1、第一章名 词第一节 可数名词与不可数名词英语的名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。英语中的专有名词（人名、地名） 、物质名词（如 copper, water）及抽象名词为不可数名词。此外，还有一些词并非根据其词义而是根据其本身属性为不可数名词，如：advice, baggage, clothing, equipment, evidence, garbage, information, litter, luggage, machinery, news progress, traffic, ware 等。有些名词作物质名词时，是不可数名词；也可作个体名词，而且这时则为可数名词。注意其意义上的变化，并注意
2、他们作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数形式。不可数名词 可数名词 不可数名词 可数名词iron 铁 熨斗 business 商业、事务 企业、商店rubber 橡皮 橡皮擦 capital 资本 首都wood 木头 森林 brick 砖 砖块beauty 美丽 美人 glass 玻璃 玻璃杯copper 铜 铜币 room 空间、余地 房间cork 软木 软木塞 chicken 鸡肉 鸡tin 锡 罐 cloth 布料 抹布，桌布paper 纸 试卷，文件，论文等 power 权力 强国第二节可数名词有单、复数之分。1. 一般情况下在单数名词后加-s 或-es 即构成复数形式，如： deskdesk
3、s;girlgirls; brushbrushes; boxboxes.2. 复合名词变复数时，有中心词时将中心词变为复数。如：fortune-tellers( 算命人)；lookers-on （旁观者） ；comings in (收入) ；girl friends(女朋友，girl 在这里表性别，friend 是中心词 )；passers-by(过程人)；editors-in-chief(总编，主编)。如果复合名词中无中心词，则复数加在词尾。如：forget-me-nots(勿忘我);grown-ups(成人 )；set-backs(挫折)；break-throughs(突破)。如果复合名词
4、是以 woman, man 为前缀构成，则合成的两个名词都变为复数。如：women teachers(女教师)；men doctors( 男医生 )。当两个由s 构成的所有格名词修饰同一个事物时，前一个名词的 s 省略；若它们所修饰的是互不相同的事物时，则两个所有格名词必须s 。如：Brown and Catherines villa(两人共同拥有的别墅)Browns and Catherines villa (分别指布朗的别墅和凯瑟琳的别墅)。单数 复数 单数 复数等级、刻度scale规模 天平 advice 忠告 通知，消息Short 短的 短裤 arm 武装 武器surrounding
5、包围 环境 air 空气 架子，神气content 内容 目录 good 好 货物necessity 需要 必需品 remain 仍然（是） 遗体，废墟color 颜色 旗，绶带子 rich 富裕 财富quarter 一刻钟，四分之一营房 spirit 精神 情绪effect 效果 财产，动产 due 应得权益 应付款humanity 人类 人文科学 manner 方式 礼貌custom 风俗 海关 pain 痛 努力4.下列名词常以复数形式出现：scissors(剪刀)；savings( 积蓄)；ashes( 灰烬，骨灰)； belongs(所有物)；earnings(收入 )；lodgin
6、gs(租住的房子)；minutes(会议记录 )；outskirts( 郊区)；slums(贫民窟 )；at ones fingers ends(了如指掌)；make both ends meet（收支相抵）等。5.下列名词单数形式相同：deer(鹿)；sheep(绵羊)；craft( 小船；飞船)；score( 二十)；species(种，种类)；series(系列)； means(方式，方法)；works( 工厂)；aircraft(飞机，飞船)；headquarters(总部)；Burmese( 缅旬人，以-ese 和-ss 结尾的民族名称指人时单复数同形) 。Exercise 11.F
7、olk art is a spontaneous expression of the feelings, attitudes, and the lower classes of a society.A. need B. need of C. needs D. needs of2. He bought for his father in a drugstore.A. some medicine B. some medicinesC. many medicines D. enough medicines3.It requires a certain of preparation.A. number
8、 B. lot C. amount D. deal4. I have to get about the subject before I write the paper.A. a few more informations B. a little more informationC. a few more information D. a little more informations5. Although a great number of house in that area are still in need of repair. Therebeen much improvement
9、in their appearance.A. has B. have C. will have D. would have6. Every means been tried since then.A. have B. are C. has D. is7. He couldnt remember .A. what was the formula B. what the formula wasC. what were the formula D. what the formula were8. He went to the to buy a pair of shoes.A. shoes store
