1、1994 年试题与分析Section Use of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of wor
2、ds _3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may _4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6_, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _7 difficult for the listener to
3、understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. A of B at C for D on2. A inaccessible B timely C likely D invalid3. A encourages B prevents C
4、destroys D offers4. A pass out B take away C back up D stir up5. A who B as C which D what6. A Moreover B However C Preliminarily D Unexpectedly7. A that B it C so D this8. A speech B sense C message D meaning9. A obscure B difficult C impossible D unable10. A case B means C method D way一、 文章结构总体分析语
5、言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。说话时,选词至关重要。恰当地选词可以消除交流障碍,不慎重的词语会阻碍说话双方的思想交流。二、 试题解析1.答案 A解析 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。本文第一句提出,对于语言来说,首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。First 和 smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。此后,文章进一步指出,说话时选择词语非常重要。我们看到,空格后是一个名词性短语 utmost importance,而所给的四个选项全是介词,也就是说所选的介词应该与这个名词性短语组合在一起,做 be 动词的表语。of 的一个特定用法是:of+表示评估意义的抽象名词 =该名词对应
6、的形容词,可做表语,表示具有某种性质、状况。如:of great use=great useful, of importance=important, 所以 A 为正确选项。2. 答案 C解析 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。前面已经提到,单词在语言中占有首要地位,因此,说话时对词语的选用就变得非常重要。本句大意为:恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中的障碍。likely 意为 “可能发生的” ,不论从语法角度,还是从逻辑角度讲都非常恰当。inaccessible 表示 “难以达到的,难以接近的” ,如:This novel seems to me among the most in
7、accessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。我们知道,说话过程中完全可能出现交流的障碍,所以 inaccessible 不恰当。timely 意为“及时的,准时的” ,如:a timely treatment 及时的治疗。invalid 意为“无效的” ,如:an invalid license 作废的执照,都不符合句意。3. 答案 B解析 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配。上文一直是从正面角度谈论单词在交流中所处的地位,以及它起到的积极作用;本句开始文章从反面角度来讨论这一点。前面已经提到,恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍,由此可以推出,乱用词语将会增加这种障碍。prevent 意为“
8、防止,阻碍” ,用在文中表示“词语使用不当阻碍了说话双方思想的交流” ,正好描述了这种增加障碍的反作用,所以是正确答案。encourage 表示“鼓励,怂恿” ,有促进之意,如:I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做努力。 offer 意为“提供,出价” ,如:I offered him some money for his help.因为他帮了忙,我给了他一些钱。以上两个词语与文意要求的含义正好相反。destroy 意为“毁灭,破坏,消灭” ,它虽然是贬义词,但一般是对已经存在的事
9、物而言,且语气很强烈,放在此处不合适。4. 答案 D解析 本题考核的知识点是:动词短语语意辨析。空格所在句子由存在因果关系的两个分句构成。前一分句的主语是 the words,宾语是unfavorable reactions in the listener(听者不愉快的反应) ;后一分句的含义是“因此,这种说话者和听者的发送接收系统就会中断” 。从句意判断空格处应该填入一个表达“造成,引起”含义的短语。stir up 表示 “引起,激起” ,为正确选项。pass out 做及物动词时,意为“分发,分配” ;take away 意为“取走” ,back up 意为“支持,倒退” ,均不符合文意。
10、5. 答案 C解析 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句。从上一题的分析可知,The wordsin the listener 是一个语法结构完整的句子,因此我们可以推测 listener 之后的部分为一个定语从句。但要弄清楚的是,这个定语从句修饰的不是 listener,因为 interfere with his comprehension(干扰他的理解)中 his 指代的只能是“听者” ,那么 interfere 的主语应该是前面的 unfavorable reactions。因此,我们可能确定这个定语从句的先行词为 reactions,which 可引导先行词为事物的定语从句,为正确选项。who
11、 引导先行词为人的定语从句;as 引导限制性定语从句需要与 such 结合在一起使用;what 只能引导名词性从句,不能引导定语从句。6. 答案 A解析 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。前文一直在讨论不恰当使用词语的害处,本句的主语是 inaccurate or indefinite words,意为“不准确或不明确的词语” ,可见还是在谈论这种害处,也就是说,与上一句之间仍然是承接或递进的关系。moreover 意为“此外” ,表示递进关系,符合题意。该句可译为“此外,不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解传递给他的信息” 。however 意为“但是” ,表示转折;preliminarily
12、意为“首先,起初 ”,不表示承接关系;unexpectedly 意为 “出乎意料地,想不到地” ,有转折的含义。7. 答案 B解析 本题考核的知识点是:句子的平衡。英语句中为了保持句子的平衡,常常使用 it 作为形式宾语或形式主语。动词 make 后面的宾语是不定式时,就常常用 it 做形式宾语,代替后面的不定式。本题空格处填入 it,指代的就是下文的 to understand the 。that 不能做形式宾语;如果使用 so,则全句找不到make 的宾语,语法结构不完整;this 不能做形式宾语。8. 答案 C解析 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。本题空格处填入一名词,紧
13、跟其后的是 which 引导的定语从句。显然,填入的名词在该从句中做主语,由于该从句使用了被动语态,因此我们要选择的是能够与 transmit 搭配,做其宾语的名词。transmit 的含义为“发送,传达” ,四个选项中只有 message 可以与之搭配,表示“传达信息” 。speech 意为“演说,讲话” ;sense 意为“感官,感觉” ;meaning表示“意思,含义” ,一般不与 transmit 搭配。9. 答案 D解析 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词辨析。本句的主语是 the speaker, who 引导了一个定语从句,修饰 speaker。大意是:一个常用词汇中没有详细而精确词语
14、的人可能将事情解释或描述得足以让听者听懂。由此看出,这里还是在讨论不正确使用词语的害处。填入的词既能修饰人,又有否定句义。unable 表示 “不能的,不会的 ”,可以修饰人,为正确选项。obscure 意为“暗的,朦胧的,模糊的 ”,一般不修饰人,如:an obscure sound 模糊的声音;an obscure passage 一段难懂的文章。difficult 和 impossible 都不使用本句型,如果使用这两个词可以把句子转变为:It is difficult/impossible for the speaker to explain10. 答案 D解析 本题考核的知识点是:逻
