1、Grammar,The Attributive Clause,This is the best film that I have seen.,定语从句,the best film,先行词,that,关系词,一. 定语从句的基本定义,放在名词或代词后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。,This is the best film that I have seen.,关系词,引导定语从句,代替先行词,在从句中担当一个成分,关系词的作用,1）,2）,3）,The boy who is reading is Tom.,先行词,关系代词,Hospital is a place
2、 where a doctor works.,先行词,关系副词,二. 关系词的分类,关系代词,2. 关系副词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose,关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：when, where, why,二. 关系词的分类,三. 关系代词、关系副词的基本用法,1. 关系代词的基本用法,三. 1. 关系代词的基本用法,2. 关系副词when, where和why的用法,五. 关系副词的基本用法,1.Ill never forget the days_ we worked together
3、.2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago.5.This is the reason _ he was late.6.This is the reason _ he gave.,when /in which,(which/that),where/ in which,(which/that),why/ for which,(that/which),几种易混的情
4、况,及物动词,及物动词,及物动词, who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.,A person who steals things is called a thief.,whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。,The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.,who, whom, which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,These are the trees which were plantedlast year.,This record
5、er （which） he is using is made in Japan.,which,He is the man (that) I told you about.,that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,A plane is a machine that can fly.,that,whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语 。不可省略。,We live in a house whose windows face south.,This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earth
6、quake.,whose,2. 关系代词的用法注意点,(1) that和which都可以指物，但以下5种情况只能用that 不能用which。,当先行词中有人又有物时。如：,Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?,2. 关系代词用法注意点(1)只能用that不能用which的5种情况,当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。如： This is all that I want fro
7、m the school.,当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如： This is the very book that I am looking for these days.,当先行词被最高级修饰时。如： The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.,当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.,(2) that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用wh
8、o。,(2)用who不用that的情况,先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如： All who heard the news were excited.,先行词为those, he和people时。如： Those who want to go please sign your names here. He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.,(3) whose引导的定语从句注意点,whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。 whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如： The b
9、oss in whose department he worked had heard the news.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。,(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点,whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of which，或= of which + the + 名词。如： The novel whose title (= the title of which或of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting., whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既
10、可以指人也可以指物。,whose的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of whom，或= of whom + the + 名词。如： The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom或of whom the mother) is a doctor is my friend.,(4) 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如： Those who are against the plan put up your hands. Tom is one of the studen
11、ts who were praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.,(4)从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致,The scientist who we met yesterday is very famous whom in the world.that,(2) The dress is new. She is wearing it.,The dress which she is wearing is new.that
12、,(1) The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.,巩固练习：1. 用定语从句合并句子,巩固练习1：用定语从句合并句子,(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.,(4) This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.,He is the kind person who I have ever worked with.whomthat ,This is the best film tha
13、t I have ever seen.,1.The girl _is standing next to our teacheris her daughter.2. The girl _our teacher is talking with is a famous singer.3. The girl_ mother is a teacher can speak English very well.4. I cant find the book _is borrowed from the library.5. I cant find the book _you lent to me.,who/t
14、hat,(who/whom/that),whose,which/that,(that/which),巩固练习：2. 用适当的关系词填空,巩固练习2：用适当的关系词填空,四. 介词+which/ whom引导的定语从句,1. 介词的选用原则：,根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。 This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars. This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars.,四. “介词+which/whom”引导的从句， 1.介词选用原则,(2) 根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。,I remember the d
15、ay on which I joined the Party.I remember the days during which I lived there.,3.表示所有关系或整体的一部分,常用of which China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. I have many friends, _ some are business. A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom,D,This is the pen _ _ I wrote the letter. I