10、 B. shoe storeC. shoes store D. shoes store9.I will give you to finish it.A. two weeks time B. two weeks timeC. two-weeks time D. two weeks time10. He gave me several good .A. piece of advice B. pieces of advicesC. piece of advices D. pieces of advice答案：1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A6.C 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.D第二章代词英语
11、中的代词可分为下列八类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词和关系代词。英语专业四级考试中这部分测试的分量不重，稍加注意即可。第一节 人称代词、不定代词1.人称代词要注意主格和宾格的用法。2.物主代词则需要着区分名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词,要记住：名词性物主代词= 形容词性物主代词+ 相应名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词的句法功能，在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语等；而形容词性物主代词不能独立来表达一个完整的含义，它充当名词的定语，总是与名词连用来表达一完整概念。3.英语中不定代词有：all, each, everyone, everybody, both, e
12、nough, many , much, few, less, little, either, neither, other, another, some thing, anything, nothing 等。而 anybody, something, no thing 等不定词被形容词或限定词修饰时，该形容词或限定词应该后置，即：something(anything, nothing, anybody, somebody)+形容词或限定词，如:somebody old(某个老人)；something new (某个事物)；anything unknown(任何尚未知晓的事)等。另外，不定代词有
13、许多习惯搭配，表示特定的含义；nothing but(只不过，就是，只有)， anything but(根本不，并不) ，something of (表示“略有”) ，none other than(就是 )。4.英语中的相互代词只有两个：each other 和 one another。通常 each other 用来指两个以上人或事物相互之间的关系。第二节 one 和 ones, it 和 them,that 和 those 的用法在英语中，one 和 ones, it 和 them, that those 可用来代替上文出现过的名词（人或物） ，其中，one, it, that 代替上文
14、出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，而 ones, them, those 代替上文出现过的可数名词。而 one/ones, it/them 及 that/those 这三组替代词用法的区别主要在于其是否带有前置和后置修饰语。例：1）I dont like these shirts. Take them away, please.2)Please show me the red ones(in the shop window).3)Ok, Id like to take those with bronze buttons.句 1)中的 them 代替上文出现过的复数可数名词 shirts, 且既
15、不带前置修饰词，也无后置修饰词。句 2）中的 ones 也代替上文出现过的复数可数名词 shirts,在 ones 前有前置修饰词“the red”,而其后的修饰语“in the shop window”是否出现并不影响本句语法结构的正确及句意的完整，属可有可无。句 3）中的 those 仍代替 shirts, 但它不能有前置修饰语，却一定要带后置修饰语。Exercise 21. It was who did that.A. he and I B. him and me C. he and I D. he and me2. This bicycle is his, not .A. their
16、B. hers C. her D. your3. Each man and woman must sign full name before entering the examination.A. their B. its C. her D. his4. The members of the two groups often help .A. each other B. one another C. one and the other D. one and another5. “May I help you with some shoes, Sir?”“Yes, Id like to try
17、on those brown .”A. one B. ones C. pair D. shoe6.He has two blue pens and a red .A. it B. one C. ones D. that7. After a long walk, I wanted to drink .A. cold something B. something coldC. something to make cold D. anything cold8. The man over there is our principal.A. no other but B. no other thanC.
18、 no one than D. none other than9. Our department is monitored by two supervisors, Bill and .A. I B. mine C. me D. my10. I did not choose any of the three offerings, because I found satisfactory.A. neither of them B. none of itC. either of them D. none of them答案：1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B6.B 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.
