1、动词的ing形式作定语和状语 .动词ing形式作定语 动词ing形式作定语时，有时表示用途，意为“供之用的”，此时为动名词；有时表示所修饰的对象的动作或状态，可以表示正在进行的动作或经常性或当时的状态，此时常被称为现在分词。单个动词ing形式作定语时常放于被修饰的词前，而短语则常放于被修饰的词之后。,a walking stick 拐杖 a stick for walkinga stick which is used for walking a washing machine 洗衣机 a machine for washinga machine which is used for washin
2、g a reading room 阅览室 a room for readinga room which is used for reading sleeping pills 安眠药 pills for sleepingpills which is used for sleeping,Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. 不要弄出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。 The man sitting at that desk is our monitor. The man who is sitting at that desk is our monitor. 坐
3、在那张桌子前的那个人是我们的班长。 May I have a room facing the sea? May I have a room which faces the sea? 我可以要一间面向大海的房子吗？,.动词的ing形式作状语 现在分词和分词短语可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随状况。 1原因状语 现在分词作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。现在分词作原因状语时要特别注意现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。 1)当现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生时或近于同时发生时，要使用现在分词的一般形式
4、。,Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in daylight. As he feared that the police would recognize him he never went out in daylight. 因为害怕警察认出他来，他从不白天出门。 Being a student he was naturally interested in museums. Because/As he was a student, he was naturally interested in museums
5、. 他作为一个学生，自然对博物馆感兴趣。,2)当现在分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生时，用现在分词的完成式。 Having talked with John, I realized my mistake. 和约翰谈话之后，我意识到了自己的错误。 Having failed twice，he didnt want to try again. 已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。,2时间状语 现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于when, while引导的时间状语从句。现在分词短语作时间状语时，可以转变为一个时间状语从句。现在分词的完成式作状语的情况经常出现，应注意现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词
6、所表示的动作的时间关系。 1)主语所做的一个动作紧接着所做的另一个动作，第一个动作常常用现在分词来表示，而且分词必须放在前面。能够用于这种用法的动词都是瞬间动词。,Hearing the news, they couldnt help jumping. On hearing the news, they couldnt help jumping. 听到这个消息时，他们禁不住跳了起来。 Opening the drawer he took out a handgun. 他打开抽屉，拿出了一把手枪。,2)主语同时做出两个动作时，通常其中的一个动作可以由现在分词来表示，这时分词既可以放在主句之前，也
7、可以放在之后。此外，现在分词(短语)前面一般加when或while. When leaving the station, he waved again and again to me. 离开车站的时候，他向我频频挥手。 He rode away whistling. 他吹着口哨骑马走了。,3)当分词的动作完成以后，主句的动作才发生时，用现在分词的完成形式作状语，放在句子前面，译作“在之后”，此时它可以置换为“after动名词”这一结构。 Having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons. After turning of
8、f the TV set，he began to go over his lessons. 关掉电视机以后，他便开始复习功课。 Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把绳子的一头系在床上，另一头扔出窗外。,3方式状语和伴随状语 现在分词作方式状语和伴随状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生。此时它可以转换成并列句。 He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。
9、They started his breath using a mouthtomouth way. 他们采用口对口的方法，使他恢复了呼吸。,4结果状语 现在分词短语用作结果状语，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种自然的结果。 The snow lasted a week, resulting in serious traffic confusion in the whole city. 雪下了一个星期，造成整个城市交通瘫痪。 The plate dropped from her hands, breaking into pieces. 盘子从她手中掉了下来，成了碎片。,5条件状语 (If)
10、Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 如果玩一整天，你就会浪费了宝贵的时间。 Staying here for some time, youll find the people here are friendly. 如果在此呆上一段时间，你会发现这儿的人们很友好。,6让步状语 Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 尽管雨下得很大，很快就会天晴。 Whether waking or sleeping, he was devoted to the subject. 无论他是
