1、1II. Explain the following terms3. Appropriateness When producing an utterance, a speaker needs to know that it is grammatical, and also that it is suitable (appropriate) for the particular situation. 1. Stylistics (Modern) Stylistics: a discipline that applies concepts and techniques of modern ling
2、uistics to the study of styles of language use; simply defined, a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.10. Field of discourseThe field of discourse refers to what is happening, including what is being talked about. (话语范围)
3、 the subject matter; the linguistic reflection of the type of social activity the language user is engaged in12. Tenor of discourseThe tenor of discourse refers to the participants who are taking part in this exchange of meaning, who they are and what kind of relationship they have to one another. (
4、话语基调) the linguistic reflection of the personal Relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader11. Mode of discourseThe mode of discourse refers to what part the language is playing in this particular situation, for example, in what way the language is organized to convey the meaning, and wha
5、t channel is usedwritten or spoken or a combination of the two. (话语方式) the linguistic reflection of the relationshipthat the language user has to the medium of communication4. Speech eventspeech eventssocial activities in which language plays an important role 5. Speech act Speech act (言语行为): an utt
6、erance ( 语句) as a functional unit in communicationpropositional meaning (命题意义 illocutionary meaning (言外意义6. Language varietyIt refers to different types of a language subject to a variety of circumstances, 2. StyleStyle is an integral part of meaning（1. ） “Style” may refer to some or all of the lang
7、uage habits (i.e. speech and writing habits) of one person（2.） The word may refer to some or all of the language habits shared by a group of people at one time, or over a period of time（3.） The word may be used in an evaluative sense, referring to the effectiveness of a mode of expressionTo sum up,
8、“style” on this course refers to the characteristic variation in language use. 7. Context Linguistic context is alternatively termed as Co-Text, which refers to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. 8. Stative 动词状态的 meaningStative meaning refers to t
9、he situation that is conceived as existing, rather than happening, and as being continuous and unchanging throughout its duration 静态动词 静态动词( stative verbs)指的是一些表示相对静止状态的动词。可分为感官动词、认识动词和联系动词三类9. Dynamic meaningDynamic meaning refers to a happening or occurrence, which has a definite beginning and end
10、. 案例分析1. (After a quarrel between the two lovers)2With a flow of words, she started to argue with him, then she checked herself and said calmly, “Listen, John, I imagine youre tired of my company. Theres no sense in having tea together. I think Id better leave you right here.”“Thats fine,” he said.
11、“Good afternoon.”“Good-by.”“Good-by.”（1）In most cases we tend to conform to the convention: we choose a polite form to greet a stranger or a senior, and a familiar form for an intimate friendIn the above example, instead of using a familiar form, John chooses the polite “good afternoon”, implying th
12、at he wishes to appear cold and distant towards his girlfriend after the quarrel.（2）Style is an integral part of meaningIt gives us additional information about the speakers/writers regional and social origin, education, his relationship with the hearer/reader, his feelings, emotions or attitudes. W
13、ithout the sense of style we cannot arrive at a better understanding of an utterance. 2. Policeman: Whats your name, boy?Black psychiatrist: Dr Poussaint. Im a physician.Policeman: Whats your first name, boy?Black psychiatrist: Alvin（1）Style is an integral part of meaningIt gives us additional infor
14、mation about the speakers/writers regional and social origin, education, his relationship with the hearer/reader, his feelings, emotions or attitudes. Without the sense of style we cannot arrive at a better understanding of an utterance. The word “boy” may be used to address a male inferior. In Exam
15、ple (2) the form is used to address a physician, who is usually accorded high respect in the United States and is addressed as “Dr So-and-so” (Title+Surname). Insistently using the form “boy”, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people5. A: See who that i
16、s.B: Im in pyjamas.A: Ok.（1）In the example the relevance 关联 of Bs remark to As first remark is conveyed by pragmatic implication. “Im in pyjamas” implies an excuse for not complying with As command (= “No, I cant, because Im in pyjamas.”). （2） As second remark implies that he accepts Bs excuse and u
17、ndertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do (= “Ok. Ill go myself and see.”). The lexical cohesion in the text is realized by the collocation of the words that are in some way or other typically associated with one anotherIn this example linguistic units are not overtly cohesive 有结合力的，有
18、内聚力的.3. the manipulation of language in turn may sometimes influence the context. For example(Jenny comes to Alans house. She is conducting a survey for the Government.)Alan: Wont you come in, Miss-er-.Jenny: Cartwright, Jenny Cartwright.Alan: Im Alan Marlow.(Alan shows Jenny into the living room.)A
19、lan: Oh wont you make yourself comfortable, Jenny?(After some minutes of talk, which is omitted here)Jenny: Mr. Marlow3Alan: Call me AlanThe context shows clearly that Alan and Jenny are total strangers. The conversational address form between strangers is Title + Surname (Mr./Miss So-and-so). But A
20、lan addresses the girl by her first name and later asks her to do the same. His adoption of first-naming is an example of the manipulation of language. It is a move towards a friendlier relationship, indicating that Alan does not want their encounter to be formal and distant, as it is customary betw
21、een strangers. In contrast, Jenny chooses to remain formal and distant by addressing Alan as “Mr. Marlow”. with the change of contextual factors, the same linguistic form may communicate a different meaning4. Elision refers to the omission 删去 of a sound or sounds in speech. Elided forms are perfectl
22、y acceptable in ordinary conversational speech (esp. in rapid speech). Yet, when rendered in written form, they often become markers of a very informal, or very casual style, with a hint of sloppiness and laziness in speech. The elision of one of two consonants in a boundary cluster is usually chara
23、cterized as a vulgarism.(Houlden makes a phone call. He is very drunk.)“Who is this?” this very cold, ladys voice said.“This is me. Houlden Caulfield. Lemme speaka Sally, please.”“Sallys asleep Do you know what time it is?”“Yeah. Wanna talka Sally. Very important. Put her on.”In example “Lemme speak
24、a”, “Yeah. Wanna talka” are examples of elision.省略6. But the information had made such an obvious cleft in every skull in the room that the drumer was obliged to see its importance. (Stephen Crane, “The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky”)The underlined part is a metaphor, which means roughly that “the infor
25、mation phenomenon shocked mental state everyone senser in the room greatly”. The extent of the impact of the information on people is illustrated by the metaphor. Its power lies in turning a mental state into a dynamic action (to make a cleft) in which the phenomenon (“information”) becomes the exte
26、rnal force and the senser (“every skull”, i.e. everyone) becomes the objective, affected by the “cleaving”. III.（对比分析） Compare each group of phrases with comment on their differences:1. a desk dictionary / a dictionary on the desk In most cases the choice of pre- or post-modifiers involves the diffe
27、rence in emphasis, in the degree of permanence of the attributes, in the degree of the explicitness of the message as follows,(Premodification confers relative permanence.)Frequent use of premodification in newspaper headlines is not just an effort for economizing space, it is also a device to arous
28、e the readers interest so that he will go no to read the text of the news item, which spells out the meaning of the headline. 2. an oil man / a man selling oil/a man who delivers oil/a man who advocates the exploitation of oil resources(Premodification is more comressed and less explicit than the corresponding postmodifying structure.)