19、D第三章动 词 动词是英语中涉及语法范畴最广、用法最为复杂、测试中出现频率最高、考生也感觉最难掌握的部分，它包括动词的时态、动词的语气，情态动词，主、谓数的一致，非限定动词等的用法与区别。第一节英语专业四级测试中常考虑的时态用法有一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时的用法与区别。一、一般现在时1.表示普遍真理和客观事实。如：Our teacher told us that anything that is dropped falls towards the center of the earth because of the pull of gravity.2
20、.在 Ill see to it that,Ill make sure that, see(to it)that结构的从句里用一般现在时表示将来含义。如：1）Ill see to it that you dont get lost.2) See(to it )that you are here punctually tomorrow morning.3)在 when ,while, as, the moment 等连词引导的时间状语从句中及 if 引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来含义。如：1）Ill tell him your address when he comes back.2)
21、 He will be glad if he passes the examination.但注意：3) I dont know when he will come back.4)I am not sure if he will come.句 3)中 when 引导的从句中用将来时没错，因为 when 在本句中不引导时间状语从句，而引导宾语从句。句 4）中 if 引导的从句用将来时也对，因为 if 在此引导的不是条件状语从句。4. come go, begin, end, leave, start, arrive, return, depart, stop 等瞬间性动词常用一般现在时表示按计划
22、、安排、时刻表将发生的动作。如：1）The film begins at seven in the evening2) The plane leaves at ten thirty.二、一般过去时1.在有些谚语中用过去时而不用现在时。如：1）Care killed a cat.(忧郁伤身。)2）The course of true love never did run smooth.(好事多磨。 )2.表示过去经常、反复、习惯但现在已经不再如此的动作。如：I went to visit him everyday.3.用一般过去时代替一般现在时表示更加客气、婉转的语气。如：1）Could you
23、 tell me the way to the Summer Palace?2）Did you need my help?三、一般将来时1. 当 shall 在陈述句中用于第二、第三人称时，它不是将来时的时态助动词，而是情态动词，表示说话者的允诺、意图、警告、命令等。例：He shall not leave his post.他不是离开岗位。2.be about to 接动词原形也可以表示将来，有“就要、即将”的意思。但它不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。例：He is about to start for Beijing tomorrow morning.误改正：去掉 tomorrow morn
24、ing 即可。3.Will 和 be going to 接动词原形均可表将来，但 will 常表示说话人临时“打算做什么” ，而 be going to 则表示说话人在讲此话前已作好决定“将做什么” 。例：1）Mary is in hospital.Really? I will see her someday next week.2)John is in hospital.I know it I am going to visit him on next Wednesday.四、现在进行时1现在进行时表示到现在某一刻或某一阶段尚未完成，仍在进行的动作或所处的状态。例：The new libra
25、ry is still being built in our university.2.现在进行时中有时用副词 always, forever, constantly 等，表示对某一经常发生动作的厌烦、赞同等感情色彩。例：1）He is constantly telling the story of his life.2) He is always helping others.3.静态动词不用现在时行时，若用进行时则词义会有所变化。例：1）He is wealthy and has two cars.2) We are having English lesson the whole morn
26、ing.4.表状态的动词一般不用现在时，而用一般现在时代替现在进行时。表状态的动词常见的有：live, hate, like, wish, belong to, sound, taste, desire, understand, think(认为 )， know, own, possess, have(有)，envy 等。5.感觉动词表示“被动感觉”意义时不用进行时态，表示“主动感觉”时可以用进行时态度。例：1）The wood is feeling very smooth.误2) The wood feels very smooth.正3）He is feeling his way in t
27、he dark.正6.be 后接动态形容词时可用进行时态表示人的暂时行为和性格特征，若是表态形容词，则不能用进行时态。例：1）He is being modest.他显得谦虚 正2) She is being tall.误 (tall 是静态形容词，不能表示暂时行为 )。五、现在完成时。现在完成时表示动作的延续、结果或经历，着重于过去时间和现在时间的综观，因此，不能与表示单纯过去时间的状语（如 two weeks ago, last year 等）连用，而常与下列状语连用；already, yet, ever, never, scarcely, lately, recently, up to