16、s that the girl _ _ you lent your bicycle? Here is the address _ _ you should write. These are the things _ _ I spoke just now. Is that the fish _ _ you asked the waiter?,with which,to whom,to which,about which,for which,2. 当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用whom(指人)或which(指物)，且关系代词不能省略。,The man with whom you talk
17、ed just now is my neighbor. I cant find the pen with which I was writing .,2. 介词位于关系代词前，关系代词的使用,3. 当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用 which/that(指物), who/whom/that(指人)作从句中介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。,(whom/who/that),(which/that),Dad is a person_ I can easily talk to.,Is this the play _ you were talking about just now?,3. 介
18、词位于句末，关系代词的使用,4. 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：,This is the watch (that/ which) I am looking for. The babies (who/ whom/ that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.,4. 含介词的固定搭配动词短语的使用,5. 先行词是the way，意为“方式，方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词用that/ in which或省略。,I didnt like the way _ she talked to me
19、.The way _he teaches English is interesting.,（that/in which）,（that/in which）,5. 先行词为the way，关系词的使用,五. 关系副词when, where和why的用法,五. 关系副词的基本用法,用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing.,My father was born in the year when (= i
20、n which) World War broke out.,1. when,1. when,用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,This is the farm where (= on which) we worked when we were young.,The school where (= in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city.,2. where,2. where,用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可
21、换成“for+which”。如：,There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished.,Tom couldnt give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school.,3. why,3. why,4. 关系副词的用法注意点,(1)当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that 或省略。如： This is the first time (that) the president has visited the co
22、untry.,(2)当point, situation, case等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如： Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?,4. 关系副词的用法注意点,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,1) October 1, 1949 was the day_(_ _) China was founded.2) Beijing is the place _ (_ _) I came. 3) Is this the reason _ (_ _)
23、 hedidnt want to see me?,when,on which,where,from which,why,for which,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,4) Is this the room _(_ _)we were living last winter?5) The days are gone _(_ _) we used “foreign oil”.6) Yesterday, we had a meeting _(_ _) we discussed many problems.,where,in which,when,during which,at which,wher
24、e,对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,1. The room _ he once lived is still there.The room _ I have to clean every day belongs to my mother.,where/in which,(that/which),对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,2. I will never forget the day_I met you.I will never forget the day _ we spent together.,when/on which,(that/which),The reason _ I dont k
25、now is known to him.,(that/which),why/for which,3. The reason _ I dontknow the thing is that I was not thereat that time.,1.Ill never forget the days_ we worked together.2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place _ I visited ten
26、 years ago.5.This is the reason _ he was late.6.This is the reason _ he gave.,when /in which,(which/that),where/ in which,(which/that),why/ for which,(that/which),几种易混的情况,及物动词,及物动词,及物动词,六. 非限制性定语从句,1. 非限制性定语从句的定义,非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。,My watch, which is very
27、 old, stopped again.,六. 1. 非限制性定语从句的定义,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：,This is the best book that I have read.,This is a good book, which is easy to understand.,2. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。
28、此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。,(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。,(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。,(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：,(6)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。,He has two daughters, the elder of whom is married.,He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on studying.,3. 关系代词as, which引导非限制定语从句
29、时的区别,(1)as和which都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。如：,3. as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.,As is known to all, the moon travels round the earth.,(2) as多用于下列习惯用语中,as anybody can see 正如
30、人人都能看到的那样 as is well known = as is known to all 众所周知 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的,结论: as ,which均可引导非限制性定语从句,as 引导的从句可以放在句首、句中、句末，有“如，正象”之意， 与之连用的词有know, see, expect, announce, point out等，常用被动结构如 as is announced(据宣
31、布）； as is reported（据报道）； as is expected(正如所期待/料想的那样；不出所料）； as has been explained（正如所解释的那样）;,(1). The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employedmore people to keep it running, _ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. (江苏 )A. who B. that C. as D. which (2). _ is often t
