1、第3讲.名词性从句,名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。 在从句中应遵循主语在前谓语在后的陈述语序，从句根据句意需要应由相应的连接词引导。引导名词性从句的连接词有that，what，whatever，who，whoever, when，whenever，where，wherever，how，which，why，whether等。 that引导名词性从句的时候，没有词义，也不担当任何句子成分，在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中均不省略，只有在宾语从句中有时可省略,主语从句主要由that, what, wh
2、ether, how以及其它词引导，还有就是由代词it作形式主语。 _(他在这场事故中幸免于难) is a miracle.,That he survived the accident,提示：尽管that并没有实际含义，但是他起到引导主语从句的功能，在这里不可省略。,3.1主语从句从句作主语,_(他喜欢做的事情) is ignored by society as of no value or importance._(他是如何设法完成这项工作的) is of interest to us all. _(结果是否有价值) depends partly on our attitudes towar
3、ds it.,What he enjoys doing,How he managed to finish the job,Whether the results will be valuable,提示：whether 引导的主语从句位于句首时，whether不能由if 代替。,有时为了句子平衡，通常在主语处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句后置。 1. 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代替主语从句： Its vital _(他知道这件事). It was intended _(你当候选人).,that he should know about this,that you be
4、 the candidate,2. 对于以连接代词（副词）引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代替主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句。 _ (他们是否会支持我们)was a problem. It was a problem _(他们是否会支持我们).,Whether they would support us,Whether they would support us,3. 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。有时候也可用形式主语： It is clear enough _(他是什么意思).,what he meant,4. 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it
5、的结构： Is it true _(他是那女孩的父亲)? How is it _(你又迟到了)?,he is the girls father,you are late again,连词that的省略问题： 引导主语从句的连词that有时可省略，有时不可省略，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that可以省略。,_ (你错过了讲座)was a pity. 解析：此句中，that引导的主语从句位于句首，that不可省略。 It was a pity _(你错过了讲座).解析：此句中，that可省略。
6、,That you missed the lecture,(that) you missed the lecture,定义：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 分类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 时态： 1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。,3.2 宾语从句从句作宾语,连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether： that引导表示陈述的宾语从句 He told me _(他明年上大学).,that he would go to college the
7、next year,if和whether引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句 I dont know _(是否还会有公交车). Nobody knew _(他是否能通过考试).,if there will be a bus any more,whether he could pass the exam,If 和whether在宾语从句中的区别： 1. if 和whether当作“是否”解释时，引导宾语从句常常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后，介词后一般不用if； We are talking about _(是否让他加入我们的俱乐部).,whe
8、ther we admit him into our club,2. 少数动词，如：leave, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether； 3. whether后可以加or not，但是if不可以； I doubted _(他能否通过考试).,whether he could pass the exam (or not),4. 在不定式前只能用whether； I cant decide _(是否留下). 5. 避免歧义时，我们常用whether而不用if。,whether to stay,连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, whoever, wh
9、omever, whosever, whatever, whichever等。 连接代词一般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指疑问以外，也可以指陈述。,Do you know _(是谁赢了这场比赛)?The book will show you _(最好的执行总裁应该了解些什么).Have you determined _(是支持美国队还是法国队)？,who has won the game,what the best CEOs should know,whichever you should support, the American Team or the French Team
10、,连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。 He didnt tell me _(什么时候我们能再见面).Could you please tell me _(你是怎样使用这台新机器的)?,how you use the new machine,when we could meet again,None of us knows _(他为什么自杀).Do you know _(这些零件在哪里能买到)?,why he committed suicide,where these parts can be bought,大多
11、数动词都可以带宾语从句，部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句： Can you work out _(这次旅行我们将花费多少钱)?I have found out _(这场音乐会的票都卖光了).,how much we will spend during the trip,all the tickets for the concert have been sold out,动词短语也可以带宾语从句： 常见的动词短语：make sure, make up ones mind, keep in mind等 Make sure _(试卷上没有任何错误)before you turn in them
12、.,That there are no mistakes in your papers,可以运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句： 1. 动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，需要用it做形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。 I think it necessary _ (多喝开水)every day.,that we take plenty of hot water,I made it a rule _ every day (我写日记).We all find it important _(对这件事马上做出决定).I feel it a
