1、,完形填空解题技巧,语法（一）：时态和语气,做完形填空的困难，主要是由于文中一些词的缺失，导致文章意思不连贯。实际上，完形填空题是“形断意不断，貌离神不离”，正如藕断而丝连，语法规则起到“牵动荷花带出藕”的功效。在这个单元我们来看一看完形填空中，如何运用语法理顺句中的关系。 语法知识是指导完形填空的法宝，词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的位置，有了语法规则文章才能有条不紊、顺理成章，如介词后的代词必然是宾格；物质名词一般不用复数；形容词必须放在不定代词后；行为动词的否定和疑问句应由助动词do构成；情态动词只能与不带to的动词连用；另外，语法还包括时态、语气、非谓语动词、关系代词和关系副词、分句、语态
2、及惯用法等语法现象等。在这一个单元里我们主要来看一看时态和语气。,时态：对完形填空中的时态题的判断，可以根据表示时间的信息词来判断，也可以根据上下文提供的信息来判断。表时间的词有：since, before, after, already, every since, for a long time, yesterday。 语气：考生认为困难的是对虚拟语气试题的判断。此类试题一般分两种情况，一种情况是带有表虚拟条件句或短句的词语在问题句中，如without，if等，另一种需要根据上下文或逻辑关系来判断。,下面的表格体现的是带if从句的虚拟语气句中，主句和从句相应的时态。,例如：,If I had
3、 time, I would go to the movies with you. If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.,在非真实条件句中，有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。 If I had taken my raincoat when I came o
4、ut this morning, I would not be wet now. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.,引导非真实条件从句的连词if在正式文体中有时可以省去，were, had, should等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首。 If I were you, I wouldnt feel sorry.可改为： Were I you, I wouldnt feel sorry.,有些句子从表层结构看无if引导的非真实条件句，但从深层意思看是存在的。这种情况主句动词仍需用虚拟式。这类句子中常出现without
5、, but for（要不是）,otherwise, but that（若不，后接从句）等词或词组。 But for your help, they couldnt have succeeded. She wasnt feeling well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.,虚拟式的其他情况,1 在its necessary(important, natural, essential, proposed, required, suggested, impossible, strange) that结构中， that引导
6、的真正的主语从句中动词用虚拟，表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等 Its necessary that we (should) set out at once. Its proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.,2 在ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist等动词后，宾语从句中，动词也用虚拟，表示命令、建议、要求等。 I suggested that we (should) go camping tomor
7、row. He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiments was done. 注意：在以上句中insist为“坚持要求”，如果表示“坚持认为”就不用虚拟，例如： He insisted that he was right.,3. Wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望。 I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish he would forgive me.,4. Its (high, about
8、) time that的句型要求用虚拟，表示应该做还没有做的事。 Its high time that he stopped smoking. Its about time that we took our leaves.,5. 在would rather 后的句子中，动词也要用虚拟，表示某人的愿望。 Id rather you left tomorrow instead of today. Id rather he hadnt done anything like that.,6. 在as if (though) 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词有时用虚拟 She looks as if she
9、knew all about it. They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.,语法（二）：非谓语动词,非谓语动词各自具有不同的语法功能和使用范围。分词作定语和表示原因、时间和伴随状语；不定式作定语和表示目的和结果状语。动名词可以做宾 语、主语、表语或介词宾语。因此做非谓语动词的试题，要注意分析其在句中的语法作用，另外还要注意一些词的固定用法。,动词不定式,不定式是指带to的动词原形（使用中有时不带to），在句中起形容词或副词的作用，作状语和定语,1. 作定语,A. 动词不定式与其修饰的词之
10、间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词。Hes a pleasant fellow to work with. Theres nothing to worry about.,B. 有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如：time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan等。 Women should have the right to receive education. There is no time to hesitate.,C. The first, the secon
11、d, the last, the best 等之后用不定式作定语。 The monitor will be the first to come. He was the last man to blame.,2. 作状语,A. 作目的状语：不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般至于句子末尾。但是， 如果表示强调，亦可至于句首。其否定形式为：在不定式符号前加not。 He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted. I shu
12、t the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby.,B. 作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. She left home, never to return again.,C. 作原因状语：不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。 She burst into laughter to see his funny action. The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.,D. 作独立成分：有些固
13、定词组带to不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度， 在句中作独立成分。这些词有：to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth 等 To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.,动名词,
