1、1,Lecture 4,SUBORDINATION (I) 从句（1）,2,Coordination and subordination并列和从属 Subordinators 从属连词 Subordinate clauses (finite) 限定从属从句 Notes on Adverbial clauses 状语从句小贴士,Subordination 从属,3,Coordination and Subordination,Section 1,4,They are two devices手段 for combining and relating关联 ideas. These are commo
2、nly used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences in order to establish various semantic relationships 语义关系. Generally speaking, coordination establishes a relationship between ideas of approximately equal importance, while subordination establishes a kind of relationship which indicates that
3、 one idea is more important than the other.,Coordination and Subordination 并列和从属,5,Coordination and Subordination 并列和从属,Coordination（并列结构） equal importance 相同的重要性 雨停了，太阳出来了。 The rain stopped, and the sun came out.Subordination（从属结构） one idea is more important than the other 句子内部重要性有高下 雨停的时候，太阳出来了。 W
4、hen the rain stopped, the sun came out.,6,What is subordination? 从属,Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower rank or less important position. Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or subordinate to) another. The man with a gun in his hand is a
5、 murderer. The man with a gun in his hand is a murderer. The man who was holding a gun in his hand is a murderer. The man who was holding a gun in his hand is a murderer.,7,Ways of subordinating minor ideas 把次要思想置于从属地位的方法,It is a general practice to put the main idea in the main clause主句 and the min
6、or idea in a dependent clause从句（= subordinate clause）. There are various ways of subordinating minor ideas, which may be expressed by a finite clause 限定从属分句 or non-finite clause 非限定从属分句 or verbless clause 无动词分句.,8,Finite clauses for showing minor ideas 限定从属分句,Before she could answer the telephone, i
7、t stopped ringing. Main idea: it sopped ringing. Minor idea: before she could answer the telephone. 出身于下层社会的大家庭的约翰，今年秋天考入了大学。 John, who comes from a large, lower-class family, enrolled in college this fall.,9,Finite clauses for showing minor ideas,我们准备做些让步。 We are prepared to make certain concession
8、s. 我们发现难以容忍损失。 We find it hard to put up with the loss.Emphasizing Idea A Although/ Though/ Even though/ While we find it hard to put up with the loss, we are prepared to make certain concessions.,Finite clauses for showing minor ideas 限定从属分句,10,Finite clauses for showing minor ideas,我们准备做些让步。 We ar
9、e prepared to make certain concessions. 我们发现难以容忍损失。 We find it hard to put up with the loss.Emphasizing Idea B Although/ Though/ Even though/ While we are prepared to make certain concessions, we find it hard to put up with the loss.,Finite clauses for showing minor ideas 限定从属分句,11,Non-finite clause
10、s for showing minor ideas 非限定从属分句,当你横过马路时，一定要小心。 While crossing the street, you must be careful. 在显微镜下观察，刚飘下来的雪花呈精巧的六角形。 Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 我据顶不打电话而是写信。 I decide to write rather than (to) telephone.,12,Verbless clauses for showing minor ideas
11、 无动词分句,如果有必要，我立刻就来。 If necessary, Ill come at once. Main idea: the Johnsons went and visited them at the first opportunity Minor idea: (the Johnsons were) curious about their neighbors. Curious about their neighbors, the Johnsons went and visited them at the first opportunity.,13,Prepositional Phras
12、es 介词短语 for showing minor ideas,If the speaker wants to further minimize the importance of the minor idea, he can even put it in a phrase, chiefly a prepositional phrase, eg: With curiosity, the Johnsons went and visited their new neighbors at the first opportunity.,14,Subordinators,Section 2,15,Sub
13、ordinators 从属连词,Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators, which, in terms of word formation构词法, can be classified into simple subordinators,简单从属连词 complex subordinators,复杂从属连词 correlative subordinators,关联从属连词 marginal subordinators.边际从属连词,16,Simple subordinator 简单从属连词,after alth
14、ough because before directly for if,immediately lest like since that though till,unless until when(ever) where(ver) whereupon while whilst,etc,Also known as one-word subordinators,17,Complex subordinators复杂从属连词,Also known as “multi-word subordinators” Some of these end in “that”,assuming that but th
15、at considering (that) except (that) excepting (that) for all (that) given (that) granted (that) granting (that) in that in order that,insofar that in the event that now (that) provided (that) providing (that) save that seeing (that) so (that) such that supposing (that),18,Complex subordinators复杂从属连词
16、,Some of these end in “as”,according as as far as as long as as soon as,forasmuch as inasmuch as insofar as insomuch as,Others include:,as if in case as though,19,Correlative subordinators 关联从属连词,Subordinators of this group are composed of two correlative words,as as as so not so as such as the the,
17、 etc,barely /hardly/ scarcely when more / (-er) / less than no sooner than whether or,20,Marginal subordinators 边际从属连词,free lexical combinations.This group is sometimes hard to distinguish from complex subordinators.,even if if only just as only if every time (that) the instant (that) the moment (th
