1、 Step 1 非谓语动词概述1 非谓语动词概念非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成，仍具有动词的性质与意义，但不作谓语动词使用，而具有除谓语外其它语法功能。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive） ；动名词（the Gerund） ；现在分词（the Present Participle） ；过去分词（the Past Participle） 。2 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：构成非谓语形式 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构特征和作用不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been donefor sb. to do sth.具
2、有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done分词 过去分词 done具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done在非谓语前加notsbs doing 具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语3 非谓语动词的句法功能句子成分非谓语 主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语不定式 动名词 （极少） 现在分词 过去分词 4.非谓语动词的结构形式主动形式 被动形式动词不定式 to do to be done现
3、在分词一般式 doing being done现在分词完成式 having done having been done过去分词 doneStep 2 动名词的用法动名词是由动词转化而来，在句中起名词的作用，但有保持动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成动名词短语；也可以有其逻辑主语,从而构成动名词的复合结构。动名词所带的逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词、宾格代词、名词所有格或普通格。1.动名词复合结构的形式其形式有如下两种：a)名词所有格/物主代词+动名词 ，如：I insist on Marys going there. 我坚持要玛丽到那儿去。I have not heard of your
4、 being ill. 我没听说你病了。b)名词通格/人称代词宾格+动名词 ，如：1. Usually at the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed, and lessons repeated at the top of the childrens voices could be heard out in the street.2. In fact, I think its very much nicer without him, if you dont mind me saying so. 注意：
5、在上述例句中，动名词前的逻辑主语与句子主语不同。 如果主语相同，则不用逻辑主语，只用动名词。试比较：I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time. 在确定逻辑主语的格的形式时须注意以下几点：1）动名词复合结构作主语和表语时一般用名词所有格或物主代词；该主语被看做是单数，其谓语用单数。例如：Nixons visiting China marked a new era between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.尼克松访问中国标志着中美外交关系进入一个新的时代。The main troub
6、le is their not having enough money. 主要问题是他们没有足够的钱。2) 在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。例如：The doctor does not mind me /my eating a little meat occasionally.大夫并不反对我偶尔吃一点肉。3）如果逻辑主语是一个短语或有修饰语， 一般用名词通格或人称代词的宾格的形式。例如：The teacher insisted on the boy who threw the eraser apologizing. 老师支持要那个扔
7、掉刷子的男孩道歉。I insist on both of them coming in time. 我坚持要他们两人准时来。Do you remember Mary and her mother coming to see us last year?4) 动名词的复合结构做主语和表语，无生命的事物名词作逻辑主语时一般采用通格形式。例如：The suggestion of the meeting being put off was not adopted by the chairman.延期召开会议的建议没有被主席采纳。2. 动名词复合结构的功能1）作主语 His coming home lat
8、e worries his mother.Johns coming here will get us out of trouble.约翰的到来将会使我们脱离困境。2）作动词或短语动词的宾语I dont remember him/his giving me that book. 我记得他给过我那本书。Do you mind my /me smoking?我抽烟你介意吗？Her parents insisted on her studying medicine. 她父母坚持要她学医。Have you heard of my sisters winning the contest? 我妹妹在竞赛中获
9、胜的事你听说了吗？3）作介词宾语I dont like the idea of our living here. 我不愿意我们住在这里。I knew nothing about the window being open.我一点也不知道窗户敞开着。He left the city without our knowing it 他离开城市我们大家都不知道。.4）作表语What is most important is Toms going there at once.The main trouble is their not having enough money.3. 判断动名词复合结构的方式
10、 主语位置上，或动词、介词后的“名词代词 + 非谓语动词“，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是“ 名词 + 定语。请看以下各例： He insisted on the windows _ open while he was sleeping. A. left B. being left C. leaving D. be left insist on 后不接从句， D 可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求“ 开着窗子睡觉“，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为 B。 The road _ caused us to be for our work for half an hour. A. blo
11、cked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked 做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是“交通堵塞 “，而不是“被堵的道路“，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为 D。 The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是“被录取的孩子“ ，介词 of 后不可能接从句，说明 of 后为动名词
12、的复合结构，答案是 C。A 类：1. While shopping, people sometimes cant help into buying something they dont really need. A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 2. He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to do C. being doing D. to be done3. How about the
13、two of us _ a walk down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 4. Sara never dreamed of _ a chance for her to be admitted to Harvard University without taking any exam.A. there being B. being C. there would be D. there to be5. Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very so
14、on. A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance 6. I live in the house with its door_to the south.（这里 with 结构作定语）A. facing B. faces C. faced D. being faced7. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B.
