1、1 诚信比生命更重要！ 2014 届高三英语语法要点精讲（配最新高考 +模拟）专题 04 名词性从句【考纲解读】名词性从句是复合句的一种，前几年高考主要考查宾语从句中用陈述语序以及连接词的选择等问题；近几年对名词性从句的考查趋于复杂灵活，往往把它与定语从句和状语从句的知识点放在一起考查，对名词性从句的考查主要有语序问题、时态的呼应问题和连接词的选择。2011 年全国卷及地方卷对名词性从句的考查占了较大比例，有 18 道考查到该部分，2012 年考查的比例更大，有 20 道题考查了名词性从句的用法，可见对名词性从句的重视程度。笔者认为，在单项选择题中，近几年题干语境越来越丰富，句子结构也越来越复
2、杂，其中名词性从句所引起的句子结构的复杂化占了较大比例，命题人侧重于对复杂句子结构的考查，是因为能否分析复杂句子结构是掌握英语语言的重要能力之一，所以我们可以断言，以后的高考题对名词性从句的考查还会倍加青睐。【知识要点】一、在句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。如：Whether he will come here or not is unimportant to me.（主语从句）I dont know what he means.（宾语从句）Im glad that you are here.（宾语从句用在形容词之后）The teacher i
3、s satisfied with what you have done.（介词宾语从句）That was because he was ill.（表语从句）The news that he got killed in the race surprised us all.（同位语从句） 二、引导名词性从句的连接词连接词 词义 功能that 无词义 不作成分，只起连接 作用whether/if 是否 不作成分，起连接作用what,which 什么，哪个 作主语、宾语、表语who,whom,whose 谁，谁的 作主语、宾语、定语when,where,how,why 什么时候/地方，怎么样，为什么作
4、状语how many/much 多少 作定语how soon/often/long/much 多久，多久一次，多长，多么作状语. . 词义及功能同疑问词whatever=anything that 无论什么 作主语、宾语、表语、定语whosever=anyone whose 无论谁的 作主语、宾语、定语、表语whichever=anything that 无论哪个 作宾语、定语、主语、表语whoever=anyone who 无论谁 作主语whomever=anyone whom 无论谁 作宾语1.that 引导的从句如果作介词宾语只可用在 except，in ，but，besides 等少数
5、介词后。如：I could say nothing but that Im sorry.that 引导的从句可作 it 的同位语从句。如： 2 诚信比生命更重要！ You may depend upon it that all the goods will be delivered in time.2.that 引导宾语从句时可省略；引导其他名词性从句时，一般不省略，特别是引导主语从句且位于句首时。如：That the earth is round is true.The fact that he is a thief got around.注意：下面一句中，第一个 that 可省略，第二个
6、that 不可省略：He said（ that） he had been working here for ten years and that he wanted to go home.3.whether 与 if 引导名词性从句时的区别。（1）在引导宾语从句时 whether 与 if 可互换，但如果和 or not 连用则只用 whether。如：I dont know whether or not he can stay here longer.（2）如果宾语从句是否定结构，则用 if 而不用 whether 引导。如： He asked me if I wasnt going the
7、re.（3）介词宾语从句只能用 whether 引导。如：Im not interested in whether he is rich.（4）引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句一般多用 whether。如：The question is whether you can do it yourself.The question whether he will come here himself isnt decided yet.Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.（5）用 it 作形式主语时，whether 或 if 都可以
8、引导主语从句。如：It is not clear to me whether/if he likes the present.4.注意 what/whatever；who/whoever；which/whichever 的区别。试比较下列句子：Whoever will go to the concert please signs your name here.=Anyone who will go to the concert please signs your name here.Who will go to the concert isnt known.=Its unknown who w
9、ill go to the concert.He wont believe whatever she says.=No matter what she says，he wont believe her.Whichhever toy you want is yours.=No matter which toy you want，it is yours.5.注意 how long/how soon/how often/how much 的区别。How long will he stay here?他将在这里待多久？How soon can you be ready?你多久能准备好？How ofte
10、n do you visit her?你多长时间去探望她一次？How much is that dress?那件衣服多少钱？6.当主句谓语动词表示不肯定或怀疑时，宾语从句用 whether/if 引导；表示有把握时用 that 引导。如：I doubt whether/if he can win the match.I dont doubt that he can win the match.7.what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而 that 则不然。如： What you said yesterday is rig
11、ht.That she is still alive is a fact.8.主语从句不可位于句首的五种 情况3 诚信比生命更重要！ （1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said/reported. 结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.（right）That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（wrong）（3）It happens.，It occurs.结构中的主语从
12、句不可提前。如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.（right）That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（wrong）（4）It doesnt matter how/whether结构中的主语从句不可提前。如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.（right ）Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.（wrong）（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。如
13、：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?（right）Is that will rain in the evening likely?（wrong）一、主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.it 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较it 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。如：It is a
14、pity that you didnt go to see the film.你没去看那场电影真是遗憾。It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.你成功与否对我没有什么吸引力。2.用 it 作形式主语的结构1)It is 名词从句It is a fact that .事实是It is an honor that.非常荣幸It is common knowledge that.是常识2)it is 形容词从句It is natural that.很自然It is strange that.奇怪的是3)it is 不及物动词从句It seem
15、s that.似乎It happened that.碰巧4)it 过去分词从句It is reported that.据报道It has been proved that.已证实3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。2)It is said ，(reported). 结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：据说江主席下周要来我校视察。It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school nex
16、t week is said.(wrong)3)It happens.，It occurs. 结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：他考试没及格。4 诚信比生命更重要！ It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)4)It doesnt matter how/whether .结构中的主语从句不可提前。如：他是不是错了，这一点不重要。It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or n
