1、形容词、 副词,一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级,1.形容词的规则变化,taller harder larger wider,tallest hardest largest widest,bigger hotter fatter wetter,biggest hottest fattest Wettest,happier drier earlier,happiest driest earliest,narrower cleverer,narrowest cleverest,more difficult more popular More slowly,most difficult most p
2、opular most slowly,oftenest most often,oftener more often,often,often 可以采用 两种方式,most slowly/ clearly/ seldom earliest,more slowly/ clearly/ seldom earlier,slowly clearly seldom 但： early,以 -ly 后缀结尾的副词及表示频度的时间副词加 more和most,fastest hardest soonest,faster harder sooner,fast hard soon,单音节词加- er 或 st,最高级,
3、比较级,原级,词 尾 变 化,2.副词的规则变化,3、形容词、副词的不规则变化,better,best,worse,worst,less,more,most,farther / further,older,least,er / est,oldest,二、形容词和 副词的用法,1.某些形容词只作表语:,(1) 以a-开头的形容词：alone, asleep, awake,alive, alike, afraid, ashamed, aware,He is fast asleep in his bedroom.We are fully aware of the difficulty.I felt
4、ashamed of my terrible mistake.,A. 有些这类形容词，在有一状语修饰时，也可能用作定语。the fast asleep childrenthe wide awake patienta somewhat afraid soldier,B. 表语形容词有其特定的修饰语, 下面是一些常见的特殊形容词及其修饰语, 要作特殊记忆：,well worth doing quite possible quite impossible sound / fast asleep wide awake all / very much alone dead drunken (very)
5、much alike happily alive,很值得做 十分可能 不可能 熟睡 完全醒着 十分孤独 烂醉 十分相象 十分活泼,very: 修饰原级或现在分词 much: 修饰比较级或过去分词,(2) 表示健康状况的形容词: well, ill, faint,I didnt feel well, but the doctor said it was nothing serious.The engineer was ill with overwork.His strength grew faint.as he was getting on in years.,(3) 某些表示情感和心理状态等的
6、形容词: glad, sorry, fond, sure, worth, unable, mistaken, busy,少量表语形容词间或可作定语，但要后置，请参考本文第四大点。,2. 形容词也可用在sit, stand, lie 等动词后或某些结构中来描述主语.,She sat motionless, waiting for their decision. The valley lay quiet and peaceful in the sun.,3.英语中有四个形容词 like, unlike, near, worth可以跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语。 其中 like 常与 feel , l
7、ook 连用。It looks like rain.The book is worth reading.In his jeans and T-shirt, Charles looked unlike a lawyer.,4.It is + 形容词+ of + 代词 + 不定式brave, clever, cruel, rude, silly, foolish, kind, nice, stupid, wise, wrong,5.当 too 与 kind, easy, ready, eager, anxious, willing 等连用,后面的不定式无否定意义。 You are too kind
8、 to help me. She is too eager to finish the work. 当 tooto do 前有 never, not, only, but 等词时, 或出现 toonot to 的双重否定时,该结构的意义为肯定。 It is never too old to learn. She was too anxious not to make such a mistake.,6.形容词作状语的情况： Overjoyed, she dashed out of the house. (伴随) She grasped my hands, unable to say anyth
9、ing. （伴随） He survived after the accident, unharmed. （结果） Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. （原因） Curious, we looked around for other guests. （原因） 作状语时一般放在句子前，或句子后部；但有些形容词有时用在动词后面，表示状态： Many poets died young. I drink the milk hot.,7.副词辨析及两种形式的副词辨析:,(1) ago, before,ago 主要用于一
10、般过去时 before 主要用于完成时态,I visited him three days ago, but he had gone to Beijing two days before. We have been to the valley before. (不确定的过去只能用before.),要注意有些副词有两种形式:一种与形容词 同形, 另一种后有 -ly。有的含义相同或略 有不同,有的则意义完全不同,极易被混淆。,(2) fairly, rather,fairly 主要用于修饰褒义词, rather 主要用于贬义词Mary did fairly well in the exam, bu
11、t I did rather badly.,fairly 只有一种顺序: a fairly + n. rather 有两种顺序: a rather +n. = rather a +n. This is a fairly easy book. It is a rather cold day. = It is rather a cold day.,rather,+ too + adj. / adv. + 比较级,The problem is rather too difficult for a pupil. Its rather colder at the top of the mountain
12、than at the foot.,(3) almost, nearly,almost 和 no one, nothing, no, none, nobody, never 连用；nearly 和 not 连用,Almost no one wanted to stop to have a rest. He almost never attends parties.,not nearly 意为“远不如, 远远少于,相差很远”,There isnt nearly enough time to learn all these words.,(4) easy 与 easily 两词均含 “慢慢地” 或
13、“容易地” 之意, 但用法上有区别，easy 主要用于一些习惯用语, 如: Easy come, easy go. / Easy does it来得容易，去得快. / 慢慢干，别太使劲. 其它情况均用easily, 有时还作“无疑”或“很可能”解。例如：1) We talked about reducing our costs, but its easier said than done2) Sit down and take it easy (= relax )!3) They wont give up so easily4) He may easily be late today,(5)
14、free 与 freely : free用于动词后, “免费” ,“自由地” 强调动作不受阻碍；freely “随便地” ， “慷慨地” 强调动作发生的随意性，例如：1) The books are given away free2) The children run free across the meadow3) The drugs are freely available.4) He is always giving away his money freely to the poor.,(6) late 与 lately late “迟”，“晚” ， 在 as late as 与 no
15、later than 等习语中含“最近”之意;lately :“最近” 或 “不久前” = recently。1)Tom came to school late and missed the first class2)He got here five minutes late3)What have you been doing lately?4)It is only (or just) lately that 1 got a copy of it,(7) loud 与 loudly 均为“高声地”或“大声地” 多用于talk，speak。shout，laugh等词后， 可以互换, 但是 在bo
