1、31宾语从句 demonstrate that；特殊结构 otherwise These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history，providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented这些研究人员已经力图证实他们
2、的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。32特殊结构 Legend has it that=There is a legend thatLegend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861-1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm a
3、nd had to be abandoned传说在内战(1861-1865)快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。分句 1 是整个长句子的形式主句分句 2 是分句 1 的具体解释，也是真正的主句。这里出现了几个分词形式，如“carrying oxen” “traveling through”等，完全可以换成“that/which carries”，但这里都作为修饰成分，从简分析33 (并列同位语 a process that，and one that)It is a lifelong process，a process that
4、 starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of ones entire life教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。分句 1 是整个长句子的形式主句分句 2 是分句 1 的同位语从句，是对 1 的进一步解释说明分句 3 是 2 的并列句，同为对 1 的解释说明34 (特殊结构 as muchas；倒装 as was the genesis of life)Lifes transition from the sea to the l
5、and was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。35 (特殊结构 marked by；定语从句 that seemedthe visible sign)In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exc
6、hanges that seemed to so many of the nations farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现,对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。分句 1 是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的分句 2 是分句 1 的定语从句，进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了 “标志”36 (where 引导定语从句；what 引导的从句作 presided over 的宾语)And there were fa
7、ctories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。分句 1 是整个长句子的主句分句 2 是分句 1 的定语从句分句 3 是 2 的宾语从句分句 4 是 3 的定语从句。37 (倒装结构 as did)But as
8、 the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 84 million in 1920the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从 1880 年的 270 万上升到 1900 年的 450 万到1920 年的 840 万
9、，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。分句 2 是整个长句子的主句分句 1 是分句 2 的状语分句 3 是 2 的并列句，同时它是一个省略句38 what 引导的从句作主语；介词结构(art)of，by ，and for所有、所创和所享的(艺术)What we today call American folk art was，indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a mark
10、et for art of all kindsand especially for portraits我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。 分句 1 是 2 的主语从句分句 2 是整个长句子的主句分句 3 是 2 的定语从句，修饰 folks，中间虽然有多个插入语，但仍是一个分句39 (as 引导方式状语从句)But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850san
11、yone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.但是在肖像画的全盛期从 18 世纪晚期一直到 19 世纪 50 年代任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者(人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的) 。分句 1 是整个长句子的主句，中间的插入部分都是由介词引导，可见并不能算作分句分句 2 是分句 1 的方式状语从句，由 as 引导40 (并列句；特殊结构 far from)The sculptural legacy that the new United
12、 States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在 1776 年雕塑作为 种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。分句 2 和 3 是整个长句子的主句分句 1 是分句 2 的主语从句分句 3 是 2 的并列句41(句子主干是 Amer
13、icans turned to foreign sculptors；两个 when 都引导定语从句：occasion when，1770s when；as(in the 1770s)的意思是“ 正如”)0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as in the 1770s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Engli
14、shman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像 1770 年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫威尔顿制造威廉皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。 分句 2 是整个长句子的主句分句 1 是分句 2 的定语从句分句 3 是分句 2 的定语从句42 (add to this the timidity=add the timidityto this 为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：if one adds to this the timidity)Add to this the
15、timidity with which unschooled artisansoriginally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers-attacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人他们最初是
16、被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解 18 世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。分句 4 是整个长句子的主句分句 1、2、3 是分句 4 的条件从句，证据意为：“ 把这些结合起来，你就会明白”分句 2 修饰 timidity，虽然这句的长度最大，信息最多，但仍然只是整句话最终结论的一个支撑。分句 3 是修饰 medium 的定语从句43 (what 引导的从句作 rise to 的宾语)Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would
17、involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达 46 摄氏度的体温。分句 3、5
18、 是整个长句子的主句分句 2 是分句 1 的定语从句分句 4 是 3 的宾语从句。44 (whereby=by which，引导定语从句，表示手段 )Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。分句 1 是整个长句子的主句分句 2 是分句 1 的定语从句，whereby 相当于我们熟悉的 by which分句 3 是 2 的宾语从句，修饰
19、 tell 的内容宾语（因为 tell 有双宾语）45 (which 引导非限定性定语从句)They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970s，which，combined with Californias rapid population growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels它们受到了 20 世纪 70 年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。分句 1 是整个长句子的主句分句 2 是分句 1 的定语
20、从句，修饰 inflation分句 3 同样是分句 1 的定语从句，主语仍然是上一句中的 which46 (倒装结构 Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that 引导的句子做 principle 的同位语)Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness
21、with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的体。47. (there arose是一个存在句 )With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wooden African figures and ma
22、sks，there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉(像非洲形体和面具) 的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。本句为单句，with 引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，真正的主语为 a new surge48 The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in f
23、locks，possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms(possibly so=possibly so that)普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎，但较小的红隼群栖群食，很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可以找到成群的昆虫。49 (when 引导定语从句，what 引导的从句作 moved into 的宾语)In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States
24、，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，and Zuni peoples16 世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。50 During the 1940s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of x-ray microscopes r
25、esisted improvement20 世纪 40 年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而 X 光显微镜的表现却没有改进。5 1(what 引导主语从句；that 引导定语从句)What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected它们所做的就是从这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。52 (out ofinto摆脱，进入)Satire jars US out
