1、1第 6 单元一、形容词的意义和种类 1.形容词的意义形容词是用来寻名词在性质、形状、大小、新旧、颜色等方面的特征加以描述的词，用以说明名词所表示的人或事物的性状。2.形容词的种类 按结构分 简单形容词只由一个词构成的形容词，例如：tall, simple, large. 这类形容词其中有些可加前缀和后缀，后缀一般没有意义但起到改变词性的作用，前缀一般有自己怕意义，加到一个形容词之前构成一个新的形容词，例如：im-(不)，possible(可能的)，impossible(不可能的)。常用来构成形容词的前缀有：dis- dishonest it- illegalim- impossible im
2、- inactiveir- irregular non- nonviolentun- unable a- amoral anti- anti-imperialist mal- malformedover- overdue pre- prewarpro- pro-communist sub submarineunder- underdone super supersonicinter- international常用来构成形容词的后缀有：-able eatable -ible impossible-ful beautiful -less careless-ish childish -ive ac
3、tive-ly friendly -eous erroneous-ious glorious -ous humorous-ic heroic -ary revolutionary-al chemical. 复合形容词-由两个或者更多词构成的形容词sea-green, peace-loving, new-laid, class-xonscious, duty-free, water-proof,quick-minded, air-tight, time-consuming, three-year-old. 按功能分 中心形容词-既可做定语又可做表语的形容词，大多数形容词属于此类。This is
4、a beaytiful picture./ This picture is beautiful. 这幅图片真漂亮。（2）外围形容词 定语形容词-只能做定语又可做表语的形容词。mere, main, only, chief,former, latter, inner 等。Our main purpose is to overcome the disease. 我们主要的目的是克服疾病。 表语形容词-只能做表语不能做定语的形容词。afraid, alikem alive, alone, awake, unable 等。 按级性分（1）可分级的形容词所描述的品质有程度差别的形容词。大多数形容词属于这
5、类，它们在比较级和最高级，并且可用very,too,enough 等程度副词修饰。 例如：good ,cold,strong,late 等。2（2）不可分级的形容词所描述的品质没有程度差别的形容词，这类词数量较少，它们没有比较级和最高级，也不用程度副词修饰。例如：daily, unique, main, wooden 等。 二、形容词的语法功能 1.做定语例如：There is a beautiful in front of the building. 楼前有一个美丽的花园。 后位修饰的情况（1）修饰 somerhing, everything,nothing,someone, everybo
6、dy, nobody,somewhere,nowhere 等不定代词以及指示代词 this, that, these 和 those 的形容词，应后置。例如：Anyone drunk is not alloued to drive. 任何喝醉酒的人都不准开车。Among those invited were sone young men. 被邀请的人中有些是年轻人。超级点津形容词做定语时可分为前位修饰和后位修饰。前位修饰指放在被修饰词前面，后位修饰指放在被修饰的词后面。形容词中大多数都用作前位修饰;有一部分前、后修饰均可;有少数形容词只能用作后位修饰（2）有些过去分词，如：given,left
7、,won,missed 等，应后置。All of the answers given were correct. 所给的答案全部是正确的。（3）修饰表示度量的词，应后置Three years old 3 岁 five feet wide 5 英尺高Two miles long 2 英里长 four feet high 4 英尺高 前、后位修饰均可的形容词以-ible,-able 结尾的形容词。They get every available man to help you .他们尽可能找人来帮助你。There are no men available to help you. 这里没有人来帮助
8、你。BBS 留言板a.有一些形容词不邀请信做前置定语还是后置定语，其意义不变或变化不大，例如：at the appointed time, at the time appointed 在指定的时间。b.有一旨形容词做前置定语或后置定语时，其意义差别不大。例如：the present situation 现在的局势the students present 出席的学生2.做表语All music is alike to him, he has no ear for music and can not distinguish one kind from other kinds.所有的音乐对他都一样，
9、他对音乐没有欣赏力，也不能辩别各种音乐。只能做表语的形容词如下：以 a 开头的形容词 Alive, aware, alone, asleep, alike, alight,afraid, awake,ashamed某些过去分词 Drunk,lit (点着的)，gone某些形容词 Content, unable,unable,upset, worthwhile(值得做的)QQ 贴吧有些形容词只能做表语。3The two sisters are very much alike. 姐妹俩长得很相像。Do you feel content? 你觉得满意吗？3.做补语 We consider the s
