1、宾语从句1.定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2.构成:关联词+ 简单句。3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:(1)从属连词 that.如:He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。注: that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that 不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and 连接两个宾语从句,that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时,that 不能省略。 )大
2、家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that 不能省略。 )对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.(that 从句位于句首时,that 不可省略。 )我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4.We decided,in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit
3、him for a probationary period.(主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语,that 不可省略。 )鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词 if/whether.如:I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词 where,when,how ,why.如:Who or what he was,Ma
4、rtin never learned.他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。(1)介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she
5、sat.我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如:I dont care (for)who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful (as to)how you do that.你要注意做这件事的方式。解释:1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用 it 作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:We thought
6、 it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2.作介词的宾语:连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在 except,but,in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导,则需用 it 先行一步,作形式宾语。如:He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。You may rely on it
7、 that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导,而要用 what 来引导。如:Are you sorry for what youve done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied 等,连词 that 可省略。如:I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand wha
8、t I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪,我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4.连词 whether (or not)或 if 引导的宾语从句if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但 whether 常和 or not 连用,if 一般不与 or not 连用。如:I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真
9、是假。用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用 if 而用 wheter.试比较:Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go. if 从句可理解为宾语从句,意为“请告诉我你是否想去”;此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为 “如果你想去的话,请告诉我一声 ”。5.宾语从句的否定转移。在 think,believe,suppose,expect 等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。如:I dont think you ar
10、e right.我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是吗?6.宾语从句的时态变化规律:(1)当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2)当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。【考点诠释】宾语从句在初中英语语法中有着相当重要的地位,几乎每
11、年的中考都有对宾语从句不同角度的考查。笔者认真研读了近年来有关宾语从句的中考题,发现其考查的重点一般都集中在以下几个方面:一、连接词宾语从句的连接词分为三类:1. 引导陈述句用 that(在口语或非正式文体中常常省略) 。2. 引导一般疑问句用 if 或 whether。注意:下列几种情况通常使用 whether:(1 )在具有选择意义又有 or 或 or not 时,尤其是直接与 or not 连用时,往往用 whether;(2)在介词之后用 whether;(3)在不定式前用 whether 等。3. 引导特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词。一 Excuse me,could you t
12、ell me_?Theres a bank on the second floorYou can make it there黄冈市A where I can change money B how I can get to the bankC if theres a bank near here Dwhere the bank is答案A 解析 考查宾语从句的连词用法。根据上下问可知应选 A。 二、语序在含宾语从句的复合句中,不管主句是陈述句还是疑问句,从句一律是用“ 连接词陈述句语序”,其标点符号由主句来决定。1-Do you know _now?一 In the Peoples Hotel北
13、京市A where is Tom working B where did Tom workCwhere Tom is working Dwhere Tom worked答案C解析考查宾语从句要用陈述句语序。宾语从句要注意两点:从句用陈述句语序;前后时态要一致。故排除 A、B ,D 时态不对,故选 C。三、时态1. 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,宾语从句的时态可视情况使用任何一种相关的时态。2. 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,宾语从句必须使用过去相应的某一种时态。3. 如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句是用什么时态,从句时态习惯上都用一般现在时
14、。4. 情态动词 could / would 用于“请求” ,表示委婉、客气的语气时,从句时态不受主句的约束。Excuse me, could you tell me when _the new Olympic Center? 沈阳市 A are we visited B will we visit C we are visited D we will visit答案D。 解析 考查宾语从句的用法。从句要用陈述句语序,而且时态要与主句一致。从句意看本句不能用被动语态,故排除 A、c。本题考查的是以 when 引导的宾语从句。B 没用陈述句语序,故排除,此处 could 只表委婉的语气,并不表过
15、去。-Could you tell me whom the radio _by? 一 Sorry,I have no idea 福州市A invents B invented C is invented Dwas invented答案D。解析考查宾语从句的时态和语态的用法。从句中的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者,这时应使用被动语态,这样 A、B 两项可以排除。我们还应考虑到,收音机的 “发明”一定是过去的事情,所以该句的时态应是一般过去时,谓语的构成为“waswere+ 动词的过去分词”。(年河北)I didnt understand _, so I raised my hand to ask.A
