1、A Practical English Grammar 1Fourth editionA PracticalEnglishGrammarA. J. ThomsonA. V. MartinetOxford University PressA Practical English Grammar 2Oxford University Press Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DPOxford New York TorontoDelhi Bombay Calcutta Madras KarachiPetaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong TokyoNa
2、irobi Dar es Salaam Cape TownMelbourne Aucklandand associated companies inBeirut Berlin Ibadan NicosiaOxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press.ISBN 0 19 431342 5 (paperback)ISBN 0 19 431347 6 (hardback) Oxford University Press 1960, 1969, 1980, 1986First published 1960 (reprinted seven time
3、s)Second edition 1969 (reprinted ten times)Third edition 1980 (reprinted eight times)Fourth edition 1986Second impression 1986All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photoco
4、pying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired or otherwise circulated without the publishers prior consent in any font of binding or cover oth
5、er than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.Printed in Hong KongA Practical English Grammar 3Preface to the fourth editionA Practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate and post-intermediate studen
6、ts. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful.The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modem English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas of particular difficulty have been given special attention. Differences between conve
7、rsational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on conversational forms.In the fourth edition the main changes are as follows:1 Explanations and examples have been brought up to date.2 There is now more information on countable and uncountable nouns, attributive and predic
8、ative adjectives, adverbs of place, sentence adverbs, cleft sentences, prepositions, conjunctions, modal verbs, perfect tenses, infinitive constructions, the passive purpose clauses and noun clauses.3 Some material has been rearranged to make comparisons easier. For example, parts of chapters on can
9、, may, must etc. are now grouped by function; verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselves; suggestions and invitations have joined the chapter on commands, requests and advice.4 The contents list new summarises every section heading, and there is a new index containing many more entr
10、ies and references.In this edition the sign is frequently used to denote a change of speaker in examples of dialogue. Note also that although the sign = sometimes connects two words or expressions with the same meaning, it is often used more freely, e.g. to indicate a transformation from active to p
11、assive or direct to indirect speech.We wish to thank all at Oxford University Press who have assisted in the preparation of the fourth edition. We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor Ren Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for t
12、heir friendly and helpful suggestions.London, November 1985 A.J.T., A.VM.A Practical English Grammar 4ContentsReferences are to sections, unless otherwise stated.1 Articles and one, a little/ a few, this, that page 9 fairly, rather, quite, hardly etc.a/an (the indefinite article) 1 fairly and rather
13、 42Use of a/an 2 quite 43Omission of a/an 3 hardly, scarcely, barely 44a/an and one 4a little/a few and little/few 5 Inversion of the verbthe (the definite article) 6 Inversion after certain adverbs 45Omission of the 7Omission of the before home etc. 8 5 all, each, every, both, neither, either, some
14、, any, no, none page 64This/these, that/those 9 all, each, every, everyone etc. 46both 472 Nouns page 16 all/both/each + of etc. 48Kinds and function 10 neither, either 49Gender 10 some, any, no and none 50Plurals 12 someone, anyone, no one etc. 51Uncountable nouns 13 else after someone/anybody etc.
15、 52Form of possessive case 14 another, other etc. with one, some 53Use of possessive case etc. 15Compound nouns 16 6 Interrogatives: wh-? words and how? page 71Interrogative adjectives and pronouns 543 Adjectives page 23 Affirmative verb after who etc. 55Kinds of adjectives 17 who, whom, whose, whic
16、h, what 56Position of adjectives 18 who, whom, which and what as objects of prepositions 57Order of adjectives of quality 19 Uses of what 58Comparison 20 which compared with who, what 59Constructions with comparisons 21 Interrogative adverbs:than/as + pronoun + auxiliary 22 why, when, where, how 60t
17、he + adjective 23 ever after who, what etc. 61Adjectives + one/ones etc. 24many and much 25 7 Possessive, personal and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myself etc. page 75 Adjectives + infinitives 26 Possessive adjectives and pronouns 62Adjectives + various constructions 27 Agreement and use of poss