28、the present, up till now in the past few years, so far, once, just, this week 等。例：Up to now the work has been easy.1.瞬间性动词或词组 go, come, become leave, start, die, begin, stop, join, get up, borrow, buy, come back 等可以用于现在完成时，但它们若用现在完成时，则不能 for，since 等表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示瞬间性动作持续多久时可用它们相应的系表结构或者换为持续性动词的完成时形式
29、。例：1）He has died. 正2) He has joined the army for 14 years. 误3）He has been in the army for 14 years. 正4）He has bought the TV set for 10 years. 误5）He has had the TV set for years. 正2.在 It (That, This )is the first(second)time, It is the most(best)结构后通常要用现在完成时态。若 be 动词为“was“，则从句用过去完成时。例：1）This is the s
30、econd time I have visited your beautiful country.2) It was the most interesting novel I had ever read.3.瞬间性动词不与延续性时间状语同时用于现在完成时中，但若句子是否定结构则没有这个限制。例：1）He has gone home for two weeks. 正2) He hasnt gone home for two weeks. 误4.在“it is +时间段+过去时”结构中，since 后面接终止性动词表示该动作开始；后面接延续性动词则表示该动的终止。例：1）It is five ye
31、ars since I began to study English. 我已经学了五年的英语了。2) It is five years since I studied English.我已经五年没有学英语了。六、过去完成时1.用动词 hope, mean, suppose, intend, think, plan 等的过去完成时表示过去未能实现的愿望等。例：1）I had intended to come ten minutes earlier, but I was caught in a traffic jam.2) by the end of 后接过去时间，句子用过去完成时；by the
32、end of 后接将来时间，句子用将来完成时。例：1）By the end of last weekend all the papers had been checked.2) By the end of next month we will have been in the United States for two weeks.3.过去完成时不能单独使用，它所表示的动作必须是“过去的过去” ，即表示在过去某一时间或作（或用从句表示出，或可从上下文看出）之前的动作。例：1）The instructor had gone over the problems many times before
33、the students took the final examination.2) Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.Exercise 311.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments to his political leaders.A. paying B. having paid C. to pay
34、 D. to have paid2.By the time she is 50 years old, she an inmate of the prison for over half of her life.A. would have been B. will be C. will have been D. would be3.There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone me that evening.A. to have interrupted B. would have interruptedC. had i
35、nterrupted D. to interrupt4.Whatever the cause, English at the end of the 20th of the 20th century is more widely spoken and written than any other language .A. ever was B. had ever beenC. has ever been D. would ever be 5.The ambassador heard that at his post a year longer.A. he be staying B. him to
36、 stayC. he would he staying D. he will have stayed6.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortageavoided. A. is to be B. can beC. will be D. has been 7. In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to report what they .A. had just
37、 been dreaming B. have just been dreamingC. are just dreaming D. had just dreamt8.“What do you think of the boxing match last night?“I really think Jackson .”A. donthas won B. didntwould winC. didnt has D. dont wins9.It for over a month and the down pour had damaged many houses.A. rained heavily B.