10、tory unbelievcabke.我们认为这个帮故事不可信。形容词分为修饰人的与修饰非人的形容词。例如，不能说 We Consider Tom necessary. 因为 neccssary 是修饰非人的形容词，因此在使用时应特别注意。The girl harmed by the harmfulMedicine.那女孩受到有害药物的损害。 4.做状语 I（位于句首或句尾）At last I got home, tired and hungry. 最后我终于到家了，又累又饿。Ripe, these apples are very sweet. 熟了后，这些苹果很甜。5. 做状语或宾语“the
11、 + 形容词”可转化为名词，表示一类人或事物。指人时，表示复数。指物时表示抽象概念，单数意义。We should respect the old and take care of the young. 我们应该尊老爱幼。 （宾语）The new is cure to replace the old. 新事物一定会取代旧事物。 （主语）BBS 留言板a. 描述健康状况的形容词在做表语和做定时意义有所不同，例如：ill 有病的 ill luck 不幸in news 坏消息 a faint hope 一线希望faint 头晕的 sick （病的）既可做表语，也可做定语。例如：Im sick. (表语
12、)我病了A sick man (定语)病人b. 有些以 a 开头的形容词也可放在名词的后面作定语。例如：the man asleep 睡着的人， the man alive 活着的人三、并列形容词的词序 并列形容词的词序如下：限定词 + 一般描述性形容词 + 大小/尺寸 + 年龄/新旧 + 形状 + 颜色 + 类属形容词 + 过去分词 作定语的名词 + 名词中心词。例如：A beautifuk old white French限定词 一般描述性形容词 新旧 颜色 类属Handmade kitchen cupboard过去分词 名词作定语 名词中心词A small new round table
13、限定词 大小 新旧 形状 名词中心词记 名词前修饰语的顺序 忆 美小圆旧黄，法国要书房。魔 美，描绘形容词;小，指大小;圆，指形状;旧，指新旧;黄，指颜色：法国，指国家;木，指咒 材料;书房，指中心词。必备知识卡常用于修饰人的形容词有：free,Harmed, tired, excited, healthy,Delighted, interested, frightened,Satisfied, pleased, surprised 等。常用的修饰非人的形容词有：Wonderful, impossible, surprisingDifficult, easy, tiresome(令人讨厌的)，
14、necessary, possible, interesting,Dangerous, harmful,useful, exciting,Boring, asduous(艰巨的，费力的)等。4四、形容词的比较等级 1.形容词的比较级的构成形容词的比较等级可分为：原级，比较级和最高级。其构成分为：规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化（1）单音节词和部分双音节词，在其后加后缀-er 构成比较级，-est 构成最高级。形容词 原级 比较级 最高级一般单音节词，在其末尾加-er ,-esthighsmallgreathighersmallergreaterhighestsmallestgreatest以辅
15、音加不发音的-e 结尾的单音节词要去掉-e，再加-er ,-estwiseniceablesimplewisernicerablersimplerwisestnicestablestsimplest以重读闭音节结尾的形容词，如果词尾是一个辅音字母，要双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-er,esthot thinbighotterthinnerbiggerhottestthinnestbiggest以辅音字母+y 结尾的形容词，改-y 为 I,再加-er,-esthappy budyhappierbusierhappiestbusiest少数以-ow 结尾的双音词，在其末尾加-er,-estnarrow
16、 narrower narrowest(2)其他双音节词和多音节词，在其前用 more 和 most 来构成比较级和最高级原级 比较级 最高级interestingcarefulmodern more interestingmore carefulmore modern most interestingmost carefulmost modernBBS 留言板a.有一些双音节形容可用两种方式来构成比较级和最高级。例如：common commoner commonest more common most commonCruel cryeler cruelestmore cruel most c
17、euel另外，这样的词还有 pleasant, handsome,polite 等b.合成形容词比较级的构成，只变形容词。例如：fine-lookingfiner-looking-finest-lookingwell-known-better-known-best-knownc.由分词转化的形容词比较级用 more,most 表示。例如：interesting-more interesting-most interestingd.某些单词音节形容词如 tired,pleased,right,real,glad 等，加 more,most 构成比较级和最高级。例如：tires-more tire
18、d-most tirede.复合形容词一般用 more,most 形式，但如果合成词中的第一个词是单音节词，也可以加-er,-est.例如：kind-hearted-kinder-hesrted-kindest-heartedWell-dressed-better dressed-best-dressed5不规则变化少数形容词比较等级的变化是不规则的原级 比较级 最高级good wellbetter bestbadillworse worstmanymuchmore mostlittle less leastfar fartherfurtherfarthestfurthestold older