15、辑语意搭配+名词词义辨析。空格处的名词构成介词短语 in a ,修饰动词 explain or describe,在文中的含义是“说话人不可能解释或描述” 。in a way 是习惯搭配,表示“以某种方式、方法” ,语法意义都正确。in a case 表示“在某种情况下” ,不符合句意。means 意为“方法、手段” ,method 意为“ 方法,方式” ,都不与 in a 搭配,而与介词 by 连用,如:The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。 They did it by a new method.他们用一种新方法做的。三、全
16、文翻译关于语言,首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。说话的时候,选词是至关重要的。恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中可能出现的障碍。通常,不慎重的词语使用将阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想交流。说话者使用的词语可能会引起听者不愉快的反应,干扰他的理解,因此, “传送接收”系统出现故障。此外,不准确或不明确的词语会使听者难以理解正在传递给他的信息。说话人的常用词汇中如果没有详细而精确的词,就不可能用听话人能理解的方式进行解释或描述。Section Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a ba
17、sically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition
18、 with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desi
19、re of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, t
20、his mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from th
21、e market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American eco
22、nomic system. The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy,
23、 the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their i
24、ncomes” means_. A Americans are never satisfied with their incomes B Americans tend to overstate their incomes C Americans want to have their incomes increased D Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_. A prod
25、ucers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production B consumers can express their demands through producers C producers decide the prices of products D supply and demand regulate prices 13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_. A private property and right
26、s concerned B manpower and natural resources control C ownership of productive resources D free contracts and prices 14. The passage is mainly about_. A how American goods are produced B how American consumers buy their goods C how American economic system works D how American businessmen make their
27、 profits 一、文章结构总体分析本文是一篇介绍美国经济结构的文章,主要论述美国的经济以私营企业为基础、以市场经济为导向。文中反复出现的中心词组是 private-enterprise, market-oriented economy system (in America)。第一段:首句是全文的主题,即主要讨论美国经济体制的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调节作用。末句是该段的主题它将全文中心思想换了一种方式表达,分析和指出消费者的需求、企业家对最大利润的追求和个人对收入取得最大收益的渴望这三个因素共同决定着生产什么和如何使用资源进行生产。第二段:主题词是 price system,首句是该
28、段的主题句,说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是价格机制。第三段:说明私营经济的性质和特点,即财产私有,同时还拥有相关权利。二、试题分析11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means_. 第一段第 11 行的“个人想最大限度地扩大收入”在文中的含义是_。A Americans are never satisfied with their incomes A 美国人从来没有对其收入满意过B Americans tend to overstate their incomes B 美
29、国人往往夸大自己的收入C Americans want to have their incomes increasedC 美国人想让自己的收入得到增加D Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomesD 美国人想提高自己收入的购买力答案 D解析 本题考核的知识点是:句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对 maximize 的理解。原文所在句“coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individ
30、uals to maximize their incomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个 maximize 平衡并列,作用、意义完全相同。因此知道 maximize 在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知,商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润,这就是 maximize 的意义。由此可知,消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益,即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而D选项恰是此意。A和B 选项未在原文提及。C 选项反映的是劳资双方的关系,而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tel
31、l us that_. 第二段前两句告诉我们_。A producers can satisfy the consumers by A 生产者可以通过机械化生产满足消费者mechanized production B consumers can express their demands through producers B 消费者可以通过生产者表达自己的需求C producers decide the prices of products C 生产者决定商品价格D supply and demand regulate prices D (商品)供求关系决定(商品)价格答案 D解析 本题考核的
32、知识点是:事实细节题。D选项就是该段第二句 “prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers”的概括,为正确答案。A选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的 mechanism 意为“机制” ,而该选项中的 mechanized 意为“机械化” ,二者含义不同。误选B选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句,补全后应该是“An important factor in a market-oriented econom
33、y is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and (by which consumer demands can be) responded to by producers”。由此可知,消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求,而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。B选项理解成 consumer demands can be expressedby producers。C 选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符,也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意:干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造,所以对那些出现