18、essive adjectives 63Possessive pronouns replacing possessive adjectives + nouns 644 Adverbs page 47 Personal pronouns 65Kinds of adverbs 28 Position of pronoun objects 66Use of it 67Form and use Indefinite pronouns 68Formation of adverbs with Iy 29 Use of they/them/their with, neither/either, someon
19、e etc. 69Adverbs and adjectives with Reflexive pronouns 70the same form 30 Emphasizing pronouns 71Comparative and superlative 31far, farther/farthest etc. 32 8 Relative pronouns and clauses page 81much, more, most 33 Defining relative clauses 72Constructions with comparisons 34 Relative pronouns use
20、d in defining clauses 73Defining clauses: persons 74Position Defining clauses: things 75Adverbs of manner 35 Cleft sentences 76Adverbs of place 36 Relative clause replaced by infinitive or participle 77Adverbs of time 37 Non-defining relative clauses 78Adverbs of frequency 38 Non-defining clauses: p
21、ersons 79Order of adverbs 39 all, both, few, most, several etc. + of whom/which 80Sentence adverbs 40 Non-defining clauses: things 81Adverbs of degree 41 Connective relative clauses 82A Practical English Grammar 5Contentswhat (relative pronoun) and which (connective relative) 83Have as an auxiliary
22、verbCommas in relative clauses 84 Form, and use 118whoever, whichever etc. 85 have + object + past participle 119had better + bare infinitive 1209 Prepositions page 91 have. object + present participle 121Introduction 86Alternative position 87 have as an ordinary verbOmission of to and for before in
23、direct objects 88 have meaning possess 122Use and omission of to with verbs of communication 89have meaning take, give 123Time and date: at, on, by etc. 90Time: from, since, for etc. 91 doTime: to, till/until, after, afterwards (adverb) 92 Form 124Travel and movement: from, to, at, in, by, on, into
24、etc. 93do used as an auxiliary 125at in; in, into; on, onto 94 do used as an ordinary verb 126above, over, under etc. 95Prepositions used with adjectives and participles 96 12 may and can for permission and possibility page 128Verbs and prepositions 97 PermissionGerunds after prepositions 98 may for
25、 permission: forms 127Prepositions/adverbs 99 can for permission: forms 128may and can used for permission in the present or future 12910 introduction to verbs page 105 could or was/were allowed to for permission in the past 130Classes of verbs 100 Requests for permission 131Ordinary verbs Possibili
26、tyPrincipal parts 101 May/might for possibility 132Active tenses 102 May/might + perfect infinitive 133Negatives of tenses 103 could or may/might 134Interrogative for questions and requests 104 can for possibility 135Negative interrogative 10513 can and be able for ability page 134Auxiliary verbs ca
27、n and be able: forms 136Auxiliaries and modals 106 Can/am able, could/was able 137Forms and patterns 107 could + perfect infinitive 138Use of auxiliaries in short answers, agreements etc. 14 ought, should, must, have to, need for obligation page 137In short answers 108 ought: forms 139Agreements and
28、 disagreements 109 should: forms 140Question tags 110 ought/should compared to must and have to 141Comment tags 111 ought/should with the continuous infinitive 142Additions to remarks 112 ought/should with the perfect infinitive 143must and have to: forms 14411 be, have, do page 116 must and have to
29、: difference 145need not and must not in the present and future 146be as an auxiliary verb need not, must not and must in the present and future 147Form and use 113 need: forms 148be + infinitive 114 Absence of obligation 149need not and other forms 150be as an ordinary verb must, have to and need i
30、n the interrogative 151be to denote existence, be + adjective 115 neednt + perfect infinitive 152There is/are/was/were etc. 116 Neednt have (done) and didnt have/need (to do) 153it is and there is compared 117 neednt, could and should + perfect infinitive 154to need meaning require 155A Practical En
31、glish Grammar 6Contents15 must, have, will and should for deduction and assumption page 147In time clauses 195must for deduction 156 In indirect speech 196must compared to may/might 157 The past perfect continuous tense Form and use 197have/had for deduction 158cant and couldnt used for negative ded
32、uction 159 19 The future page 180will and should: assumption 160 Future forms 198The simple present 19916 The auxiliaries dare and used page 150 Future with intention 200dare 161 will + infinitive 201used 162 The present continuous 202to be/become/get used to 163 The be going to form 203be going to
33、used for intention 20417 The present tenses page 153 be going to and will + infinitive to express intention 205The present continuous be going to used for prediction 206Form 164 The future simple 207Present participle: spelling 165 First person will and shall 208Uses 166 Uses of the future simple 20
34、9Other possible uses 167 will contrasted with want/wish/would tike 210Verbs not normally used 168 The future continuous tense 211feel, look, smell and taste 169 The future continuous used as an ordinary continuous tense 212see and hear 170 The future continuous used to express future without intenti
