1、 学 诚 教 育非限制性定语从句定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括 that, which,who(宾格 whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括 where,when,why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作 主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例句 1:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 (that 作主语)例句 2:2.which 用于指物,
2、在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例句 1:The film (which ) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。 (作宾语)例句 2: 3.who, whom 用于指人,who 用作主语,whom 用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用 who 代替 whom, 也可省略。例句 1:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)例句 2:注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时, who, t
3、hat, which 可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。(3)例如:The city that she li
4、ves in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。(4)关系词只能用 that 的情况:a. 先行词被 序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如:He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如:Is there anything that you
5、want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?c.先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用 that,而不用which.例如:d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用 that, 而不用 which.例如:I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that.
6、例如:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?f.例如:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。(5)关系词只能用 which,而不用 that 的情况:a.先行词为 that, those 时,用 which, 而不用 that.学 诚 教 育例如: b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which,而不用 that.例如: c.引导非限制性定语从句,用 which, 而不用 that.例如: 五、关系副词的用法(1)when 指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
7、例如:This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。(2)where 指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。六非限定性定语从句非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容,或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开,常常单独翻译。没有它,主句意思仍然
8、完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有 as,which,who , whom,whose 等,作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有 when,where 等,作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分,that 不能用于引导非限制性定语从句 例如: Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.(那座房子在地震中依然耸立,它是一百多年前建造的。) 2. 有时 as 也可用作关系代
9、词 3. 在非限定性定语从句中,用 who, whom 代表人,用 which 代表事物。 4. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。 例如:Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 5.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三
10、人称单数, 例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 6as 引导非限制性定语从句时,可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as 后常接expect,know , report,say,see 等动词的主、被动语态句。 例句 1Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting.像我们所期望的那样,迈克参加了会议。 例句 27.which
11、 引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多 I指代主句的全部或部分内容时,常表事实、状态、起因等,有“这就使得、这一点”等意思,常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。 II指代先行词有多种情况。定语从句置先行词后面。(1)在“npron num prep which”, “prepwhich”定语从句里。 A). They talked about a movie,the name of which Ive never forgotten他们谈论过一部电影,我决不会忘记片名。 B). China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwa
12、n中国有数千个岛屿,其中最大的是台湾岛。 C). Chaplin went to the states in 1910,by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies卓别林 1910 年去了美国,那时他已学会跳舞和演喜剧了。 (2) 学 诚 教 育The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3830 metres long大坝长 3830 米,是世界上最大的坝。(3)The moon,which doesnt give out light itself,is only a satel
13、lite of the earth月球本身不发光,它只是地球的一个卫星。(4) Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world足球是一项非常有趣的运动,全世界都踢足球.(5) A). Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China,the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam,which is also in Egypt世界上最大的三项人造工程是中
14、国的长城,埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝,它也在埃及。 B). The Nile,which used to flood every year,now runs more regularly below the dam.尼罗河年年涨洪水,现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。(6)先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词,作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。Mikes brother is a policeman,which he isntMike 的哥哥是警察,他可不是。(7)先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句含有对比的意思。 Lily is very clever,whic
15、h Lucy isnt. Lily 很聪明,Lucy 可不是。 (8)先行词是集体名词表整体意思时。My family,which has 35 people,is a large one.我家有 35 口人,是一个大家庭。(9)先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。Last year he went to Egypt,which is in Africa他去年去了埃及,埃及在非洲。 三、as,which 是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时,表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别 ,又在主句末时,有时可以通用。 1He is quite pleased,as/which can be seen fr
16、om his face他非常高兴,从他的表情可以看出来。 2You always work hard,as/which everyone knows大家都知道,你一向勤奋学习。 但是,上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时,就只能用 as。 3This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see像任何人都能看见那样,这头象像条蛇。 4Bamboo is hollow,which makes it very light竹子是空的,这就使得它很轻。 5He came to my birthday party,which I didnt expect at all
17、我完全没有想到,他来参加我的生日聚会了。在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里,一般用 which 引导。 四、who,whom,whose 等引导非限制性定语从句时,指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。 1Bobs father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程,在埃及度过了四年。 2Dad, this is Zheng Jie, who I knew in Paris爸,这是郑杰,我在巴黎认识的。 这一句是用主格 who 代替宾格 whom。3Hi
18、s mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818他非常爱戴他的母亲,她死于 1818 年。4Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital金先生的腿受了重伤,他很快就被送去住院了。5He spoke of a pen-pal,the name of whom /whose name Ive never forgotten他提到过一个笔友,他的名字我从未忘记。6About 2,000people,many of whom were Europeans,worked on t
19、he project大约两千人从事过这项工程,其中很多是欧洲人。7In his office there are nine clerks,the youngest of whom is Mr Liu他办公室有 9 个职员,其中最年轻的是刘先生。学 诚 教 育8I decided to write about Chaplin,one of whose films I had seen several years before我决定写有关卓别林的文章,他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。9We went to hear this famous singer, about whom we had hear
20、d many stories我们去听这个著名的歌唱家演唱。我们已经听说了有关他的很多故事。10Mr Pattis,in whose office Ms King was working,was very surprised when he found out her secret金女士在帕蒂思办公室工作。他发现她的秘密时感到非常惊奇。 五、when,where 引导非限制性定语从句时,作定语从句的状语。1He was quickly taken to hospital,where a doctor wanted to examine Mr Kings legs金先生很快被送去住院,在那里一个医
21、生要检查他的腿。 2We will put off the outing until next week,when we wont be so busy我们把郊游推迟到下个星期,当我们不忙的时候。 3He went to America in 1912,where and when he was noticed by an important film director他在 1912 年去了美国,在那里当时的他引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。 在 prepwhere when 非限制性定语从句里,where there,when then。 4His head soon appeared out
22、 of the second storey windows,from where he could see nothing but trees他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了,从那里他只能看见树木。 5That was in 1929,since when things have been better 那是在 1929 年,从那时起情况就已经好转了。 6I went to bed at ten,before when I was reading for an hour我 10 点去睡觉,在那时以前我看了 1 小时的书。7The southern states wanted to set
23、 up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家,在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。 8I still remembered January 10,on which when he came to see me我仍然记得 1 月 10 日,他来看我的那一天。值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。