1、非谓语动词讲解,Nonfinite Verbs,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2. 非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,1 The teachers sitting there arefrom other schools.,表语,2 We saw some teachers sitting there.,宾语补足语,宾语,谓语,主语,定语,连系动词,划分句子成分,动词不定式的时态和语态,动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，有时态和语态的变化，它的时态和语态变化形式如下：,When I got home, my sister happened to be
2、 watching TV.,如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。,She is said to have read thirty novels this year.,Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long,After graduation, he asked to be sent to work in the countryside.,This novel is said to have been translated into French.,(1)作主语,不定式做主语时， 可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,To see is to beli
3、eve,Not to get there in time is your fault.,注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在后面，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It + 谓语 + to do,It takes us an hour _ get there by bus.,句型2：Its + n. + to do,Its our duty _ help the poor.,句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.,It is + adj + for sb to do sth It is + adj + of sb to do sth,(2)作宾语。 常见的跟不定式
4、作宾语的动词(组)有want, wish, hope, expect, would like (love), choose, learn, plan, prepare, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up ones mind, be determined, manage, try, cant afford, fail, pretend等。He promised to come today, but he hasnt turned up yet .有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用it 来
5、作形式宾语。如：You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time.,1.We thought _ better _ start early. 2.Do you consider _ better not _ go? 3. I feel _ my duty _ change all that. 4.We think _ important _ obey the law. 5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.,(3)作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动
6、词有ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等。The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词，如have, make, let 跟不定式作宾
7、补时要省略不定式符号to。但在被动语态中to 要加上。Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.help后的不定式作宾补(包括作宾语)to 可有可无。,（4）做表语：表示具体的动作,1). 其主语多为抽象名词(wish, need),My wish is to be a scientist.The main thing is to keep our room clean.,be to do可构成将来时态,表 “准备/打算/计划/需要”;,She is to return nex
8、t week. It was about to leave when it started to rain.,2).,注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词，如：,He is looking for a room to live in ,Please give me a knife to cut with,(5)作定语,不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：,I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read. She was the first pers
9、on to think of the idea. They made a plan to study English . He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall.,1.The house is not big enough for us all_. A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in 2.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper .（写上） 3.Excuse me，could
10、I use your pen for a moment？ I have no pen . （写）,to write on,to write with,1). 目的状语: 可放于句首,也可放于句末, 前面可加in order/so as/soas to表强调.,He stopped to have a look.He ran so fast as to get to school in time,2). 结果状语:主要用在enough to/tooto/only to结构中。,The question is too difficult to answer. They worked hard en
11、ough to finish their work.,3). 原因状语: 主语+系动词+adj.+ to do,表感情的adj.有: happy, surprised, pleased, glad, sorry, anxious(忧虑), disappointed, careful, afraid, wrong.,Im very sorry to see you. He was afraid to leave him home,(6)作状语,动名词（gerund）,一. 动名词的基本构成,二. 动名词的性质,动名词既具有动词的特点又具有名词的特点,1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰,I ho
12、pe you dont mind my saying it.,2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语,Are you for or against having the meeting. I insisted on leaving at once.,三.动名词的功用,1.可作主语,Seeing is believing,Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge.,no useno goodno fun Its + a shame + doinga waste of time/moneyuselessdangerous There is no + d
13、oing.,It is no use crying. It is no good objecting Looking after the patients is a nurses job. Its dangerous playing with fire. Its a waste of time copying othershomework. There is no joking about the matter.,2.可作宾语, S. + vt.+ doing,Have you finished reading the book? I suggest doing it in a differe
14、nt way.,在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：,避免错过 (少) 延期 avoid / miss / delay/postpone 建议完成 (多) 练习 suggest / advise / finish / practise 喜欢想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist/ cant help 承认 否定 (与) 嫉妒 admit / deny / envy 逃脱 冒险 (莫) 原谅 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse 忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand / keep / kee
15、p on mind,prefertolook forward tobe used toput offgive upS. + keep on + doingsucceed incant helpfeel likebe busybe worthhave difficulty/trouble/problem (in),作介词/短语动词的宾语:,S. + v. + prep. + doing,e.g. She sat there without (speak) I look forward to (see) him again. Are you used to (live) there alone?
16、When my father heard the news, he couldnt help (laugh). I dont feel like (go) to see the film. He was busy (prepare) his lessons.,主动表被动:,want (需要)need (需要)require (需要)Sth. + + doingbe worth (值得),使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形式表达被动含义, The room wants (clean). The method needs (improve). This pair of shoes require (me
17、nd). The problem needs (work out). The question is well worth (discuss),五.动名词的复合结构,动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语 1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词 在句中作主语: Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Roses going wont be of much help.2).物
18、主代词（人称代词宾格）/名词所有格（名词的普通格） + 动名词在句中作宾语:He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I dont mind Jack (him) going.She hates young people (them) smoking.,分词：Participles,一 分词的概述,1. 分词有两种形式：现 在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。,2. 现在分词：doing过去分词：规则动词 V+ed不规则动词,3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语
19、补足语。,分词的时态和语态,构成（以study和go为例）,被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的被动动作。,1.The building being repaired is our library. 2.The question being discussed is very important. 3. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.,完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,Having turned off the radio, he began t
20、o go over his lessons.2. Not having received his fathers letter, he decided to make a call to him.,现在分词与过去分词的区别：,1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动,Do you know the woman talking to Tom? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.,2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成,Developing country boiling water Developed country b
21、oiled water,二、分词的作用,1、作定语,分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。,（1）前置定语,He is a promising young man. Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。,（2）后置定语,The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单
22、词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。,（3）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：,the question discussed yesterday,昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）,the fallen leaves,落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动),2、作表语,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：,She was too frightened to move. 她被吓得一动不动。 What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。,3、作宾语补足语,可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 s
23、ee, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。,I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。 I heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。,A）I heard my brother singing in the next room B）I heard the song sung in English .,现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别,四、作状语,现在分词表主动进行，过去分
24、词表被动完成,1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. 2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying. 3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.,4.I stood by the door, not daring to
25、say a word.,Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying.,When theyheard the bad news,Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.,If they had been given more attention,Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.,Because he was so angry,将下列状语从句改为非谓语 短语作状语： 1. Because she was moved bythe her
26、o, she decided to study harder.,2. When he found the doorlocked, he went home.,独立主格结构,一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、
27、伴随、目的等。,Given more time, we could do it better.,Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.,独立主格结构的形式：,（1）名词 / 代词 + -ing分词及其短语,The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey. The pupils are walking slowly, their teacher following.,（2）名词 / 代词 + -ed分词及其短语,Good-bye said, we wen
28、t home. All things considered, it is a good plan.,（3）名词 / 代词 + 形容词及其短语,The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming. Dinner ready, the hostess asked her guests to be seated.,（4）名词 / 代词 + 不定式及其短语,The money to be paid by the driver, the police went away. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.,（5）名词 / 代词 + 副词及其短语,The meeting (being) over, we left the room.,（6）名词 / 代词 + 介词及其短语,She stood there, book in hand. Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner.,