14、动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，有动词原形加词尾ing构成。与现在分词构词法相同，同时具有动词及名词的特征。,1. 作定语,None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room. The speeding car came to a stop all of sudden.,2. 作状语：介词+动名词可作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。 After finishing the job, he went home. He was blamed for having done something wrong. They went to Manchest
15、er with the object of winning the World Championship.,语法（三）：分词,分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，包括现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状语及定语。,1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别,现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表式被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已完成。 developing countries developed countries the touching tale（动人的传说）the touched audienc
16、e（受感动的观众）,2. 现在分词的作用,现在分词可在句中作定语和状语,a. 作定语,现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前： This is a pressing question. He asked an embarrassing question. 现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后： There were no soldiers drilling.,现在分词短语一般都置于修饰词之后： A little child learning to walk often falls. The men working here are all from the rural areas.,b. 现在分
17、词作状语,表示时间 Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. He went out shutting the door behind him. 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when或while： When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.,表示原因 Being sick, I stayed at home. She caught cold sitting on the grass.,表示条件 Adopting th
18、is method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent. Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.,表示让步 Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.,表示结果 It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. It rained for two weeks on end,
19、 completely running our holiday.,表示方式或伴随情况 Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.,3. 过去分词的作用,a. 作定语,过去分词作定语， 如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前，例如： Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?,b. 作状语,表示时间,Heated, the metals expands. When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker
20、near the edge.,表示原因,Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city. Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word.,表示条件,United, we stand; divided, we fall. Given more time, Ill do it better.,表示让步,Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. Badly involved
21、 in the accident, the car is still running.,表示方式或伴随,He came back, utterly exhausted. United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist construction.,4. 分词独立结构,分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语，且能在同一句中找到。 Having finished her homework, she went out to play basketball.,但有时分
22、词短语有它自己独立的主语，这种主语常是名词或代词（主语），且放在分词短语的前面，这种结构叫做独立结构，它常用作状语，多用于书面语。 It being a holiday, I went fishing. Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow. The plan having been approved of, what is most important is to carry it out.,有的分词短语可以独立存在， 在句中没有逻辑上的主语。他们实际上已经变成习惯用语： Generally speaking, we now live in
23、a comparatively peaceful and rich world. Judging from what you said, he is a stone-hearted person.,分词短语自己的主语还可以有with引出：“with+名词或代词宾格+分词”结构，一般也用作状语，表示伴随状态： He fell asleep with the lamp burning. The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.,语法（四）：替代词,英语中替代词很多，既可以用来替代单词，也可以用来替代词组、短语或句子。常见的有do, so, o
24、ne, ones, yours, theirs, this, that, those, he, it, they等。完形填空题借用其语篇优势，常设有此类题。考生做这类题时，要仔细分析句子的语义关系，搞清所替代的内容是什么，例如： .As soon as they left home, the father arranged for an adequate income to be provided for _ of them, but insisted that apart from this there were to be financially self-supporting. A. e
25、very B. all C. each D. none 这里是“为他们每个人提供”，强调的是个体，所以应选C。,还有：You can only find reading materials badly made up theresome are too strange for anyone to believe, _ are frightening stories of something even worse. A. the others B. others C. the other D. some others 在前文中我们看到some，知道空格应该是指的另外一些，所以要用复数others