18、at) due to the fact that in the sense that,for the reason that by reason that for fear (that) in spite of the fact that in the light of the fact that on account of the fact that on the grounds that regardless of the fact that,21,Subordinate clauses (finite) 限定从属从句,Section 3,22,Subordinate clauses (f
19、inite) 限定从属从句,Structurally, subordinate clauses may be finite, non-finite, or verbless. A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase. Nominal clauses(名词性分句，主/宾/补/同位) Relative clauses(关系分句，定语从句) Adverbial clauses(状语分句，状语),23,Nominal clauses名词性分句,Also known as “noun clau
20、ses” It can perform most functions of NPs Usually introduced by “that” or by a wh-word such as who, what, which, where, when, how, why, etc. Nominal clauses can function as subject, object, subject complement, appositive(同位语), and prepositional complementation(介词补语),24,Nominal clauses名词性分句,It is qui
21、te clear that the crime was done deliberately. (subject) I cant imagine what made him behave like that. (object) The mystery is whether he ever went there at all. (subject complement) My original question, why he did it at all, has not yet been answered. (appositive) You must give it back to whoever
22、 it belongs. (prepositional phrase),25,主语从句 the subject clause,你所说的话是正确的。 What you said is quite true. 我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。 Where we shall do the test is still under discussion. 大家对他怎样完成这项工作的都很感兴趣。 How he managed to finish the job is of interest to us all. 为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大，这事很有趣。 Why the sun in the m
23、orning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting.,26,Fixed Patterns of Subject Clause,27,Fixed Patterns of Subject Clause,28,Fixed Patterns of Subject Clause,29,表语从句 the predicative clause,这就是她昨天请假的原因。 That is why she had a day-off yesterday. 问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。 The question is wheth
24、er we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. 看起来天要下雪。 It looks as if it is going to snow. 事物并不总是如其表象。 Things are not always as they seem to be.,30,宾语从句 the object clause,Of a verb 我知道他很友好而且好客。 I know that he is friendly and hospitable. 我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？ I asked him if he is sure what he is doing? 历
25、史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。 Historical linguists study how languages evolve over time.,31,宾语从句 the object clause,32,宾语从句 the object clause,Of a preposition 我将负责按时做好一切准备。 Ill see to it that everything is ready on time. 他讲的话使我吃惊。 I was surprised at what he said. 我你放心，他们会支持你的。 You may depend on it that th
26、ey will support you. 他对在那里看到的无论什么都感兴趣。 He was interested in whatever he saw there.,33,宾语从句 the object clause,Of an adjective 我相信她会来参加我们的活动。 Im sure that she will come and join us. 我没有把握火车是否准点到达。 I am not certain whether the train will arrive on time. 他很高兴他通过了很难的测试。 He is pleased that he has passed a
27、 tough test.,34,同位语从句 the appositive clause,That 签订了合同这件事本身很重要。 The fact that the contract was signed was important. 我不相信他杀了他女儿的谣言。 I dont believe the rumor that he has killed his daughter. 我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动。 We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.,35
28、,同位语从句 the appositive clause,whether, when, which, how, what, why 我不知道她何时回来。 I have no idea when she will be back. 其次就是这个问题， 你为什么要它。 Next comes question what you want it for. 该由谁负责，这个问题根本没有解决。 The question who was to blame has never been settled.,36,同位语从句 the appositive clause,Separated, other eleme
29、nts in between 传说他们离婚了。 The story goes that they are divorced each other. 会上提出了我们的研究经费是否够的问题。 The question came up at the meeting whether we had enough money for our research. 我们刚从广播里听到一则气象警报，说有一股台风即将到来。 Weve just heard a warning on the radio that a typhoon may be on its way.,37,同位语从句 the appositive
30、 clause or 宾语从句 the object clause,对约翰昨天告诉的消息我俩都不感兴趣。 Neither of us showed any interest in the news that John told us yesterday. 听到暑假将要在大连度过的消息，我们非常高兴。 We are delighted at the news that we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian.,38,定语从句 the attributive clause 关系分句 the relative clauses,Norma
31、lly introduced by a relative word, or relatives, a relative pronoun关系代词, That, which, who, whom, whose a relative adverb关系副词. When, where, why,39,定语从句 the attributive clause 关系分句 the relative clauses,先行词：antecedent 站在教室旁边的那个女人是我们的英语老师。 The woman who is standing by the classroom is our English teache
32、r. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房间。 This is the room where Lu Xun once lived.,40,41,Whose,她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。 She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London. 他住在窗户面朝南的那个房间。 He lives in the room whose windows face south.,42,That,在会上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。 The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famo
33、us scientist. 这就是你们昨天谈到的那位老师吗？ Is this the teacher that you talked about yesterday? 她不再是她童年时代的那个女孩了。 She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood.,43,that,44,45,46,47,48,Restrictive attributive clause Non-restrictive attributive clause,49,Non-restrictive attributive clause,彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过
34、他。 Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 他们昨天抵达那里，有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。 They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学到了许多东西。 Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.,50,The Usage of As Restrictive attributive clause,t