32、he case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As (江苏 ),D,D,高 考 衔 接,4. “介词+关系代词”结构引导非限制性定语从句，一般有以下几种结构：,(1)名词+介词+关系代词： They live in a house, the door of which faces south.,4. “介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句的几种结构,(2)代词+介词+关系代词： There are four students in the classroom, all of whom a
33、re working hard.,(3)数词+介词+关系代词： Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.,(4)形容词比较级/最高级+介词+关系代词： China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.,定语从句九大考点,1. This is all _ I know about the matter.A. that B. what C. who D. whether2. Is ther
34、e anything else _ you require?A. which B. that C. who D. what3. The last place _ we visited was the Great Wall.A. which B. that C. where D. it,考点一:that 与which 的区别,先行词为all, little, much, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词时，关系代词用,that,4. He talked happily about the men and books _ intereste
35、d him greatly in the school.A. which B. that C. it D. whom 5. There is no dictionary _ you can find everything. A. that B. which C. where D. in that,6. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A. that B. / C. which D. it,7. Which was the hotel _ was recommended to you? A. that B. which C. where D. i
36、t,先行词为人和物的组合,先行词被all, little, much, every, no, 等修饰时,先行词被序数词或最高级修饰先行词前有序数词(the first),形容词最高级(the best), the last, the very, the only 等时。,若主句中有疑问代词 who 或者 which，为了避免重复, 关系代词不要再用 who, which，而用 that。,1. Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A.which B that C this D.it,只用which的
37、情况: 1,逗号后面 2,介词后面,2. The day _ he was born was Aug .20 ,1952. A.on which B that C which D.this,考点二:介词+关系代词,提醒: 介词关系代词引导的定语从句, 关键 是判断介词的选择. 方法一:根据从句中动词与先行词习惯搭配方法二:根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系,注意：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关系代词只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替,Filling blanks:,1.The man _ you shook hands j
38、ust now is our headmaster.2.The room _ my family live used to be a garage.,with whom,in which,考点三 Whose 用法及转换形式,1. whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词， 构成名词短语。 Thats the child whose father is a teacher.,Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor? This is a book whose cover is green.,2.whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可 以指人，还
39、可以指物。,3. whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同， 即whose+名词=the +n + of which=of which + the + n.,He lives in the room whose window faces south.,= He lives in the room, faces south.,= He lives in the room, faces south.,the window of which,of which the window,考点四：as与which引导的定语从句,两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况
40、多用as。 1. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.I have the same plan as you. 2. as 引导的从句可以放在句首, as 本身有“正如正象”之意，与之连用的词有 know, see, expect, announce, point out 等。 e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.,1. _ was natural, he married Jenny.A. Which B. That C. This D. A
41、s 2. Such signs _ we use in the experiment _Greek letters. A. as, are B. as, is C. that, are D. that, is,4. _ has been said above, grammar is a set ofdead rules. A. Which B. What C. That D. As 5. We do the same work _ they do. A. which B. as C. than D. like,Anyone _breaks the law is punished. Those
42、_ break the law are punished. He _ breaks the law is punished.,在anyone, those, he/she/I / they作先行词时, 用”who” 代替 “that”.,考点五: that 与who的区别,who,who,who,考点六: 如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词?,选用定语从句的关系词时，需注意两点1.先行词 2.关系词在从句中充当的成分,作主语，宾语，定语用：,作状语用：,关系代词,关系副词,I will never forget the day _ I first went to school.I will nev
43、er forget the day _ we spent in Beijing.The house _ we visited is being repaired now.The house _ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.,when,(which/that),(which/that),where,考点七:定语从句中主谓一致问题定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。 1.I am not one who _afraid of difficulty 2.Don t choose me, who _not fit for this
44、job,is,am,3. This is one of the best books _.A. that have ever been writtenB. that has ever been written C. that has written D. that have written 4. She is the only one of the girls _ well in class.A. which sings B. who sing C. who sings D. who to sing,考点八 几个特殊先行词后的定语从句:, reason 为先行词时, 如果定语从句中缺少状语,
45、则用 why 引导, 如果缺少主语宾语表语,则用 thatwhich 引导。 the way 为先行词时，如果定语从句中缺少状语 则用thatin which 引导, 也可以省略, 如果 缺少主语宾语表语,则用thatwhich 引导。,1.This is the reason _ he was late. 2.This is the reason _ he gave. 3. Do you know the way _he solved the problem. 4.Do you know the way _Mary told Tom. 5.Do you know the way _can b
46、e used to solved the problem.,why/for which,(which/that),that/in which,(that/which),which/that,7. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time tospend a day with my kids. A. who B. which C. why D. when,D,6. - Do you have anything to say for yourselves?- Yes, theres one point _ we must insist on. A. why B. where C. how D. ,