26、而不是the other。,语法（五）：根据主从句关系作出选择,完形填空中经常出现的一种题型是选择从句的连接词，这时，考生必须要从语法和上下文已知信息着手，分析主从句之间的关系，作出判断。 Another basic strategy is to find a study partner _ it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support. A. in that B. for which C. with whom D. such as,首先，我们判读这句话应该是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词pa
27、rtner，空格里需要的是that 或which；其次，还要考虑介词与代词which之间的关系，一起学习，发现问题，交换意见并提供帮助，这里的介词应该是表示“和一起”，所以C选项符合这两个要求。 More and more teachers and parents have noticed another kind of pollution, _ came from the printed papers sold on streets. A. it B. that C. which D. this pollution 根据语法判断，这句话逗号后面的部分是对前半部分的补充说明，应该是个非限制性定
28、语从句，并且先行词还要做从句的主语，所以只能选C，which而不能用that。It 和this pollution使得后面部分单独成为一个完整的句子，不能和前面的句中用逗号隔开，这不符合语法。,短语、习语和习惯用法,对于这一类选择题，不能利用语法知识进行判断。因此平时的日积月累就十分重要。只有熟悉其意义和用法，才能准确迅速地做出判断。识别短语注意搭配一类短语是由动词介词，或动词副词构成，在现代英语中，这类词组很多而且实用性强、结构简练，使用灵活，表达生动，如break the ice，look forward to，keep an eye on，catch ones eye等；还有一类使用极广
29、的是介词短语，如with regard to，at the age of等。如果平时能注意词组、短语的整体记忆，掌握它们的搭配规律，在做完形填空时就能得心应手，减少失误，提高完形填空的命中率。,例如：有些分词短语可以独立存在， 实际上已经变成习惯用语： Generally speaking, we now live in a comparatively peaceful and rich world. Judging from what you said, he is a stone-hearted person. 这种题型在完形填空中出现的频率很高。 First, _ that your b
30、edroom isnt too cold or too hot. Keep it dark and quiet A. determined B. make sure C. watch out D. look into 这一题就是考查短语搭配的辨析能力。Make sure “确保，确定”， watch out “小心”，look into “查资料，深入地检查，研究”，因此，这一句话中make sure最符合题意。 The youngest, who was not _ ambitious, took no part in their argument A. at least B. at mos
31、t C. in the least D. in the most 这里同样考查的是短语意思的辨析。At least “至少”，at most“至多”，in the least “丝毫”，常与否定词连用，这里表示“小儿子一点野心都没有”，所以选C。,上下文逻辑: 注意上下连贯，合乎逻辑,这是从句子结构来考虑。例如：一个空白在两个句子之间，就要根据上下文的语境和上下文的关系，选用并列连词and，but，or， however, therefore, while, for 等连接两个并列句；或用who，which, that，whose，whom, when，where, why 等关系代词和关系副
32、词等连接定语从句，或用 whoever， whatever，what, who，when，where， how，why，if，whether，that 等连接词连接名词性从句，或用when，where，because，unless，though，even if，so that 等从属连词连接各种状语从句。如果我们知道它们的基本用法和彼此间的区别，填上所选词后句子的意思和结构都完整，上下连贯，把握住语篇的行文逻辑，充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有可能是同义词或反义词，例如：,Some parts of the water are very shallow. B
33、ut in some places it is very, very_. A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous 根据转折连词but的提示，所选的词应与shallow相反，因此选A。 There were once three sons of a wealthy businessman. _ they met, the two eldest, who were twins, used to quarrel about which of them should be his fathers heir. A. whatever B. whenever C. whe
34、rever D. however 这里根据上下文可以看出商人的两个双胞胎儿子任何时候碰到一起就会为了继承财产的问题争论不休，故选B，whenever。,These sellers shout on streets selling their papers well. The writers, publishers and printers, _ they are, we never know, are making their silent money. A. however B. whoever C. whichever D. whenever 这里上下文谈论的是一些相关的人员，所以用who
35、ever比其它三个选项更合适,根据生活常识以及相关知识确定选项,这种题型在完形填空中偶尔会出现，从上下文无法找到直接相关的信息，需要考生利用自己已有的百科知识来做出判断，例如： ,you _the international dateline. By agreement, this is the point where a new day_. A. see B. cross C. are D. are stopped by A.is coming B is discovered C.is invented D. begins the international dateline，国际日期变更线
36、，是人们所规定的，看不见，摸不着，但是可以越过。它是新的一天开始的地方。答案分别为B和D。 但这种通过已有百科知识做出判断的题目并不多见，绝大多数情况下，考生应从上下文的信息做出判断和选择。因此，做完形填空时，首先还是要从语法，上下文等方面着手，实在没有线索的情况下才可以运用自己已有的相关知识做出判断。,细心检查，避免疏漏,全部答案选定后，文章完整了，应再从头至尾读一遍。这也是最关键的一点，这就要求细心检查每一个填空处是否有笔误或疏漏的地方来调整答案。有些考生为自己全部填出了而沾沾自喜，根本没想到不是缺了“”就是少了“s”，或是忘了时态，这是很可惜的，因为从意思上他是理解了、看懂了题目，但因粗
37、心而大意失荆州，所以细心检查，反复回读，能够减少疏漏，提高完形填空的正确率。凡不通之处，必有待推敲的疑点，应从意义、语法、行文逻辑等方面仔细权衡，加以改正。例如：从语法上，检查所完成的句子是否主谓一致；时态、语态是否正确；名词、代词的 性、格是否一致；动词、名词、形容词与介词或副词等的搭配是否准确无误。对于个别难度较大的空项，可以凭着自己的语感，坚持第一感觉选择的答案。,此外，完形填空在不同时段可以进行有针对性地训练：在复习阶段：首先要熟练掌握学过的全部语法知识，牢记习惯用法，特别是动词短语；注意对动词、名词、形容词、副词等词汇英语意义的真正理解，要懂得词汇的内含、外延、褒贬及一定的修辞色彩；注意他们的同义词、近义词、 反义词及其辨析；其次要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习，要有计划地多阅读一些短文，增强英文阅读能力， 提高理解能力。 在应考阶段：拿到完形填空试题后，不要急于动手去做，必须从语法、习惯用法、内容和常识等多方面综合考虑选项；既要理解文章材料所叙述的表层内容信息，又要理解文章材料中的连贯意义、引申意义等深层意义。,Thank you and wish you good luck!,