15、 settling C. to settle D. being settled 8. The furniture _on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident .A. being delivered B. having delivered C. having been delivered D. delivered9 Have you considered _a course in business for artist？A. your taking B. taking C you taking D being t
16、aken10. Her mother has no objection to _TV once Mary has finished her homework.A .her watching B. watching C. she watching D. she watchesB 类1. _ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attend B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The presi
17、dents attending 2. I would appreciate back this afternoon. (MET92)A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling3. Simon was not asked to join the club, _ insufficiently popular with all the members.A. considering B. being considered C having considered D to be considered 4. Both of my pare
18、nts insisted _ a computer for me, but I dont think it is necessary.A. to buy B. buying C. on buying D. in buying5. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make6. I would appreciate _ it a secret.
19、 A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep C 类1. What worried the child most was _ to visit his mother in the hospital. A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed 2. _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her par
20、ents wished for.A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girls being educated D. The girl to be educated3. _ for school once in a while often makes Mr. Smith angry. A. Tom being late B. Tom to be late C. For Tom being late D. Toms being late 4. Anyone _ trying to take knives on heard fli
21、ghts would be caught by the police. A. finds B. found C. being found D. will findThe discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught4.动名词的否定式：not + 动名词动名词否定式直接在动名词前加 not。动名词一般式的否定式: not doing动名词完成式的否定式: not + having
22、 done; having never done否定式是将否定词 not 置于动名词之前。若动名词为完成式或被动式，否定词 not 应置于整个结构之前。如：Dont be angry with me for not having write to you. (我没给你写信请别生我的气。)He felt bad for not being able to lend a hand. (他因不能帮忙感到遗憾。)I am sure you will excuse me for not speaking to you first. (我肯定你会原谅我事先没跟你说。)He said he so much
23、regretted not being able to swim. (他说他对不会游泳感到非常遗憾。)She was angry about not having been invited. (她没被邀请很生气。)I must offer my apology for not coming to your party. (我没来参加你的晚会，必须向你道歉。)【注】若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。 如：Im surprised at your not having noticed. (你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。)Jennys not having been trained as
24、a dancer is her one regret. (杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。)例题：1. Victor apologized for to inform me of the change in the plan. 【2004 上海春】 A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able解析：apologize for sth./doing sth. 为某事或作某事而道歉2. What worried the child most was to vi
25、sit his mother in the hospital. 【1998 上海】A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed解析：动名词的复合结构作表语。动名词作表语，表示抽象的动作或行为。带逻辑主语的动名词复合结构也可做表语。不定式作表语，表示具体的动作。带逻辑主语或疑问副词的不定式也可以用表语。分词作表语：现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征；过去分词作表语，表示主语所在的状态。另外，有关于否定的一个特殊结构： “There + be + no +
26、 V-ing” 结构。 例如：Theres no saying what hell be doing next.Theres no telling what hes going to do.Theres no knowing 1.I wouldnt advise there by bus, because it is too crowded.A. and go B. to go C. to going D. going2.With modern traffic control facilities speeder cant expect to escape detected and fined
27、.A. to be B. being C. to have been D. having been3.I really dont risk the children these awful programs.A. to see B. having seen C. to seeing D. seeing4.Its strange that she didnt mention him at the party.A. to meet B. to meeting C. meeting D. met5.I dont mind to the party.A. being not invited B. to
28、 be not invited C. not being invited D. bot to be invited6._ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed7.The girl made her mother angry by not taking her medicine.=The the medicine made her mother an
29、gry.8.The girl is nervous for ( never speak) in public.9.They apologized for _ (not wait) for us.5.动名词的被动式一、动名词基本构成形式语态时态主 动 被 动一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done二、动名词被动的时态1被动一般式 句子的主语是动名词（被动式）的逻辑主语如：He came in without being asked.He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment.He
30、came to the party without being invited 他 未 被 邀 请 就 来 到 了 晚 会 。2. 被动完成式动作在谓语动词动作之前发生如：She doesnt remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad .她不记得曾经被给予过一次出国的机会。He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他 忘 记 五 岁 时 曾 被 带 到 广 州 去 过 。 3. 例解例（1）：While shopping，people