17、ot.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.(wrong)5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。如：傍晚有可能下雨吗？Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)4.what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而 that 则不然。如：What you said yesterday is right
18、. 你昨天说的是对的。二、宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语1)由 that 引导的宾语从句（ that 通常可以省略）,如：I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。2)由 what，whether (if)引导的宾语从句，如：She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么事。 3)动词间接宾语宾语从句。如：She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她跟我说她愿意接受我的邀请。2
19、.作介词的宾语，如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们的合作情况。3.作形容词的宾语，如：I am afraid (that)Ive made a mistake. 我恐怕是犯错了。that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious，aware ，certain，confident，convinced ，determined，glad，proud ，surprised，worried，sorry，thankful， ashamed，disappointed，ann
20、oyed，pleased，hurt， satisfied，content 等。也可以将此类词后的 that 从句看作原因状语从句。4.it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而把真正的宾语 that 从句放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。如：We heard it that she would get married next month. 我们听说她打算下个月结婚。5.后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词这类动词有allow，refuse ， let，like，cause，force，admire，condemn，celebrate，dislike，love，
21、help，take，forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。如：我非常羡慕他们赢得了比赛的胜利。 I admire their winning the match.(right)I admire that they won the match.(wrong)6.不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that 从句“结构中，常见的有5 诚信比生命更重要！ envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate 等。如：
22、作为一个诚实的人，他给经理留下了很深的印象。He impressed the manager as an honest man.(right)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(wrong)7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为 think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，fancy ，guess ，imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。如：I dont think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿
23、。 ）三、表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be，look，remain，seem 等。另外，常用的还有 The reason is that. 和 It is because 等结构。如：The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.问题是我们能否在那么短的时间内作好充分的准备。This is why we cant get the support of the people.这就是我们为什么得不到
24、人民支持的原因。四、同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导。如：The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.国王作出的这名囚犯释放的决定让人们大吃一惊。2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.他
25、从玛丽那里得知运动会要延期举行。3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1)定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语） ，而同位语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。如：The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 （第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语）The
26、news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 （同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分）【考点诠释】考点 1 主语从句引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词 that，whether；连接代词 what，who ，whose ，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词 when，where，why，how 等。1连接词 that，whether 引导That the college wiU take in more new students this year is true今年这所大学将招收更
27、多新生是真的。Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。特别提示6 诚信比生命更重要！ (1)if 不能引导主语从句。(2)形式主语 it 替代主语从句。常见的 it 替代主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：AIt+系动词+形容词+that 从句。如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。BIt+ 系动词 +名词+that 从句。如：It is our hope that the
28、two sides will work towards peace我们的希望是双方能朝着和平的方向发展。CIt+be+ved 形式+that 从句。如：It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out据宣布计划已经顺利实施。2连接代词引导What we cant get seems better than what we already have我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。who the letter was from is still unknown这封信是谁寄出的还不清楚。Whichever of y
29、ou gets here first will get the prize你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得奖项。3连接副词引导How acupuncture reduces and relieves pain is unclear针灸是如何减轻和解除疼痛的还不清楚。why dinosaurs suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery恐龙为什么突然消失了还是个谜。考点 2 宾语从句引导宾语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词 that，whether，if 等，连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等
30、，连接副词 when，where ，why ，how 等。1连接词 that，whether ，if 引导I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help我认为你应该向老师寻求帮助。I dont know if/whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。特别提示whether/if 都意为 “是否”。一般情况下，它们可以互换，口语中常用 if，但以下情况中，只能用whether。(1)与 or not 紧接连用时。如：Let me knoW wheth
31、er or not you can come请让我知道你是否能来。(2)作介词的宾语从句时。如：We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting我们对你是否参加会议感兴趣。2连接代词和连接副词引导连接代词有 what，who ，whose ，whatever，whichever，whoever 等，连接副词有when，where ， why，how 等。如：She asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class她问我班上谁的书法最好。I11 just say whateve
32、r comes into my mind我想到什么就说什么。Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games began?你知道古代的奥运会是什么时间开始的吗?Ive been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting我一直在考虑如何使我们的报纸更用趣。3宾语从句的语序在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。如：He asked me when we could set out the next day他问我第二天什么时候可以出发。Did you find out where she lo