16、. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher sayC. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say答案为 C。本题为宾语从句,由于需要用陈述语序可排除 B、D;另外,主句时态为一般过去时,则从句也要用对应的过去时态,故还可排除 A。四、否定转移当宾语从句表示否定的意义时,若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是 think / believe / suppose / expect 等时,应在主句上加以否定。五、简化宾语从句在一定条件下,可以简化为“特殊疑问词+不定式 ”、 “it +形容词+ 不定式短
17、语” 、复合宾语、动词不定式(名词、动名词、形容词或副词、过去分词)短语、名词和过去分词等。I dont know what I should do with the letter. (改为简单句) (年山东烟台)I dont know what _ _ with the letter.答案与解析:答案为 to do。当主句谓语动词是 know,learn,forget,remember 等,其后接疑问词(连接代词副词)引导的宾语从句,且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可简化成“疑问词(连接代词副词 +不定式(短语) ”结构,故空白处填 to do。六、注意点if / when 既可以
18、引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if / when 引导宾语从句时,意思分别为“ 是否”和“何时” ,此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if 和 when 引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果”和“ 当的时候”,此时如果主句是一般将来时,从句部分则用一般现在时。七、综合考查-Did Mr White tell you_-?-Yes. He said he went there in 2003. 福州市A. when he traveled to Tibet B. how he goes to WuhanC. Where he spent his holid
19、ays D. why did he visit Kunming答案A 。 解析考查宾语从句。when 询问时间,how 询问方式,where 询问地点,why询问原因。由答语“He said he went here in 2003 ”可知,前面应是询问动作发生的时间。【语法回顾】宾语从句宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由 that 引导的宾语从句。 That 只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:He said (that) he wanted to stay a
20、t home.他说他想呆在家里。She doesnt know (that) she is seriously ill.她不知道她病得很严重。I am sure (that) he will succeed.我确信他会成功。2. 由连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词 when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? 你知道他们在等谁吗?He asked whose handwriting was
21、the best.他问谁的书法最好。Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? 你能告诉我 3 路公共汽车站在哪儿吗?I dont know why the train is late.我不知道火车为什么晚了。I cant imagine why he did that thing我不能想像他为什么做了那件事。Do you know why we have put off the sports meet till next month? 你知道我们为什么把运动会推迟到下个月吗?以上两个例句的宾语从句相当于一个特殊疑问句,分别为:why did he
22、do that thing?和Why have you put off the sports meet till next month?由于宾语从句要求陈述句语序,故而在从句中它变成了陈述语序。请看下列两组句子:How much does this coat cost? 这件衣服值多少钱? I want to know how much this coat costs我想知道这件衣服值多少钱。Where did you go yesterday? 你昨天去哪儿了?Please tell me where you went yesterday请告诉我你昨天去哪儿了。当疑问代词 what,who
23、在特殊疑问句中做主语时,该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序,所以当该句用来做宾语时,语序不需要调整。Whats wrong with you? 怎么了?He asked the girl what was wrong with her他问这个女孩怎么回事了。Whats the matter? 怎么了?He asked the girl what was the matter他问这个女孩怎么了。What has happened to him? 他发生什么事了?We want to know what has happened to him我们想知道他发生了什么事。同类句式还有:Who broke
24、the window? 谁打破的窗户?Who is in the classroom? 谁在教室里?What made him so angry什么使得他如此生气。3. 由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句。表示“是否” ,二者通常可以互换。例如: Lily asked if/whether she liked it.莉莉问她是否喜欢它。I want to know if (whether) he lives there.我想知道他是否住在这儿。He asked me whether (if) I could help him.他问我是否可以帮助他。但语义有点区别:1)whether
25、强调犹豫和选择,多见于书面语中;if 只限于条件,常用于口语。例如:Write and tell me whether Im to come. 请写信告诉我,我是否该来。Write and tell me if Im to come. 如果我该来,请写信告诉我(相当于说:若我不必来,那就不用费心写信给我了。 )2)whether 可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句,if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。由 if 引导的从句,首先要弄清楚是宾语从句,还是条件状语从句,然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句,谓语动词应用一般现在(过去)时代替一般将来(过去将来)时。例如:If you dont go
26、 soon, youll be late.如果你不马上去就会迟到。当 if 引导一个非真实条件句时,从句的谓语动词应用过去式(如果是 be, 则不论主语的人称和数,一律用were) ,主句谓语动词用 “would+动词原形”。例如:If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得急救(的知识) ,许多生命就会得以挽救。3)whether 和 if 都可以与 or no 连用。但 if 与 or not 之间常需要用词语隔开,而 whether与 or not 可连用,也可隔开。例如:Ca
27、n you tell me whether or not the train has left?(=Can you tell me whether the train has left or not?)你能告诉我火车是否离开了吗?I dont care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。4)下列情况,只用 whether 作引导词:引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。例如:Whether he comes or not doesnt concern me.他来不来与我无关。I am in doubt whether I ou
