1、 知识创造价值 学习成就未来1考研英语长难句突破讲义适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯实基础。课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练第一部分 方法论讲解 引子 我们为什么要精读句子 ？ 1.精读能力的要求 （消除障碍的阅读）目标：准确 【重要】精读2泛读能力的要求 （广泛获取信息的阅读）目标：快速 阅读的实际过程是什么 Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文） 阅读在句子层面的障碍1含义2语序 简单句的障碍来源简单句：只有一套谓语的句子基本句型包括：主
2、+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表 定语，状语，同位语，插入语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分 problem-定义-细化-solution （思维方式） 前置定语：adj+名词 后置定语：形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词 this is a book useful for your futureVing a woman walked on the roadVed a painting painted by Janen. + to do a way to solve the problem介词短语：介词+名词 a bottle of water
3、 on the table表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置 PS ：I want to be part of something big. Something 属于不定代词。【不定代词定语置后】 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）自由笔记区知识创造价值 学习成就未来2关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句引导词 物主代词：whose + 完整句关系连（副）词：where why when how +完整句介词+关系代词：1 宾语+非完整句 This is the expert/( to whom )we are turning.2
4、状语+完整句 There is something( by the virtue of which)(指代 something) the man is the man .3 定语+完整句 There are a lot of problems (of which )the fetching fresh water is the forest.【 1 拆分 2 找指代 3 定成分】 同位语:在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分。普通同位语A, BA or BA of B 正式同位语从句that+完整句；处理办法：删除（中文中没有同位语） 插入语处理办法：删除 状语 ： 处理方法：剥离/隔离修饰谓语
5、修饰动词副词 adv，介词短语,修饰定语修饰形容词 Ving,Ved,to do,独立主格结构第三课时例 1：Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and
6、rock from the ocean floor.例 2：A few art collectors James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respecti
7、ve communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. 非简单句的障碍来源 非简单句的障碍解决方案 关联词和主句专一原则that/as 不能加介词in that=because知识创造价值 学习成就未来3 关联词主句专一原则 句子之间的关联方式 1.并列 并列联词的用法 2.嵌套 常见的复杂句形式 层次化句子阅读方法 1.层次化结构的表示形式 2.括号匹配法 画左括号的条件 画右括号的条件笔记区小结区3.完整信息链法例 3：The history o
8、f clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that
9、food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.例 4：The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.例 5：The t
10、echnique of direct carving was a break with the nineteen-century tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.知识创造价值 学习成就未来4 规则描述：笔记区 倒装句的分析方法 1.部分倒装的处理方法 2.完全倒
11、装的处理方法 2.1完全倒装的存在环境 2.2能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份 2.3 完全倒装的判断流程笔记区例 1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, and North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufa
12、cturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.例 2 Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover
13、 its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 例 3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts a
14、nd Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.例 4：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious different being that it is often much heavier.例 1：Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial o
15、f the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例 2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例 3：With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic
16、 boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例 4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth.例 5：Am
17、ong the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.例 6：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a cert
18、ain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例 7：With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sou
19、rces of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.知识创造价值 学习成就未来5笔记区例 8：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full s
20、ense of the word, silent.例 9：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.例 10：Matching the infl
21、ux of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United States.例 11：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as din
22、osaurs.知识创造价值 学习成就未来6 强调句的分析方法 1.强调句的构成 2.强调句的处理方法笔记区小结区例 1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for
23、 a variety of health-related conditions.例 2：It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.例 3：It was in the cities that the elements that
24、 can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent
25、 craftspeople working with hand tools.知识创造价值 学习成就未来71、对句子的完整处理流程2、强调：阅读句子时要对关联词和谓语动词敏感。第二部分 难句解析一、隔离结构：1This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intu
26、itive one.2It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.3Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when
27、 to guess or what questions to skip.4During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as
28、 “steering the economy to a soft landing“ of “a touch on the brakes“ , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.6According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is red
29、uced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.7Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.8On another level, many in the medical community acknowledg
30、e that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.知识创造价值 学习成就未来89The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be
31、 illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.10The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $ 22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.11It
32、 identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care.12The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the gre
33、ater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.13The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” for
34、est.14An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students“ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.二、并列结构：1Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount
35、of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.2Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.3
36、And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.4But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision
37、 and be able to make at least“ a few decisions for them- selves-goals that pose a real challenge.5But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the si
38、ngle suspicious face in a big crowd.知识创造价值 学习成就未来96A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.8I believe that th
39、e most important forces behind the massive M the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.11But it is a little upsetting to read in the explana
40、tory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which /they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “Pluff! Pluff!“ A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.
41、“12It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.13Because current federal law already forb
42、ids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo“s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.14The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kin
43、d of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.三、同位语：1They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.2During the discu
44、ssion of rock singing verses at last month“s stockholders“ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society“s ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.知识创造价值 学习成就未来103Although it ruled that there is no constitutional rig
45、ht to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
46、4There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.5The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for ama
47、teurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.6At the same time, the American Law Institute-a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recomm
48、endations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.7Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of sh
49、areholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 四、后置定语：1Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, co