13、 pity _(没去聚会).,that I keep diaries,that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter,that I havent been to the party,2. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it，这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to（负责，注意，照料）. I hate it _(他们满嘴食物的时候说话).We take it _(你会同意我们的).,when they with their mouths full of food,that you will
14、 agree with us,When you start the engine, you must see to it _(汽车的离合器处于空挡位置).,that your car is in neutral,3. 若宾语从句是wh-类， 则不可以用it代替。 We all consider_ (你所说的)to be unbelievable. We discovered _(我们所学到的东西) to be valuable.,what you said,what we had learned,表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句。放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。 可
15、以接表语从句的系动词有： be (being, been, am, is, are, was, were) feel, seem, look, appear, sound, taste, smell stand, lie, remain, keep, stay become, get, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall prove, turn out,3.3 表语从句从句作表语,连接词：that/ whether/ as if/ as though (if 不引导表语从句) 连接代词：who/ whom/ whose/ which/ what 连接副词：when/
16、 where/ why/ how/ because,The question is _(我们能否依赖他).Thats _(因为我们那时候需要用钱).He looked _(好像快要哭了).,whether we can rely on him,because we were in need of money at that time,as if he was going to cry,同位语从句在句中作同位语，对被修饰名词的内容予以解释说明。其特点是：抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后。 常见的这类抽象名词包括：agreement, assumption（假设）, belief, concl
17、usion, decision, determination, discovery, dream, evidence, explanation, fact, guess, hope, idea, knowledge, likelihood（可能性）,message, mind, news, notion（观念）,opinion, possibility, prediction, proposal, proposition（论点，主张）, suggestion, rumor, theory, thought, truth等。,3.4 同位语从句从句作同位语,引导同位语从句的词通常有：连词that
18、, whether;连接副词how, when, where等。 注意：if和which不能引导同位语从句。 1. He must answer the question _(他是否同意这件事).2. I have no doubt _(他会客服一切困难).,whether he agrees to it or not,that he will overcome all his difficulties,3. The thought came to him _(敌人可能已经逃出城了).4. The idea _ (你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作)is quite wrong.5. There
19、was a suggestion _(汤姆应该离队).,that maybe the enemy had fled the city,that you can do this work well without thinking,that Tom should be dropped from the team,6. The question _(是否请一位专家) was answered by the family doctor.7. We havent yet settled the question _(我们到哪去度暑假).,whether we should call in a spec
20、ialist,where we are going to spend our summer vacation,8. Museums play a role of education for the simple reason _(它们能给人们提供一个良好的机会去深入了解自己国家的传统和文化).,they provide people with a good opportunity to have a deeper understanding of their own countrys tradition and culture,3.5 从句的“嵌套结构”,在一个复杂句子当中可能会同时含有多个名
21、词从句，我们称之为名词从句的“嵌套结构”。 也可以是名词从句与定语从句或状语从句构成保护或被保护的关系，从而形成“嵌套结构”。这样都会使句子变得更复杂，遇到时要仔细分析句子结构，方能理解句子的意思。 如何快速理清句子结构，可以采用“连词与动词配比原则”,I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say. 评析：在that 引导的宾语从句中同时含有what引导的主语从句what I said和what 引导的表语从句。 译文：我后来意识到，当时所说的话并非是我真正想说的。,The question is how wha
22、t you have learned can be put into practice. 评析：在how引导的表语从句中含有what引导的主语从句what you have learned。How引导的从句的谓语是can be put into practice,而what 引导的从句谓语是have learned。 译文：问题是，你所学到的知识如何才能应用于实践。,Prof. Lees book will show you _can be used in other contexts.A. that you have observed B. that how you have observe
23、dC. how that you have observedD. how what you have observed,答案：D 评析：此句类似上面例子的结构，都是how引导的从句嵌套了一个又what 引导的主语从句。所不同的是，上一例句的how引导的从句是一个表语从句，这里的how引导的从句是宾语从句，作show的直接宾语。 译文：李教授的这本书能够让你知道如何把观察到的东西应用到其他场景中。,连词与动词的配比原则 在英语中，有N个谓语动词，就会对应有N-1个谓语动词，就会对应N-1个连词以及N-1对应的从句 也就是说，在英语句子中，谓语动词的个数一定是多于连词个数的，通常是多出一个，因为这
24、一个多出的动词就是主句的谓语动词。,That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worn have shown is just how fast things are changing.,图解,译文：海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事实了。研究人员（如Ransom Myers and Boris Worn ）所揭示的仅仅是情况变化得多么迅速。,当然，这种名词从句的“嵌套结构”里面还可以带有定语从句或者状语从
25、句，这样就形成了三大从句的“嵌套结构”。,No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”.,图解,宾语从句的结构图示,译文：我们对孩子们在考试中取得的分数并不感兴趣，我们所感兴趣的是我们是否能够从他们的考试分数中作出判断:这个孩子在我们认为需要“一般智商”的练习任务中的表现将会好于或差于其他同龄孩子。,