28、ght to give this plan my approval.我决定不了是否该同意这项计划。What I want to know is whether you can help me.我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。Whether we go or stay, the result is the same.不管我们是走还是留,其结果是一样的。5)与不定式连用:例如:I dont know whether to accept or refuse.我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。6)在介词后作介宾。例如:I am not interested in whether you like the pla
29、n or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。4think,believe,suppose,imagine,guess 等表示“认为” 、 “猜想”等的动词后的宾语从句1)否定转移在以上动词之后的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定含义,却不用否定形式,而把主句中的上述动词变为否定形式,这就叫否定转移。I dont think the book is worth buying我认为这本书不值得买。I dont believe they have finished their work我相信他们并未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares我猜想他们不会介意的。We dont ex
30、pect they will have everything done我们希望他们没有把事全做完。2)存在这种否定转移现象的句了在作反意疑问句时,具有如下特点:在宾语从句中,如果主句的谓语动词是 think,believe ,suppose,imagine,guess 等,主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时,反意疑问句应针对主句。You dont think he can finish his work, do you? 你认为他不能完成他的工作,是吗?He doesnt believe that we have come back,does he? 他认为我们还没回来呢,是吗?但是如果主句主语是
31、第一人称时,反意疑问词部分的主语和时态要与宾语从句保持一致,并注意否定转移。I dont think you are an actor,are you? 我认为你不是一个演员,是吗?I suppose you have been to Beijing,havent you ?我想你去过北京。是吗 ?另外,当 think ,suppose,believe,imaging,guess 这类表示“ 认为”、 “猜想” 的动词作主句谓语时,常会出现一种以疑问词起头的双重疑问句。What do you think he is? 你认为他是做什么的 ?How much time do you suppos
32、e I must spend on it? 你认为我得花多少时间来做这件事 ?二. 宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如:I hear (that) physics isnt easy.我听说物理不容易。I think (that) you will like this school soon.我认为你不久会喜欢这所学校。Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? 你能告诉我怎么到动物园吗?Please tell me when well have the meeting.请告诉我我们什么时候开会。三. 宾语从句的时态1若主句为一般现在时或一般将来
33、时,则从句的时态不限可视句子意义使用所需要的任何时态。例如:We all know chicken cant swim.我们都知道鸡不会游泳。Dont you think Jim is speaking too quick.难道你不认为吉姆讲的太快了吗?He says he will come back.他说他会回来。2若主句是祈使句,从句谓语动词也可用所需要的任何时态。例如:Show me which picture is yours.让我看看哪张照片是你的。Please tell us where we will go.请告诉我要去哪里。3若主句是一般过去时,从句必须用过去时态的某一种。例
34、如:I knew she had swept the floor already.我知道她已经扫过地了。He asked if I was doing my homework this time yesterday.他问我昨天这个时候是否在做作业。4若从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象或永恒不变的规律时,则不受主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时。例如:Our teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.老师告诉我们光传播的速度比声音快得多。They knew the sun is much bigger than the earth the
35、n.他们那时就知道太阳比地球大得多,He said that one and one makes two.他说一加一等于二。【语法过关】1- Could you tell us how long _? - About three days. A. does the sports meeting last B. the sports meeting last C. will the sports meeting last D. the sports meeting will last2I want to know_, A. what is his name B whats his name C.
36、 that his name is D. what his name is 3Parents are taught to understand_important education is to their childrens future.(2004 广东卷)A. that B. how C. such D. so 4I wonder _ they will come here with tomorrow. A. whether B. when C. who D. how 5-Could you tell me _? -Im not sure. A. how many people have
37、 been out of hospital B. when is Thanksgiving C. which animal does he like best D. what time will the dolphin show start 6. - Can I help you? - Yes. Id like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me_ take to get there? A. how soon will it B. how soon it will C. how long it will D. how long will it 7.-
38、Could you let me know _ yesterday? -Because the traffic was heavy. A. why did you come late B. why you came late C. why do you come late D. why you come late 8A computer can only do _you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when9The other day, my brother drove his car down the street
39、 at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that10I think Father would like to know _ Ive been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note A. which B. why C. what D. how【参考答案】1D 宾语从句用陈述句语序。2D 宾语从句用陈述句语序。3 B 题干中的“_important education is to their childrens future”应理解为:educa
40、tion 为主语, important 是 is 的表语;to their childrens future 是状语,所以空格处应为 how 修饰 important。其实这个宾语从句是一个感叹句。4C 后面的“with“决定了用 “who“。 5A 宾语从句用陈述句语序。6. C how soon 一般用于指某事过多久后或到什么时候才发生,how long 一般用于指某事需持续多长时间。7. B yesterday 表明宾语从句应用一般过去时,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 8 C。 分析本句的结构可知, 空白处应填的连词应作宾语从句中动词不定式中动词 do的宾语。所以,该连接词应是连接代词。故应选 C。9 C。 介词 at 之后是宾语从句,其中 I thought 是插入语。也可以把 what 分解为 a speed that10 C what 引导宾语从句,并在宾语从句中作短语 be up to 的宾语。