11、醒着还是睡着了，他沉溺于这个主题。,【知识拓展】 1)通常认为分词是说明它前面的名词或代词。 Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself. 罗密欧相信朱丽叶已死，就决定自杀。 Tom, horrified at what he had done，could at first say nothing. 汤姆被自己所做的事吓坏了，一开始都说不出话来了。,2)但要注意分词也可能被主要动词把它跟所说明的名词或代词隔开。 She rushed past the policeman, hoping he wouldnt as
12、k what she had in her suitcase. 她赶紧从警察身边走过去，希望他不会问起手提箱里有什么。 Jones and Smith came in, followed by their wives. 琼斯和史密斯进来了，他们的妻子跟在后边。,3)如果在分词前面没有名词或代词，则认为分词是说明后面主要动词的主语的。Believing that he is alone, the villain expresses his thoughts aloud. 那恶棍相信他身边没别人了，出声说出了自己的想法。 Stunned by the blow, Peter fell heavil
13、y. 彼得被这一击打昏了，重重地倒了下去。(彼得被击晕了。),注意：如果不遵守上述法则，就会造成混乱。例如：Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.的意思似乎是说砖头在等候公共汽车，那岂非笑话。分词与名词或代词被这样错误地连接时就叫作误连分词。上述句子应改写成：As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head.在我等公共汽车时一块砖头落到了我的头上。 下面再举两个误连分词的例子： (误)When using this machine it must be remembered. (正)When u
14、sing this machine you must remember. 使用这台机器时(你)必须记住,(误)Believing that I was the only person who knew about this beach, the sight of someone else on it annoyed me very much. (正)As I believed I was the only person/Believing that I was the only person on the beach，I was annoyed by the sight of someone
15、else. 因我自以为是唯一一个在这海滩上的人，看到有别人在这里时所以心里很不高兴。,.动词ing的形式 1)一般式表示与谓语动作同时发生。 She sat by the window, enjoying the beautiful sights outside. 她坐在窗边，欣赏着窗外的风景。 Walking around the city, we were impressed by the citys new look. 在城里走时，城市的新容给我们留下了深刻的印象。,2)完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前；此外，如果第一个动作持续一段时间时，也必须用分词的完成式。 Having finis
16、hed his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 Having been his own boss for such a long time，he found it hard to accept orders from another. 自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。,3)被动式：一般式表示与谓语动作同时发生的被动的动作；完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 Being asked to give a performance, Mary couldnt very well refused. 有人请玛丽表演节目，她不好拒绝。 Havi
17、ng been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip? 人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻易放过？,4)否定式 Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. 由于不知道她的地址，我们没法和她联系。 Not having received her reply, they telephoned her. 由于没有收到她回音，他们给她打了电话。,.动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构由“物主代词(或名词的所有格)动名词”构成。在句中担任主语、宾语、表语等句子成分。
18、动名词的逻辑主语一般要用物主代词或名词的所有格表示；但在口语中，如果这种结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词所有格常用名词的普通格所替代。 Would you mind my(me)opening the window? 我打开窗子你介意吗？ He insisted on his sons(his son)going to college. 他坚持让他儿子上大学。,【知识拓展】 动名词的复合结构两种形式的差异： 1)动名词复合结构作主语或动名词本身为being时，用物主代词/所有格Ving。 Marys coming late made her teacher Mr.Hopkin
19、s quite angry. 玛丽迟到了，使她的老师霍普金斯非常生气。 2)动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西，用普通格Ving。 Is there any hope of our team winning the game? 我们的球队有获胜的希望吗？,3)有生命的名词但表示泛指意义；用普通格Ving。 Have you ever heard of women playing football? 你听说过妇女踢足球的事吗？ 4)两个以上的有生命名词并列；用普通格Ving。 Do you remember my brother and me coming to see you the other