38、had been raining cats and dogsC. has been raining heavily D. has rained cats and dogs10. The Managing Director said that improving relations with the association would not be easy, but that they to try.A. would have decided B. decideC. have decided D. had decided答案：1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.C6.A 7.B 8.D 9.D
39、 10.D第二节 主谓一致英语中句子的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致，这叫主谓一致，首先应注意三大主谓一致原则，即语法一致、意念一致及就近一致原则。一、语法一致原则语法一致原则即确定谓语人称和数的形式时，只考虑主语的语法形式，不考虑其含意。1.and 与 with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, in addition to, including, accompanied by, combined with 连接并列主语结构的区别。and 是并列连词，可连接并列成分，包括并列主语，而其余的词和词组均属介词，只能连接介词短
40、语，作方式伴随状语。例 1）Mr. Wang and his wife are go to visit Canada.(“and his wife”作并列主语)2）Mr. Wang with his wife is going to visit Canada.(“with his wife”是介词短语，作方式伴随状语，主语是 Mr. Wang,单数)2.Many a+单数可数名词，More than one +单数可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式。例：1）Many a student sits in TEM-4 each year.2) Many students sit in TEM-4 e
41、ach year.3)More than one question has been raised at the meeting.二、意念一致原则意念一致原则即确定谓语的人称和数的形式时，只考虑主语的含义，而不管其语法形式。1.常用集合名词 committee, family, audience, team, crowd, crew, staff, government, faculty, group, board, jury 等意指整体时，谓语用单数；意指个体成员时，谓语用复数。例：1）My family love classic music.2) My family lives in a
42、beautiful block.2.表示时间、距离重量、价值等的复数名词作主语，表示整体概念，谓语用单数。例：1）Seventy miles is a long way to drive.2) Three thousand years is very short in the long history of the development of the universe.3) Five hundred dollars is too much for me.三、就近一致原则就近一致原则即谓语的单、复数形式与靠近谓语的主语的数保持一致。1.由并列连词 neithernor, eitheror, n
43、ot onlybut also等连接两个主语时，其谓语的单复数形式由贴近谓语的主语确定。例：1）Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake.2) Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake.2.当关系代词作关系分句（即定语从句）的主语时，从句的谓语的数由靠近从句的名词的形式确定。例：John is working with his friends who were his classmates in his middle school days.但当关系分句的先行项
44、被 one of the 修饰，且 one of the又被 the great, the only, the right, the very 等强调时，关系分句的谓语是单数形式。例：1）Luxun is one of the great writer who have made contributions to Chinese literature.2)Peter is the (only) one of the boys who is disobedient to the teachers.3. 在表存在的“there be+名词”句型中，若名词主语是由“and”连接的并列主语，谓语“be
45、 ” 的形式由靠近 “be”的名词形式确定。例：1）There is a bed and several chairs in the room.2)There are several pear trees and an apple tree in the courtyard.除了这三大原则以外，还有很多其他形式的词、词组作主语时谓语的数也值得我们注意。1.单个的名词性从句，动名词（或动名词短语）以及不定式（或不定式短语）作主语，谓语用单数形式。例：1）Doing morning exercises is good for your health.2) What interests the wo
46、rkers most is better wages and working conditions.2.表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等以-s 结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语用复数。例：The Andes are rich in minerals, especially copper, gold and silver.3. 以-ics 结尾的许多名词表示某个学科名称时谓语用单数；而指该学科的实践和具体运用时，谓语用复数。如：politics 政治学(单数) 政治见解（复数）statistics 统计学(单数) 统计数据（复数）mathematics 数学（单数） 数学能力（复数）economics 经济学
47、（单数） 经济效益（复数）4.某些名词形式上是单数，意义上是复数概念，谓语用复数。如：police, people, clergy, youth, folk, cattle, militia 等。5.用 and 连接的两个单数名词时，若 and 后面的名词没有有冠词，则表示同一个人、同一物或同一概念，谓语用单数。如：The wheel and axle 轮轴， a knife and fork 刀叉，the bread and butter 涂黄油的面包。例：The secretary and dean is giving a speech.书记兼系主任正在讲话。6.and 连接数个单数名词作
48、主语，若名词前有 every, each 或 no 修饰，则谓语用单数。例：No boy and no girl is permitted to enter the room.7.当 most of, the rest of, all, half(of), the majority of, last, enough, the remainder和分数、+百分数 +名词作主语时，其谓语由名词的形式决定，名词为不可数名词或单数可数名词时，谓语用单数，当名词为可数名词复数时，谓语用复数。例：1).Most of this book is interesting.2) Most of these bo
49、oks are helpful.8.以-ings 结尾的名词，如 beginnings , bookings, clippings, diggings, earnings, lodgings, surroundings, sweepings 等作主语时，谓语用复数。Exercise 321. Either of the two pupil the examinations.A. have passed B. have been passedC. has passed B. has been passed2. The number of the students in the class small.A. are B. is C. have been D. were3. were interested in the offer.A. None of a customer B. None of customerC.