19、elderoldesteldest2.形容词的比较级结构 as+形容词原级+as(1)此结构用于两个人或事物之间的比较，意思是“和一样”This classroom ie as large as that one.这间教室和那间教室一样大。 （2）还可用来比较 同一个人或事物的不同方面（a）:或者不同的人或事物的不同方面（b）.That girl is as brilliant as beautiful.那女孩既聪明又漂亮Cathy is as beautiful as Sam is strong.凯茜美丽，而萨姆强壮。（3）否定形式：not so (as)as “不和”Tom is not
20、as hard-working as Jack.汤姆不如杰克努力。（4）前面可加程度状语，如 almost,nearly,just,qust,three times 等。My little brother is almost as tall as I. 我弟弟几乎和我一样高。（5）常用的由 as + 形容词 + as 构成固定搭配。As blind as a bat 完全瞎的;目光如豆as bold as brass 厚脸皮;厚颜无耻as bold as a bee 忙忙碌碌的;极忙碌 as clear as a bell 极健康;极清楚as cold as ice 冰冷：极冷淡as cool
21、 as a cucumber 泰然自若;极为冷静as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛as old as hills 极古老的;陈旧的as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗as quick as lightening 如闪电;霎时间as white as snow 洁白如雪的as easy as pie 非常容易;轻而易举as easy as gold 规规矩矩的;非常可贵as hard as nails 身强体壮;冷酷无情 more (即形容词比较级)+than (1)当在两个人或事物之间进行比较时，用此结构，其意为“比更” 。为了避免重复，突出比较的部分
22、，从句中有些成分可以省略。Tom is old er than Jim (is ).汤姆比吉姆大。（2）在 morethan 结构中，形容词前可以有一个状语加以修饰，可做这种状语的词和词组有：a good deal of, a lot, even, hardly, any, many,much,no,rather,sonewhat, three(four,five,)times 等，记 同级比较歌：同级比较用原级，忆 asas 永不离。若是否定加not， 魔 asas 否前者。Asas 加 not ,咒 只说两者有区别。Soas 加not，后者总是强调前者。6也可用表示度量等的名词词组，但不能
23、用 very.Tom is older than Jim(is ).汤姆比吉姆大。（2）在 morethan 结构中，形容词前可以有一个状语加以修饰，可做这种状语和词组有：a good deal of ,a lot, even, hardly, any, many, much, no, rather, somewhat,three(four,five,)times 等，也可用表示度量等的名词词组，但不能用 very.John is much stronger than Bob.约翰比鲍勃强壮得多。He is three inches taller tyan hids little brothe
24、r. 他比他的弟弟高三英寸。No more than 不过，仅仅There are no more than five apples on the table. 桌上仅仅有五个苹果。Not more than 至多，不超过There are not more than five apples on the table.桌上至多有五个苹果。BBS 留言学习比较级应注意的几点：a.比较级前可用表程度的状语这些词有：much, many, far, a lot, a great deal, alittle,a bit, slightly, even, still, ny far (放在比较纵膈后，最
25、高级前)等。He is a bit taller than I. 他比我高一点。b.表数量的词也能修饰比较级。He arrived five minutes earlier than Mr.Wang.他比王先生早到 5 分钟。c.如有 of 短语或修饰名词，比较级前需要加“the”表示“较的一个” 。Which is the larger, Canada or America?美国和加拿大哪一个更大. the + 最高级+比较范围（1）此结构用于三个或更多的人或事物之间的比较，意为“最” 。John is the tallest boy in the class. 约翰是班里最高的男孩。（2）
26、否定形式：通常由形容词的反义词构成。John is the shortest boy in the class. 约翰是班里最矮的男孩。This is the least useful book of the five books.这是 5 本书中用处最小的一本。（3）形容词前可加 by fas, by no means, much,really, almost, the third 等词修饰。This box is by far the heaviest one. 这个箱子是最重的一个。（4）形容词最高级之前通常用定冠词 the.但当形容词最高级用作表语并且不是表示与其他人或事物比较时，一般