33、st her car?你查出她在哪里丢的车了吗?4宾语从句的时态(1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。如：7 诚信比生命更重要！ She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday她说她周一至周五上班。( 从句是一般现在时)she says(that)she will leave a message on his desk她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。 (从句是一般将来时)She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)(2)当主
34、句的谓语动词是一般过去式时，其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态。如：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon他说昨天下午没有课。( 从句是一般过去时)He said that he was going to take care of the baby他说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)He said that they were having a meeting at that time他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)(3)当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。如：The teacher
35、told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it老师告诉我们世上无难事，只怕有心人。He said that light travels much faster than sound他说光比声音传播得快。特别提示在使用宾语从句时需要注意下面几点：(1)动词 find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，guess，suppose，assume 等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用 it 作形式宾语，而将 that 宾语从句后置。如：I think it necessary that we take
36、 plenty of boiled water every day我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。I have made it a rule that I keep diaries我每天写日记成了惯例。(2)hate， like，take，owe，have，take for granted 等表示“喜欢；痛恨；认为”的动词或动词短语和 see to 表示“注意，留意 ”后有宾语补足语时，需要用 it 作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。如：I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food我讨厌他们满嘴食物说话。When you start th
37、e engine，you must see to it that the car is in neutral启动发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空档位置。(3)介词后的宾语从句。如：She is always thinking of how she can do more for others她总想着如何才能为别人做得更多。We are talking about whether we admit students into our club我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。(4)宾语从句的否定转移。将 think，believe ，suppose ，expect，fancy ，ima
38、gine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如：I dont think I know you我想我并不认识你。I dont believe he will come我相信他不回来。考点 3、表语从句常由连接词 that，whether ；连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what ，whoever ，whomever，whichever，whatever；连接副词when，where ， how，why 引导。1连接词引导The reason for his absence is that he hasnt been
39、informed他缺席的原因就是他没接到通知。The question remains whether they will be able to help us问题还是他们能否帮我们。2连接代词和连接副词引导The problem is who will take charge of this shop问题是谁将接管这家店铺。That is when I realized the importance of journalism那时我才意识到新闻工作的重要性。特别提示(1)as/as if/as though 引导的表语从句常跟在特定动词后面，如 seem，appear，look，taste，
40、sound，feel 等。如：8 诚信比生命更重要！ It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door听上去好像有人在敲门。At that time ，it seemed as though I couldnt think of the right word当时我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。(2)当主句的主语是 reason 时，表语从句一般由 that 引导，这种用法常见于句型 The reason whyis that。如： The reason why he came late was that he got up late他来得晚是因
41、为起床晚了。考点 4 同位语从句同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有 idea，fact，news，hope，belief ，thought，doubt，promise，suggestion，order 等。1通常用连词 that 引导同位语从句，that 无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。如：They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again他们表示希望我们再去访问上海。I have no idea that she quit h
42、er present job我不知道她辞掉了现在的工作。Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening答应我，你今天晚上会来参加我们的聚会。2同位语从句还可以用 whether，when，where ，why，how 等引导。如：The student asked me the question whether the book Was worth reading学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读。I have no idea why he was excited at that time我不知道当时他激动
43、的原因。 考点 5 名词性从句需要注意的事项1that 的用法。在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中 that 一般不能够省略；在宾语从句中有时可以省略，一般需要注意下面两点：(1)当 that 从句作介词宾语时，that 不能省略。如：They share little in common except that they are from the same country除了来自同一个国家之外，他们几乎没有共同点。(2)当主句谓语动词后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，可以省略第一个 that，其他的不省略。如：I believe(that)youve done your best and th
44、at things will improve我相信你已经尽力了，而且情况也会得到改善。2that 与 what 的区别。that 在从句中不能够充当句子成分，也没有含义；what 可以在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语，意思是”什么，的事情”。如：The hope that he may recover is not gone yet他会康复的希望没有消失。(that 不充当成分，也无含义)Wht he said proved to be true他所说的话证明是正确的。 (what 作 said 的宾语，可以翻译为“的话”)3定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制；而
45、同位语从句是对从句前面的抽象名词作进一步的说明和解释。如：The news that our team has won the game Was true我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句，补充说明 news 到底是一个什么消息 )The news that he told me yesterday Was true昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。( 定语从句，news 在从句中作 told 的宾语)I made a promise that if anyone set me free 1 would make him very rich我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明 promise 的内容)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children妈妈许下了一个令她的孩子们高兴的诺言。(定语从句，promise 在从句中作 pleased 的主语)