16、ast，exclaim 动词后用 loudly。在比较级中用 louder，loudest。例如：1)Dont talk so loud (loudly)2)She complained loudly of having been kept waiting3)Speak louder ; I cant hear you,(8) most与mostly most: “极、非常、很”,有时相当于 very；mostly: “多半、主要地、基本上” 例如：1)Youre a most (=very)unusual person2)My homework is mostly done3)They we
17、re mostly out on Sundays,(9) pretty 与 prettilypretty:“相当” , 表程度，意同 fairly，用于成语: pretty much pretty nearly pretty well,几乎, 差不多,1) She was in pretty good health；only a little tired 2) The car is pretty nearly new. prettily 含“悦人地” 或 “可爱地”之意。 1) She was prettily dressed 2) The little girls danced pretti
18、ly,(10) high / highly, wide / widely, deep / deeply, direct / directly, close / closely-ly 结尾的副词表示抽象意义, -ly结尾的副词表示具体意义.,The plane flew _ in the sky. They spoke very _ of him,He kept his eyes _ open. Computers are _ used in our life.,He stood with his hands _ in his pockets.She was _ grateful to you
19、for your help.,The next flight goes _ to Beijing. She answered me very _ and openly,The police car moved _ to the house. The pupils watched the test tube _.,high,highly,wide,widely,deep,deeply,direct,directly,close,closely,8. 比较级中应注意的问题:,(1) 能够修饰比较级的词语有： far, much, still, even, rather, slightly, a l
20、ot, a little, a bit, a great deal, by far,c.f. 若在比较级中出现的中心词是可数名词的复数形式, 用 many 修饰; 若中心词是不可数名词, 则用much修饰.,There are many more books in the library.There is much more water in this glass than in that one.,(2) 冠词在比较级中的运用,1) 表示泛指意义:,- If you dont like the red coat, take the blue one. - Ok, but do you hav
21、e _ size in blue?This one is a bit tight for me. A. a bit B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger,2) 表示两者中较好或较差的那一个, 要用 the + 比较级 + ( of the two ),Of the two shirts Id like to choose _ one.A. the less expensive B. the most expensive C. less expensive D. most expensive,B,A,3) 比较级表示最高级意义,(1) He had never
22、 spent a _ day.more worry B. most worrying C. more worrying D. most worried(2) How beautifully she sings! I have neverheard _ .the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice,4) 最高级意义的多种表达,He is taller than any other student in his class. He is taller than any of the other stude
23、nts . He is taller than all the other students . He is taller than anyone else in his class.,C,D,(3) no more than, not more than 1) no more than :“和一样不”, 指两者都差；not more than:“并不比更”, not 只否定前者，表示前者不如后者。His English is no better than mine. (他的英语并不比我的好。）His English is not better than mine. （他的英语不如我的好。）
24、2) no more than 后接数词 :“只不过”， not more than 后接数词 :“不超过”。 I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. I have not more than five yuan in my pocket.,(4) no less than, not less than1) no lessthan 后接形容词或副词含有肯定意义，意为“与一样”； not less than意为“不比更”，表示从程度上前者不差于后者。He is no less quick at figures than I. (他对数字的反应和我一
25、样快。）He is not less quick at figures than I.(他对数字反应至少与我一样快。）2) no less than 后接数词表示 “多达”,not less than 表示 “不少于， 至少”。 There are no less than 10 books on the table. There are not less than 10 books on the table.,(5) morethan, more than1) morethan “与其说不如”:强调前者。It is more a diploma than a medal. 与其说这是奖牌，不
26、如说它更像一张奖状。He was more frightened than hurt.She is more diligent than wise.2) more than: “超过”, 常接数词词组。与 less than 一样, 也可修饰形容词, 分词或动词,表程度。There are more than 20 people attending the meeting.The population has more than doubled in the past three years.The remarks hurt her more than she would ever know.
27、,1.名词+现在分词peace-loving 2.名词+过去分词snow-covered 3. 名词+形容词world-famous 4.副词+现在分词hard-working 5.副词+过去分词newly-built,6.形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 7.形容词+名词+edkind-hearted 8.形容词+形容词dark-blue 9.数词+名词+edthree-egged 10.数词+名词twenty-year,复 合 形 容 词,9.,10.1)定冠词+形容词:表示某一类人作主语时,动词用复数,缺席者 老年人 勇敢者 死人 要死的人 残疾人 活着的人 被压迫者 出
28、席的人 病人 强者,the absentthe aged the brave the dead the dying the disabled the living the oppressed the present the sickthe strong,2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词, 指这个 民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the British，the English，the French， the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.,the weak the wise the wounded the deaf and
29、mute the lost the missing the homeless the hungry,弱者 聪明人 伤员 聋哑人 失踪的人 失踪的人 无家可归的人 饥饿的人,11. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 注意： You are taller than I. The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 1）要避免重复使用比较级。(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.,(对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is clever than his brother.,2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia,