27、不用 the.The stars are brightest when there is no moon. 星星在没有朋亮时最亮。 the more (或形容词比较级)the more (或形容词比较级)，意思为“越越” 。The more money you make, the more you spend. 你挣得越多，花得越多。More pains, more gains. 付出越多，收获越多。The more you have, the pappier you will be. 你拥有的越多，你就会越高兴。必备知识卡当 most 作“非常”解释时，它的前面可以不用“the”,而且可以用
28、不定冠词“a”例如：That book is most interesting. 那本书非常有趣。He is a most efficient publisher. 他是一位高效率的出版家。 more (或形容词比较级)+and + more (或形容词比较级)意思为“越来越”.It was getting darker and darker. 天越来越黑了。7I found it more and more difficult to solve the problem. 发现解决这个问题越来越难了。五、几个容易混淆的形容词 farther, farthest 与 further, furth
29、estFarther, farthest 用来指距离上的“更远的” ， “最远的”;而 further, furthest 除用来指距离外，还用来指程度上“进一步” ， “更多的” 。He went abroad for further study last year. 去年他去国外深造。On the farther side of the street,there was a small shop.further side of the street,there was a small shop. later, latterLater 指时间是在后面的, latter 指两个人或物中的后者。
30、The late edition of this paper appears at 3 p.m;there is a later edition at 5 p. m .此报的晚版于下午三时出版，下午五时有较晚版。Of the pig and cow, the latter (animal) is more valuable.在猪和牛之间，后者具有较大的价值。 older, oldest 与 eldestOlder, oldest 用来表示新旧，年代的久远，或年龄比大;elder, eldest 用来表示家庭成员的长幼次序，其后不用 than 引起的从句。I am two years older
31、 than my little brother.我比弟弟大两岁。Is she your older sister?她是你姐姐吗？She is the oldest of the three.她是三姐妹中最大的。 considerable 与 considerateConsiderable 的意思是“相当多的” ， “相当大的” ， “值得考虑的”;而 considerate 的意思是“考虑周到的” ， “体贴人的” 。There is a considerable distance between Beijing and my hometown.北京和我家乡之间有相当远的距离。He has c
32、onsiderate wife. 他有个体贴的老婆。 small 与 littleSmall 通常指实际的大小。Little 所指的小多带有感情色彩，有“小得可爱” ， “小得可怜”之意。Can I use the small cup? 我可以用那只小杯子吗？Thats a pretty little house. 那是幢很美的小房子。 big, large 与 greatBig 的意思是大，重大（多用于口语） 。Large 的意思是大（较正式，常与 big 互换） 。Great 的意思是大，伟大（多修饰不可数名词或表示惊叹，赞赏等情绪） 。So, I can have a big dinne
33、r today, 我今天可以吃一顿丰盛的晚餐了。thats a large house.那是个很大的房子。I made a great (big )mistake. 我犯了个大错误。 sick 与 illSick 的意思是有病的（可做定语、表语） ，呕吐的，ill 的意思是有病的（只能做表语） ，坏的。He is sick /ill.他生病了。He is a sick boy. 他是个生着病的男孩。I feel sick.我想吐。dont speak ill of others. 不要说别人的坏话。8 alive, living, live 与 livelyAlive 的意思是活着（还没死）
34、（多作表语）;living 的意思是活着的（做表语、定语）;live 的意思是活生生的，生动的（只可在名词、代词之前，不可在动词之后） ，lively 的意思是活泼，可爱的（多指定语）He was alive while others dead, 他还活着而其他人都死了。My grandmother is still living at the age of 92. 我祖母 92 岁高龄依然健在。This is a live fish. 这是条活鱼。She is a lively little girl. 她是个活泼的小女孩。 worth, worthy 与 worthwhile这三个词的意思
35、均为“价值的” 。但 worth 后跟主动形式的动名词;worthy 后跟 of+被动形式的动名词，还可做定语;worthwhile 后多跟不这式。例如：这本书值看。 （以下三种表达方法都可以）The book is worth reading.The book is worthy of being read.It is worthwhile to read the book wide 与 broadWide 的意思是宽（多指街道，河流等） ，广泛的，多方面的;broad 的意思是宽（多指田野、河谷、陆地、海洋等） ，宽阔的。下面为固定用法，两者不可互换：wide interests 广泛的兴