26、of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。53 (and 连接并列句)With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectivesscrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speak
27、s in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。本句为单句，主语是 satire,谓语为 3 个平行的动词： rearranges, scrambles, speaks ; With 引导介词短语为伴随状态。54 (that 引导的从句作 reminder 的同位语)It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminder
28、 that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客气地提醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。55. (特殊结构 attribute to赋予，归因于；nor 放在句首引起倒装)Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them。nor do ordinary citizens devote their
29、 lives to unselfish service of humanity军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私地服务。56 (what 引导的从句作 specializing in 的宾语)In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field，the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or
30、no documentation除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。57. (句子主干是 the degreehelps determine，从句 to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed 作 degree 的定语)Moreover，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design
31、 is the best而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。58. (It waswho 为强调句；)It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了独立宣言的最早的官
32、方版本，即包括独立宣言签署者名字并因此预告所有 13 个殖民地的支持的早期版本。59.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks， the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large，but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year.与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使
33、用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。60. (that 引导的从句作 skepticism 的同位语)The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert，mountain，and semiarid plain could pay a profit主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀疏的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。61. (复合句
34、，主句的主干是 the argumentseems fair，其中从句 that humanshad some number sense 做 argument 的同位语)The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group，seems fai
35、rfor studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出“ 多了” 还是 “少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。分句 1 是前半句的主干，和分句 5 并列。分句 2 中包含一个插入结构：even in prehistoric times，分句 3 是分句 2 的状语；分句 4 是分句 3 的定语从句；分句 2 是分句 1 的同位语从句。62. (特殊结构 suchas to如此以致)A useful defini
36、tion of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals，vegetation，or materials adversely空气污染物的一个有用定义是：一种直接或间接加入到空气里的化合物，其数量足以对人类、动物、植物或物质产生不利影响。63 (awarenesswas tied to tremendous growth为句子主干)The acute，growing p
37、ublic awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers公众对一段时间内一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与 19 世纪晚期通俗新闻的巨大增长(包括杂志和报纸在数量和发
38、行量上的增长) 紧密相连。分句 1 是句子主干，分句 2 是分句 1 的同位语从句，分句 3including 现在分词是分句 1 中修饰 tremendous growth 的定语。64 (被动语态)A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry，a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs，which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints已
39、经使用照相测量法(一种通过照相获得测量数据的技术) 对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研究，这种方法产生了一张显示脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。1 是主干，2 和 3 都是 1 : the prints using photogrammetry 的定语：2 是插入语，3 是定语从句。65 (特殊结构 not merelybut also；比较结构)Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids，but also with evidence of upright
40、walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones因此脚印不仅仅为我们提供早期人类软组织的稀有印记，而且为我们提供了直立行走的证据，这些证据在许多方面比骨头分析所提供的证据更清楚。66 (从句 that transplantsare accepted作 evidence 的同位语)In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of worms，shellfish，and all verte
41、brates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals实际上，从海绵到某些种类的蠕虫、有壳的水生动物和所有的脊椎动物(有脊柱的生物)的整个动物界都有证据表明，进入动物体的细胞或组织片断移植只有在来自基因上相容或关系密切
42、的个体时才被接受。67 (特殊结构 much asand as就像 以及一样)In the twenties，jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime had at the turn of the century，and as would rhythm and blues in the forties，rock in the fifties，and disco in the seventies20 年代，爵士乐成为舞蹈音乐中最热门的新事物，正如世纪之交流行的拉格泰姆音乐，以及 40 年代节奏与布鲁斯， 5
43、0 年代摇滚乐，和 70 年代迪斯科将会流行一样。68 (when 引导的定语从句修饰 1775；flown upon对 表示不满)They made these quilt until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775， when everything English came to be frowned upon他们一直做这种被子，直到 1775 年美国革命来临，当时美国人对英国的任何东西都表示不满。69 (特殊结构 to the exclusion of 除的存在)Growing tightly packed together and
44、 collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.一片红赤杨树紧紧长在一起，枝叶共同编织出一个厚密的树顶，它们能够完全占领一个地方，以致排除几乎任何其他东西的生长。70 (介词提前的定语从句：with which，其中 which 指前面的 diversions)In taking up a new life across the Atlantic，t
45、he early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life在越过大西洋开始新生活后，美国早期的欧洲移民并没有抛弃他们的祖先传统上借以解闷的消遣。71 Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also thanks
46、to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.单独居住的农场居民不仅发现在娱乐中很难找到伴侣，而且，由于来自工作的无休止的要求和压力，他们觉得必须把实用目的与乐趣结合起来。72 (特殊结构 asas像一样)The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the
47、experimental psychologist.对像意识这样个人化的经历的科学研究令人沮丧，它远非实验心理学家通常的研究工具所能胜任。73 (倒装句：Among the species of seabirdsare=are among the species of seabirds)Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young are common m
48、urres, Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets夏天在加拿大大西洋沿岸迎风的悬崖上交配、产卵并抚育后代的海鸟中有普通海鸦、大西洋海鹦、黑脚三趾鸥和北部塘鹅。分句 1. Among the species of seabirds are common murres, Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets分句 2. use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada
49、 in the summer to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young1 是倒装结构，正常的句子顺序是：Common murres, Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets are among the species of seabirds. 主宾颠倒，是因为宾语 seabirds 后边跟着一个定语从句 2.74 (The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives fromand from为句子主干)The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks，and from ravens