35、he same as, such as, so as 这台计算机和我买的那台一样。 This is the same computer as I have bought. 我从未见过像她这样的女孩子。 I have never seen such kind of girl as she is. 这个问题很容易，谁都能答得出来。 Here is so easy a question as everybody can answer.,51,The Usage of As Non-restrictive attributive clause,美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 As is
36、known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer. 他忘了带笔，这是常识。 He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 众所周知，地球是圆的。 As we all know, the earth is round. 他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。 He is absorbed in work, as he often was.,52,状语从句Adverbial clauses,1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause
37、of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 6.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 7.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) 8.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 9.比较状语从句；(adverbial
38、 clause of comparison),53,1.时间状语从句 (adverbial clause of time),when, as, while 当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。 When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials. 学生一边往宿舍走，一边快乐地唱着歌。 As the students walked to their dormitories, they sang happily. 当老师用英语阐述课文时，同学们注意地听并且做笔记。 While the teacher paraphrased t
39、he text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.,54,1.时间状语从句 (adverbial clause of time),since, before, after 在我的导师出国之前，我已完成了我的学位论文。 I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad. 这个小男孩在完成作业后，和他的伙伴们踢了一会儿球。 After the boy had finished his homework, he played footba
40、ll with his friends. 自从大学毕业后我们就没有再见过面。 Weve never met since we graduated from the college.,55,1.时间状语从句 (adverbial clause of time),not until, as soon as, the moment (that) 等我做完作业我才和你一起去。 I wont go with you until I finish my homework. 我们一到家，电话就响了。 As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我一看见她就立刻认出
41、她来了。 I recognized her immediately I saw her. 她一来到我就要见她。 I want to see her the moment that she arrives.,56,1.时间状语从句 (adverbial clause of time),directly, no soonerthan, hardlywhen 老师一进来，大家就静了下来。 Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. 他刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。 Hardly had he reached the airport when the p
42、lane took off. 这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己本来应该保持沉默。 No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.,57,2.地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place),Where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 有志者事竟成。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 这些天你可以去你想去的地方。 You can go wherever you like t
43、hese days. 他们每到一处，都受到热烈的欢迎。 Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 你喜欢哪儿我就带你去哪儿。 Ill take you anywhere you like.,58,3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause),because, since, as, for 我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。 I didnt go abroad with her because I couldnt afford it. 既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。 Since traveling by
44、 air is much faster, they decided to take a plane. 由于在下雪，我们不去爬山了。 As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain. 昨晚准是下雨了，因为地面是湿的。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.,59,3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause),now that, seeing that, considering that, in that 你驾驶考试既已及格，就可以独自开车了。 No
45、w that youve passed your test, you can drive on your own. 由于天气不好，我们要呆在家里了。 Seeing that the weather is bad, well stay at home. 考虑到他只学了一年，他的英文讲得相当不错了。 Considering that hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well. 广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。 Advertisement is distinguished from oth
46、er forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.,60,4.条件状语从句 (adverbial clause of condition),如果我能存下足够的钱，我就买台计算机。 Ill buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money. 除非天气不好，我的父亲晚上总是去散步。 Unless the weather was bad, my father always used to take a walk in the
47、evening. 假如你有一百万英镑-你怎么花呢？ Suppose you had a million pounds how would you spend it? 假如你为我负担费用，我就同意去。 I will agree to go providing that my expenses are paid.,61,4.条件状语从句 (adverbial clause of condition),只要不下雨， 我们就能玩。 As long as it doesnt rain, we can play. 你要穿上外衣才能出去。 You can go out on condition that y
48、ou wear an overcoat. 你最好带着雨伞，以防万一下起雨来。 Youd better take an umbrella in case it rains.,62,4.条件状语从句 (adverbial clause of condition),只有得到教师的许可，学生才可以进这间屋子。 Only if a teacher has given permission, is a student allowed to enter this room. 要是我会游泳该多好！ If only I could swim.,63,5.让步状语从句； (adverbial clause of
49、concession),他们虽然没有得到官方的支持，但仍继续奋斗。 Though they lack official support, they continue their struggle. 即使我再次失败，我也绝不会放弃实验。 Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment. 尽管她有时很恼人，但我还是喜欢她。 I like her even though she can be annoying.,64,5.让步状语从句； (adverbial clause of concession),不管谁要我接电话，就说我现在正忙着呢。 Whoever wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them Im busy. 无论你到哪里，我都依然在这里等着你。 Wherever you go, Im right here waiting for you. 无论你何时来访，我们都欢迎。 Whenever you call on us, you are welcome.,65,5.让步状语从句； (adverbial clause of concession),
