1、Grammar and usage,Various forms of a verb, how I was sure to get a good mark. (Line 9) I was determined to be cheerful. (Line 14) I made her promise not to tell anyone. (Line 16),Various forms of a verb,I was so upset that I felt like crying. (Line 20) My best friend Matthew has stopped talking to m
2、e. (Line 34) as a result of his careless playing, we lost the game. (Line 39), To-infinitive bare infinitive verb-ing form as a noun.,I. To-infinitive,The to-infinitive can be used alone or as part of an infinitive phrase and the to-infinitive can serve as the subject, object, object complement, att
3、ribute, predicative or adverbial of a sentence.,1.the to-infinitive used as the subject不定式作主语遵纪守法是每个人的职责。To obey law is everyones duty.了解自己是困难的。 To know oneself is difficult.满嘴食物地讲话是不礼貌的。To talk with your mouth full is rude.,在如此短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。 It is impossible to finish the work in such a short ti
4、me. 学习一些口语对你来说是有用的。 It is useful for you to learn some spoken English.,他自己设法解决了问题。 He managed to solve the problem by himself. 我喜欢读一些体育方面的新闻报道。 I like to read newspaper articles about sports. 安米想知道更多的关于这部电影的情况。 Amy wants to know more about the film.,2.the to-infinitive used as the object不定式作宾语,The f
5、ollowing words are usually followed by the to-infinitive as the object: want, hope, wish, like, begin, start, agree, learn, promise, teach, refuse, help, arrange, dare, decide, determine, fail, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, continue, ask, mean, expect, choose, prefer.,3.the to-infinitive used as
6、the objectcomplement 不定式作宾语补足语 eg. 我希望你能使每样东西都保持整洁。 Id like you to keep everything tidy. 老师要我们今天完成工作。 The teacher asked us to finish the work today. 请让杰克关上窗户。 Tell Jack to close the window, please.,4.the to-infinitive used as the attribute不定式作定语 eg. 我有许多工作要做。 I have a lot of work to do. 我没有一个可以交谈的人。
7、 I have no one to talk to. 他正在找房子住。 He is looking for a house to live in.,5.the to-infinitive used as the predicative 不定式作表语 eg. 我的愿望是成为一名医生。 My wish is to be a doctor. 我们的计划是两周内完这项工作。 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我现在最需要的是好好休息。 What I need most now is to have a good rest.,eg. 他来这儿参加一
8、个重要的会议。（目的） He came here to attend an important meeting. (purpose),6.the to-infinitive used as adverbial of a sentence to show reason, purpose or result不定式作句子的原因、目的和结果状语,萨姆听得这个消息很吃惊。（原因） Sam was very surprised to hear the news.(reason) 他到家发现他的老朋友乔治在等他。（结果） He went home to find his old friend George
9、waiting for him. (result),When we use to-infinitive as the result adverbial, it means the result is unexpected or surprising.eg. He hurried to the rail station, only to find the train had left.,7.the continuous and perfect forms of the to-infinitive 不定式的进行式和完成式 她似乎已经听说过这件事了。 She seemed to have heard
10、 of it already. 当老师进来时，同学们假装正在大声读书。 When the teacher came in, the students pretended to be reading loudly.,II. Bare infinitive,bare infinitive after let, make and have 我会让你用我的电脑的。Ill let you use my computer. 别让那个小男孩一直站着。Dont make the boy stand all the time. 老师让她的学生们5分钟之内完成作业。The teacher had her stud
11、ents finish the work within 5 minutes.,当“make/ let/ have + bare infinitive“ 变成被动语态时，应加上“to“。 工人们被迫每天工作14个小时。 The workers were made to work 14 hours a day by the boss.,bare infinitive after verbs of perception like feel, hear, see, watch, observe and notice 我经常听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。 I often hear him sing in the
12、 next room. 他站在那儿看着行人来来往往。 He stood there and watched the passengers go by. 你注意到有人进那间屋子吗？ Did you notice anyone enter the house？,Notes: Verbs of perception can also be used with verb-ing but with different meanings.I saw her talk to her new friends. (I witnessed the whole conversation.)我看到她和她的新朋友谈话。
13、（我目睹了整个谈话过程）,I saw her talking to her new friends. (When I saw her, she was talking to her new friends. I might not have witnessed the whole conversation.)我看到她正在和她的新朋友谈话。（当我看到的时候，她正在谈话。但我可能没看到整个过程。）,bare infinitive after some phrases or patterns like would rather, had better and why not 我宁愿呆在家里。 Id
14、rather stay at home. 你最好别迟到。 Youd better not be late. 为什么不到海边走走？ Why not go to the beach?,We use the bare infinitive for the second infinitive when two infinitives are joined by and, or, except, but, than, rather than, as or like.我离开的时候忘记关灯、关门了。I forgot to turn off the lights and close the door when