20、day? 你记得我弟弟和我前几天来看你那件事吗？ 5)动名词的逻辑主语为复数名词，用普通格Ving。 There are many reasons for animals dying out. 动物灭绝有多种原因。,6)动名词的逻辑主语被其他成分说明或修饰，用普通格Ving。 Have you heard of Miss Gao, our English teacher, going to the USA? 你听说我们的英语教师高老师要去美国的事情吗？,【牛刀小试】 (1)(2010江苏28)The retired man donated most of his savings to the
21、school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu，_the students to return to their classrooms. Aenabling Bhaving enabled Cto enable Dto have enabled 答案：A 题意：这个退休的老人把他大部分的积蓄都捐给了玉树地震中的受灾学校，使学生们能够重返课堂。本题考查非谓语动词的用法。the man与enable之间是主动关系，故应用其ving形式来作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。,(2)(2010天津12)It rained heavily in the south，_se
22、rious flooding in several provinces. Acaused Bhaving caused Ccausing Dto cause 答案：C 题意：南方下雨很大，结果造成了几个省严重被淹。本题考查现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果。,(3)(2010安徽30)He had a wonderful childhood，_with his mother to all corners of the world. Atravel Bto travel Ctraveled Dtraveling 答案：D 题意：他度过了精彩的童年，跟着妈妈
23、去了世界各地旅游。本题考查非谓语动词作原因状语，he与travel之间是主动关系，故选D项。,(4)(2010北京21)_at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. ALooking BLook CTo look DLooked 答案：A 题意：当我看同学们的脸时，我从他们的眼神上看出了同样的激动。本题考查现在分词作状语的用法。looking at my classmates faces 相当于一个由when 引导的时间状语从句；B项仅作为一祈使句使用；C项表将来与句意不符；D项表示的时间与整个语境不符。,
24、(5)(2010湖南26)Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. Astruggling Bstruggled Chaving struggled Dto struggle 答案：C 题意：狄娜奋斗了几个月想找个服务员的工作，最后在广告公司谋到了一个职位。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。因Dina与struggle之间为动宾关系，且struggle发生在took之前，故用现在分词的完成时作定语。,(6)(2010江西24)The lad
25、y walked around the shops, _an eye out for bargains. Akeep Bkept Ckeeping Dto keep 答案：C 题意：这位女士在各家商店逛来逛去，时刻注意着特价商品。keeping an eye out for bargains在句中作伴随状语。,(7)(2010四川17)The lawyer listened with full attention, _ to miss any point. Anot trying Btrying not Cto try not Dnot to try 答案：B 题意：律师全神贯注地听着，努力不
26、漏掉任何一个要点。所填处应是伴随状语，与主句动作listen同时发生，应用现在分词，排除C、D两项；A项是现在分词trying的否定式，意为“不努力去”；B项是不定式to do的否定式，意为“努力不去”。由句意知，应为B项。,(8)(2010福建26)Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake. Asending Bto send Chaving sent Dto have sent 答案：A 考查非谓语动词。题意：
27、许多救援人员夜以继日地工作，把供应品送给地震灾区青海玉树。sending与were working hard同时发生，作其伴随状语。,(9)(2009辽宁22)When we visited my old family home, memory came_back. Aflooding Bto flood Cflood Dflooded 答案：A 考查伴随状语用法。flood“涌进；充满”。flooding back 做伴随状语，题意：当我们回到老家时，往事涌上心头。,(10)(2008山东35)Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made_
28、in the restaurant. Aworking Bwork Cto work Dworked 答案：A 本题主要考查非谓语动词的用法。题意：露西新工作的薪金是她在餐馆工作的两倍。此处working in the restaurant是现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于从句when/while she was working.，与从句主语she构成主谓关系。,(11)(2008天津4)_their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. ATo throw BThrown
29、CThrowing DBeing thrown 答案：C 考查非谓语动词作状语。句子主语the fans与throw之间构成主谓关系，可排除B、D两项；不定式作状语一般只作目的状语或结果状语，本句中要作伴随状语，因此A项也可排除。题意：获胜球队的球迷们把帽子扔向半空，同时发出了胜利的喊声。,(12)(2008福建22)_in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. AWaiting BTo wait CHaving Waited DTo have waited 答案：C 本题考查了分词作状语的用法。因为wait与the old man构成主动关系且wait这个动作在realized之前已经发生，故应用现在分词的完成时。,(13)(2008安徽30)_in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. ATo walk. BWalking CWalked DHaving walked 答案：B 考查非谓语动词。题意：三月份的一天下午他在田野散步时，感受到了春天的温暖。因此应用现在分词形式做状语。,