35、on 213think, assume and expect 171 The future continuous and will + infinitive compared 214The simple present tense Various future forms 215Form 172 The future perfect and the future perfect continuous 216Used for habitual action 173Other uses 174 20 The sequence of tenses page 195Subordinate clause
36、s 21718 The past and perfect tenses page 161 The sequence of tenses 218The simple past tense Form 175Irregular verbs: form 176 21 The conditional page 196Use for past events 177 The conditional tensesThe past continuous tense The present conditional tense 219Form 178 The perfect conditional tense 22
37、0Main uses 179 Conditional sentencesOther uses 180 Conditional sentences type 1 221Past continuous or simple past 181 Conditional sentences type 2 222The present perfect tense Conditional sentences type 3 223Form and use 182 will/would and should 224Use with just 183 if + were and inversion 225Past
38、actions: indefinite time 184 if, even if, whether, unless, but for, otherwise etc. 226Actions in an incomplete period 185 if and in case 227Actions lasting throughout an incomplete period 186 if only 228Use with for and since 187 In indirect speech 229it is + period + since + past or perfect tense 1
39、88Present perfect and simple past 189 22 Other uses of will/would, shall/should page 206The present perfect continuous tense Habits expressed by will, would 230Form 190 should/would think + that-clause or so/not 231Use 191 would for past intention 232Comparison of the present perfect shall I/we? 233
40、simple and continuous 192 shall: second and third persons 234Some more examples 193 that.should 235The past perfect tense it is/was + adjective + that. should 236Form and use 194 Other uses of should 237A Practical English Grammar 7Contents23 The infinitive page 212 27 Commands, requests, invitation
41、s, advice, suggestions page 245Form 238 The imperative for commands 281Uses of the infinitive 239 Other ways of expressing commands 282The infinitive as subject 240 Requests with can/could/may/might I/we 283As object or complement 241 Requests with could/will/would you etc. 284Verb + how/what etc. +
42、 infinitive 242 Requests with might 285Infinitive after verb or verb + object 243 Invitations 286Infinitive after verb + object 244 Advice forms 287Infinitive after verbs of knowing and thinking etc. 245 Advice with may/might as well + infinitive 288The bare infinitive 246 Suggestions 289Infinitive
43、represented by to 247Split infinitives 248 28 The subjunctive page 253Infinitive as connective link 249 Form 290Infinitive used to replace a relative clause 250 Use of the present subjunctive 291Infinitive after certain nouns 251 as if etc. + past subjunctive 292After too, enough, so. as 252 it is t
44、ime + past subjunctive 293Infinitive phrases 253The continuous infinitive 254 29 care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish page 255The perfect infinitive 255 care and like 294Perfect infinitive continuous 256 care, like, love, hate, prefer 295would like and want 29624 The gerund page 228 would rather/soo
45、ner and prefer/would prefer 297Form and use 257 More examples of preference 298The gerund as subject 258 wish, want and would like 299Gerunds after prepositions 259 wish + subject + unreal past 300The word to 260 wish (that) + subject + would 301Verbs followed by the gerund 261Verbs + possessive adj
46、ective/pronoun object + gerund 26230 The passive voice page 263The verb mind 263 Form 302The perfect gerund 264 Active and passive equivalents 303The passive gerund 265 Uses of the passive 304Prepositions with passive verbs 30525 Infinitive and gerund constructions page 234 Infinitive constructions
47、after passive verbs 306Verbs + infinitive or gerund 266Verbs + infinitive or gerund without change of meaning 26731 Indirect speech page 269regret, remember, forget 268 Direct and indirect speech 307agree/agree to, mean. propose 269 Statements in indirect speech:go on, stop, try. used (to) 270 tense
48、 changes necessary 308be afraid (of), be sorry (for) be ashamed (of) 271 Past tenses 309Unreal past tenses 31026 The participles page 239 might, ought to, should, would, used to in indirect statements 311Present (or active) participle 272 could in indirect statements 312After verbs of sensation 273
49、Pronoun and adjective 313catch, find, leave + object + present participle 274 Expressions of time and place 314go, come, spend, waste etc. 275 Infinitive and gerund 315A present participle phrase replacing a main clause 276say, tell, etc, 316A present participle phrase replacing a subordinate clause 277Questions in indirect speech 317Perfect participle (active) 278 Questions beginning shall I/we? 318Part participle (passive) and perfect participle (passive) 279Questions beginning will you/would you/could you? 319Misrelated participles 280 Commands, requests, advice 320O