15、 I left.我们决定呆在家里，不去电影院了。 We decided to stay at home rather than go to the cinema.,We were told to have our reading room _ after school.A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned Paul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,Test yourself,THINK IT O
16、VER,Jane was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing,Test yourself,THINK IT OVER,Answers to Sallys letter: 1.to thank 2. to talk 3. to have 4. e-mail 5. to receive 6. to go 7. watch 8. borrow 9. visit 10. Spend 11. write 12. tell 13. to see 14. make
17、 15. come,III. Verb-ing form as a noun,Verb-ing form used as the subject of a sentence eg. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 与他争辩没用。It is no use arguing with him. 自从她开始训练以后，她的游泳进步的很快。 Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.,Verb-ing form used as the obj
18、ect of a sentence eg. 我喜欢游泳。 I like swimming. 他已经写好了作文。 He has finished writing the composition. 他喜欢踢足球。 He is fond of playing football.,The following phrases are followed by the verb-ing form: would you mind, cant help, look forward to, feel like, cant stand, its no use/ good.,put off, keep on, giv
19、e up, devote to,stick to, be busy, be worth, get down to ,Some verbs can be followed by a verb-ing form or a to-infinitive, but with some differencesin meaning or usage .,regret to do: 抱歉要做某事 regret doing: 后悔做了某事eg. I regret to tell you that you are fired.我抱歉地告诉你你被解雇了。I regret telling him the truth.
20、我后悔告诉他真相。,forget to do: 忘记去做某事 forget doing: 忘记做了某事eg. He forgot to close the door when he left.他离开时忘了关门了。I will never forget winning myfirst gold medal.我永远忘不了我第一次获得金牌的情况。,remember to do: 记得要做某事 remember doing: 记得曾经做过的事 eg. Remember to post the letter forme on your way to work, OK?在你上班的路上记得帮我把信寄了，好吗
21、？I remember seeing this man somewhere.我记得在哪儿见过这个人。,mean to do: 打算做某事 mean doing: 意味着做某事 eg. I mean to come earlier today.我今天打算早点来。Missing the train means waitingfor another hour.错过这列火车意味着又要等一个小时。,try to do: 努力做某事 try doing：尝试做某事 eg. She tried to finish the work asquickly as she can.她努力地要尽快完成这项工作。I t
22、ried doing the exercise in a different way.,stop to do:停下来做某事 stop dong: 停止做某事eg. The workers stopped to have a rest.工人们停下来休息。The workers stopped workingand have a rest.工人们停止了手中的活，休息一下。,go on to do: 继续做另一件事 go on doing: 继续做同一件事eg, After doing the cooking, mother went on to do some washing.饭做好后，妈妈又继续
23、洗衣服了。The workers went on working after a short rest.短暂的休息后，工人们又开始干活了。,Verb-ing form used as the predicate of a sentenceeg. 她的工作是教学。Her job is teaching. 眼见为实。Seeing is believing.,Verb-ing form used as the attribute of a sentence eg. 游泳池内有一只鞋。There is a shoe in the swimming pool.他在阅览室里。He is in the re
24、ading room.,Answers to the e-mail: 1.visiting/ to visit 2. chatting 3. Visiting 4. pretending 5. chatting/ to chat 6. Stop 7. chatting 8. to do 9. pass,高考链接,THINK IT OVER,It remains_ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.(06年浙江)A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to seeMary, _ here-eve
25、rybody else , staywhere you are. (06年 全国I)A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming,高考链接,THINK IT OVER,Is it time you got down to _ the papers?(06年 重庆）A. mark B. be markedC. being marked D. marking,Test yourself,THINK IT OVER,Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to do B. doing
26、C. with D. to be doingShe didnt remember_ him before.A. having met B. have metC. to meet D. to having met,Test yourself,THINK IT OVER,I can hardly imagine Peter_ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed- You were brave enough to raiseobjections at the me
27、eting.- Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done,Test yourself,THINK IT OVER,翻译下列句子。 （1） 要学好一门外语是不容易的。Its not easy to learn a foreign language well. （2）我们拒绝他们的邀请会显得无礼。It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation （3）女士们，先生们，我有一些重要的事情要告诉你们。Ladies and gentlemen, I have something important to tell you.,Test yourself,THINK IT OVER,（4母亲轻轻地走了进来，以免惊醒儿子。 Mother came in quietly so as not to wake the sleeping boy（5）我叫小李给你修收音机。Ill have Xiao Li repair the radio for you,
