn, remember, show（演示）,tell, think, understand, wonder.Examples I still dont know whom to tur
42、n to for help.They are trying to find out how to solve the problem.Show me where to put the books.They havent decided yet (as to) whether to accept our offer of help.如果不定式作宾语又跟有补语，通常要用“it”作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。eg. 他们发现提前做好一切准备是不可能的。They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.I consider
43、it my duty to point out their shortcomings.作宾 / 主语补足语Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawyer.The suspected man was seen to enter the building.跟不带“to”的不定式作宾补的 v:see, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice 等感官 v 及 let, make, have, keep.The teacher makes us write a composition every
44、week.（被动语态中要加上“to”）不定式的复合谓语结构复合谓语结构:（两个或多个部分构成复合谓语，如:He can do it）(1) be said (reported, known, believed, announced, claimed, stated,) + to doIt is said . that Beijing is known to have rich cultural heritage.(It is known that Beijing has .)(2) seem (happen, appear, prove, tend)+ to doI happened to b
45、e out when she called.(3) be likely（certain, sure, willing, anxious, ready, bound, eager, reluctant) +to doThey are likely to succeed.She is always ready to help others.不定式作定语通常为后置修饰语:（post-modifier）He used to have a lot of meetings to attend.There is nothing to worry about.不定式作状语:目的状语He hurried thr
46、ough his work so as to（in order to ）catch the train.They will go to the station to meet the guests.To survive the severe competition in the future society, one must have all-round abilities.不定式作状语:结果状语She was so angry as to be unable to speak.I hurried to Prof. Wangs house only to find he was out.（常
47、表示令人不快的结果）不定式作状语:原因状语We are overjoyed to see you.I am happy to be here.I feel honored to give a speech here.作插入语插入语（独立成份）To be fair, he has worked hard these days.We dont like his idea, to tell you the truth.He is not good at English, to say nothing of French. (let alone French)逻辑主语(1) :用 of +n./ pr
48、on 来表示逻辑主语:当“be + adj. + 逻辑主语 + to do”结构中的 adj. 是 absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, silly, thoughtful, considerate, wise, wrong, typical, naughty, selfish, generous 等表示人的品行的词Examples 1. It is thoughtful of you to come to see me. 2. I th
49、ink it wrong of him not to accept our invitation. 3. It is selfish of Tom not to lend his book to Mary.4. It is generous of you to help me with my work.逻辑主语(2) :用 for + n./ pron 表示逻辑主语: 1. It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.2. I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.3. He gave me the phone number in order for me to contact him when we are in need of help.（他给了我他的电话号码，以便我们需要帮助时与他联系.）独立结构独立结构：（不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同）该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。The plan was that the contending parties should r