31、 sometimes can t help _ into buying something they dont really need（1996 上海）A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 解析：答案 C。根据句意，cant help 是“ 抑制不砖 、 “情不自禁”的意思。其后应接动名词作宾语。在此句中， people 与 persuade 之间是动宾关系，所以应用动名词的被动式。 例（2）:Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party （2000 上海） A.hav
32、ing not been invited B.not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 解析：答案 D。动名词的否定式作介词的宾语。由于 Tony 未被邀请在先，不高兴在后，所以采用了完成式的形式。三、动名词被动的用法1.动名词的被动作主语(2002) _to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed2
33、.动名词的被动作宾语 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我 们 必 须 阻 止 空 气 被 污 染 。 动名词在 need，want，require，be worth 后接宾语，常以主动形式来表示被动意义.of be worthy of being done/ to be done This book is worthy of being read / to be read.这本书值
34、得一读。need/ want/ require doing sth / to be done (需要做)eg. My bike needs repairing / to be repaired.3.动名词被动作表语(1998) What worried the child most was _to visit his mother in the hospital.A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed4动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构在句中
35、作宾语时，名词可用普通格代替所有格，代词可用宾格形式代替形容词性物主代词。eg.I dont like you/ your/ Tom / Toms being late.但是动名词作主语时，只能用 your / Toms being late 形式。例:What worried the child most was _ to visit his mother in the hospital （1998 上海）A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. his being not allowed D. having not been allow
36、ed 解析：答案 B。动名词复合结构的否定式应把否定词 not 放在物主代词之后、动名词之前。child 和 allow 之间为动宾关系，所以就用其被动式。 A 类题目1.No one enjoys_ at.A. laughing B. to laugh C. being laughed D. to be laughed 2.He was afraid _ for being late.A. of seeing B. of being seen C. to be seen D. to have seen3.I still remember _ to my home town when I wa
37、s young.A. taking B. taken C. being taken D. to take4._by the teacher to leave the classroom made him feel ashamed.A. Asked B. Being asked C. Having asked D. To have asked5.Do you remember _to professor Smith during your last visit?A. to be introduced B. being introduced C. having introduced D. to h
38、ave introduced6.What I really mean is the noise of _.A. the desk being opened and shut B. the desks opening and shutC. the desks opening and shutting D. the desks opening and shutting7.The hungry boy couldnt resist _to do such a foolish thing.A. to tempt B. to be tempted C. on being tempted D. being
39、 tempted 8. We were lucky that we just escaped _ the rain A. being caught in B. to be caught in C. catching D. to catch9. Some foods are eaten without _.A. well absorbing B. being well absorbed C. absorbing D. well absorbed10.Articles(物品) used by patients must be disinfected(消毒) before _others.A. us
40、ing B. being used by C. used by D. being using11. He attended the party without _. A. invited B. inviting C. having invited D. being invited12. The thief took away the womans wallet without_. A. being seen B. seeing C. him seeing D. seeing himB 类题目1.You must do something to prevent your house _.A. t
41、o be broken in B. from being broken inC. to break in D. from breaking in 2.Anything worth_ is worthy of _ well.A. doing；being done B. doing；doingC. to be done； to be done D. to be done；being done3.While shopping, people sometimes can not help _ into buying something they do not really need.A. to per
42、suade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded4.The man caught hold of the side of the lifeboat and narrowly escaped_.A. to be drowned B. from drowning C. being drowned D. from being drowned5.They couldnt stand _ by the host at the party.A. to be neglected B. being neglected C. neglected D.
43、that they were neglected6.It is a common sense that new idea have to be tested many times before_.A. fully accepted B. being fully accepted C. fully accepted D. been accepted f7.She was lucky enough by the carA. missing being hit B. to miss hitting C. missing to be hit D. to miss being hit8.By _, wa
44、ter can be changed into gas. (参考: If _, water can be changed into gas.) A. heating B. being heated C. having heated D. heated9.No one can avoid _ by advertisements. A. to be influenced B. being influenced C. influencing D. having influence C 类题目1.The thief drove as fast as he could to escape _ by th
45、e police.A. to be caught B. he caught C. being caught D. catching 2.Tom was unhappy for _to the party.A. having not been invited B. not having invitedC. having not invited D. not having been invited3. The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the chief having caught B. catch the chief C. the chief b
46、eing caught D. the chief to be caught4.The library needs , but it will have to wait until Sunday A. cleaning B. to clean C. clean D. being cleaned5.The classroom wants _.A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning6.After operation, the patients condition, far from_, became worse than before. A. improving B. being improved C. having been improved D. improved7.This X-ray machine needs _.A. repairing B. to repair C. repaired D. being repa