34、了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_. 根据文章,私营企业经济的特点是_。A private property and rights concerned 私人财产及相关权利B manpower and natural resources control 劳动力及其自然资源的控制C ownership of productive resources 生产资料的所有权D free contracts and prices 自由合同和价格答案 A解
35、析 本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点,即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料(私人财产) 、允许个人雇用劳动力和控制自然资源。第二句是指私人财产的概念还包含某些其他权利,如:产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。尤其第二句的 not only but also更表明了此段主旨。A选项是对上述内容的概括,为正确答案。而B、C 和D选项虽然都在第三段述及,但是都是A选项下的具体内容,缺乏概括性,不应该入选。命题意图要求考生区分段落细节与段落中心是局部与整体的关系。14.The passage is mainly
36、about_. 文章的主要内容是_。A how American goods are produced A 美国商品的生产过程B how American consumers buy their goods B 美国消费者如何购物C how American economic system works C 美国经济体制如何运作D how American businessmen make their D 美国商人如何赚取利润profits 答案 C解析 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。解此题需要了解文章各段的主旨。第一段论述美国经济体制的构成;第二段介绍市场经济的运行方式;第三段介绍私营经济的
37、特点。后两段是对第一段的进一步论述。由此可见,美国经济体制的构成和运作是本文论述的中心。C选项正反映了这一主题。A、B 和D选项都在文中有所涉及,但都是具体细节,比较片面,应该排除。此题还可以通过直接对选项进行比较排除来解题。A、B和D 都在文中述及,分属于三个独立的、不同的概念。其中任意一个可代表其他两个,而C 选项概括性强,可以包括A、B和D ,故C为正确答案。三、长难句解析和佳句赏析长难句The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented eco
38、nomy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.该句的主干是“The American economic system is organized around a economy in which”, economy 前面的定语修饰成分是 private-enterprise, market-oriented,后面是 in whic
39、h 引导的定语从句。从句的主干是“consumers determine what by spending for”, what 引导宾语从句,by 引导的分词结构做状语,而这个方式状语中 for 引导的介词短语又做动词 spend 的目的状语,此外,其中还嵌套了一个 that 引导的定语从句。译文:美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制上,需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individu
40、al consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.此句的主干是 it is that together determine强调句。coupled with 和 and 连接三个并列成分 the demand of
41、 individual consumers, the desire of businessmen to maximize profits 和 the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes。determine 后是 what 和 how 连接的并列的宾语从句,句末 it 指代的是前面的 what shall be produced。此外,注意一开始的 thus 表明该句是前面论述部分的结论。译文:在美国经济体制中,消费者个人的需求、商人获取最大利润的追求和消费者渴望最大限度地增加自己的收入共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。
42、If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.注意句子中的 in short supply 意思是“供应不足” ,relative to 意思是“相对于” 。考生还应该注意 short 的其他用法。1) run short:用完、耗尽,如: Our money is running out.我们的钱快用完了。 2) for short:简称,缩写,如:His real
43、 name was Thomas, but he was called Tom for short.他的真名叫汤姆斯,可以简称为汤姆。 3)in short:简言之,总之,如:In short, they gave him no peace day or night.简言之,他们让他日夜不宁。译文:如果产品相对供不应求,价格就会抬升,从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but
44、also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .注意句子主干是:the concept of private property embraces not only but also。其中including分词结构做后置定语,对 certain rights 进行修饰。句中的 embrace 意思是:拥有,包括,如:The organization embraces per
45、sons of differing political stands.那个组织里有不同政治立场的人。译文:在美国经济中,私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权,还包含某些其他权利,其中包括对产品的定价格和与另一私营者签订自由合同的权利。If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the p
46、rice and permit more consumers to buy the product.该句的主干是“If this will tend to increase which will”,前面条件从句的主语是动名词 producing, 主句的主语 this 指的是 reducing its cost 这件事,定语从句中的 which 指代整个主句的内容。in turn 意思是:相应地,转而。如:Increased production will, in turn, lead to increased profits.增加生产会继而增加利润。译文:另一方面,如果商品的大量生产导致成本
47、的降低,这会促使增加销售商和生产商的供给,从而反过来导致价格下降,致使更多的消费者购买产品。佳句本文不长,结构比较简单清晰,可以当做写作范文赏析和模仿。注意文章的写作对象是 American economy,所以文中围绕它展开叙述,连词的使用亦使文章结构更为紧凑。The American economic system is Private businessmen, ; and the profit motive, Thus, in the American economic system it isAn important factor in a market-oriented econom
48、y is In the American economy, this mechanism If If, on the other hand, Thus, price in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is In the American economy, the concept of private property四、词汇注释(1) enterprise (n.) 企(事)业单位,事业,事业心,进取心; private 私人企业,state-owned 国有企业,commercial 商业企业(2)orient (v.)为定方向,为 定位, (n.)东方;oriental (a.) 东方的;-oriented后缀意思是:以为目标的,如:market 以市场为导向的,test- 以考试为目标的,应试的(3)strive (v.) 奋斗,争取, to/for/against 努力,争取(4)motive (n.) 动机