36、趣 broad forehead 宽的前额wide experience 经验丰富 broad-minded 胸襟开阔的wide use 广泛的用途 broad daylight 大白天基础训练 一、单项选择1.This question is of the_ of all.A. most important B.least importanceC. much important D.less importance2. _ lessons ari not easy.A.Our first fiw short English B. Our few first short EnglishC.Our
37、 few first English short D. Fiirst few our English shon 3.Many young people consider it the_ music.A. American best modern B.best American modern C.best modern American D.modern American best4.I dont think that your bag is _.A. worthy the price B.worth of the priceC. worth the price D.worthy to buy
38、5. What a big price!But mine is_ this one.A. As twice big as B. as big twice asC.twice as big as D.as big as twice6.There are_ 2,000 people in the playground.A. no less than B. little than C. more D.as fewer as 7. We think it that young men should _one foreign languasge.A. necesssary, at last B. nec
39、essarily, at first9C. necessary,at last D. necessarily,at best8.Tom was very_ , but he is now a man.A. sickless,healthy B.illness, healtyC. sick, healtyy D.ill, heslthy9. _expensive petrol becomes_, we drive.A. The more, tye more B. The less,tye lessC. The more, the less D.The less, the more10.Holid
40、ay flights are getting_ epensive, so the students want to travel to Tibet this summer holedays.A. more B. more and moreC. less D. less and less11. Are you going to the basketball game?No, the tickets are_ for me.A. terrible expensive B. too much expensiveC. far too expensive D. highly expensive12.Th
41、e population of China is_ than _of the U.S.A.A. more larger, all B. much larger, thatC. no less than D.larger,those13.Two of the little girls have to sleep in one bed, but the other three in_ ones.A. lonely B.alone C. different D.separate14.“She is_ fifteen years old.” means “She is fifteen years ol
42、d.” A. not less than B. not more than C. no less than D. no more than 15. Its six oclock and the teacher is still at the office.I know. Who else would_ he does?A. be as hard working B. be working harder than C. do harder work than D.work as hard as 16. Jimmy Carter is one of the_ American Presidents
43、.A. livly B. livingC. alive D. live17.I covered a distance of _.A. lively 50 miles B. long of 50 milesC. 50 miles D. 50 mile long18. No one can be_ for the job_ he is.A. more fit, than B. fit, than C. more fit,as D. more fit, like19. Ill help you as_ as I can .A. possible B. many C. much D. more20.
44、She went by train_ Shanghai, and then took ship _Japan A. too, to B. to, as far as C. as far as, to D. as far as, as far as 二、用“比较级+and +比较级”填空1. Our country is becoming_ （越来越强大）2. Their life was becoming_ (越来越好)。3. He is becoming _（越来越出名） 。4. When summer comes, the days get _ (越来越长)。105. The water in the wet clothes is being turned into vapour(蒸汽)，
