1、1六、推理判断写作意图题(2018镇江一模)Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family.But we rarely consider that everything we think，feel，do，or say can spread far beyond the people we know.Conversely(相反地)，our friends and family serve as conduits(渠道) for us to be influenced by hu
2、ndreds or even thousands of other people.In a kind of social chain reaction，we can be deeply affected by events we do not witness that happen to people we do not know.As part of a social network，we go beyond ourselves，for good or ill，and become a part of something much larger.Our connectedness carri
3、es with it fundamental implications(影响) for the way we understand the human condition.Social networks have value precisely because they can help us to achieve what we could not achieve on our own.Yet，social-network effects are not always positive.Depression，obesity，financial panic，and violence also
4、spread.Social networks，it turns out，tend to magnify(放大) whatever they are seeded with.Partly for this reason，social networks are creative.And what these networks create does not belong to any one individualit is shared by all those in the network.In this way，a social network is like a commonly owned
5、 forest：we 2all stand to benefit from it，but we also must work together to ensure it remains healthy and productive.While social networks are fundamentally and distinctively human，and can be seen everywhere，they should not be taken for granted.If you are happier or richer or healthier than others，it
6、 may have a lot to do with where you happen to be in the network，even if you cannot recognize your own location.And it may have a lot to do with the overall structure of the network，even if you cannot control that structure at all.And in some cases，the process feeds back to the network itself.A pers
7、on with many friends may become rich and then attract even more friends.This rich-get-richer dynamic means social networks can dramatically reinforce two different kinds of inequality in our society：situational inequality and positional inequality.Lawmakers have not yet considered the consequences o
8、f positional inequality.Still，understanding the way we are connected is an essential step in creating a more just society and in carrying out public policies affecting everything from public health to the economy.We might be better off vaccinating(接种疫苗) centrally located individuals rather than weak
9、 individuals.We might be better off helping interconnected groups of people to avoid criminal behaviour rather than preventing or punishing crimes one at a time.If we want to understand how society works，we need to fill in the missing links between individuals.We need to understand how interconnecti
10、ons and interactions between people give rise to wholly new aspects of human experience that are not present in the individuals themselves.If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.语 篇 解 读 本 文 是 一 篇 议 论 文 。 主 要 论 述 了 人 际 关 系 和
11、 社 会 网 络 的 重 要 性 。1What can be inferred from the first paragraph?AWe cant be easily affected by strangers.BWe are connected and form a social network.3CWe have negative effects on other social members.DWe will not make a difference in a specific group.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是最后一句可知，人与人之间是相互联系相互影响的，
12、从而形成一个社会网络。2Why is a social network like a commonly owned forest?ABecause it remains healthy and productive.BBecause it tends to magnify negative things.CBecause it is creative and shared by people in the whole society.DBecause what it creates can be enjoyed by everyone in the network.答案 D解析 细节理解题。根
13、据第三段第二句可知，这种网络创造出来的产品并不属于任何个人，而是整个网络里面的人所共享的。3We can learn from Paragraph 4 that .Awhether we are richer depends on the number of friends we makeBthe wealth we possess has nothing to do with individual continuous effortsCsometimes our success may be largely due to our position in social networksDwe
14、wont succeed unless we fully control the overall structure of the network答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句可知，我们的成功与我们在社交网络中所处的位置有很大的关系。4Whats the authors purpose of writing the passage?ATo introduce the characteristics of social networks.BTo urge people to understand how our society works.CTo show the significa
15、nce of understanding social networks.DTo explain the possible consequences of ignoring social networks.答案 C解析 写作意图题。根据最后一段最后一句“If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we 4inhabit.”可知，文章旨在表明社会关系网的重要性。一、题型解读各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作意图/目的题。设问形式常有：
16、1整篇文章的写作意图/目的：(1)The author writes this passage in order to .(2)The author of the passage aims to .(3)The purpose of the passage is to .(4)What is the main purpose of the passage?(5)What is the authors intention of writing this passage?(6)The author of the story wants to tell us that .2某处细节的写作意图/目的：
17、(1)The author uses.in the first paragraph to .(2)The author uses the example of.to .(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to .(4)Why does the author mention.in the first paragraph?二、解题技巧1文体特点推意图(1)记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。(2)广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的
18、语言。(3)说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。(4)议论文：提出论点进行论证得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。2看写作手法找答案(1)在文章开头提出问题或介绍与主题有关的其他事物时答案中往往会含有 to bring in/to introduce the topic等字眼。(2)举例或引用某人的话时答案中往往会含有 to support/to show.例如：【感悟体会】中的第 4题，文章为议论文，文章先提出论点，再进行论证，最后得出5结论，因此通过最后一段所给信息可知文章旨在表明社会关系的重要性。A(2018湖南第二次联考)In my very firs
19、t job with some 1archaeologists，I wasnt digging objects out of the ground，instead I was employed as an artist，drawing what they found.However，I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them and thats how my career in archaeology started.I still draw what I find in m
20、y work as a specialist on the Silk Road，the old trade route running from Egypt to Mongolia，and I also work on some underwater projects too.In archaeology，my all-time hero is an American called Raphael Pumpelly.I first heard about him when I was a student on a trip to Turkmenistan，a country right in
21、the heart of Asia.To get around the country，I had to learn Russian so that I could speak to the local people.When I got there I thought， “Wow! Im one of the first Americans here！” Then an old man told me about an American archaeologist，Raphael Pumpelly，who was there doing the same thing over 100 yea
22、rs ago.Archaeologys in my family.My wifes in the same 2profession，and，although our two boys arent interested in the future in archaeology themselves，weve been on some great digs together and they love what we do because they get to travel with us.Last summer，we took them to Lake Titicaca in South Am
23、erica，in the high areas of the Andes mountain range.My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast.Theres very little rain and its so dry that everything is kept as it was.In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，I picked up a 700-year-
24、old mat in front of the house and there，under it，after all that time，was the house key with the owners name carved on it.It felt like he could be on his way home any minute! And I thought， “Hey，I do just that.This mans not much different to me！”6语篇解读 作者在文章中介绍了自己喜欢做考古学家的原因，并讲述了自己在各地考古的经历和感受。1While wo
25、rking in Egypt，what did the writer find so interesting?AThat people from different centuries could be so similar.BThe fact that the doormat was in such good condition.CThe way the people managed to live in such a dry place.DThat there had been so much trade in that area.答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“My best
26、experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast.”和此段最后一句可知，作者看见了地垫下的钥匙，感觉700年前的那个人就在回家的路上，感觉彼此没有什么不同。故选 A。2Which 3entry will the writer probably make in his diary?ATurkmenistan is interesting.Im the first American to come here but Im glad this is my last trip away.BI have been diving
27、 today and found some objects for an exhibition.Ive just finished drawing them for my records.CI wish my children werent more interested in archaeology and would not work hard in the open like their parents.DIts nearly dark but Raphaels still busy digging in that old house.He can be very annoying.He
28、 thinks hes the most important person here.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者从事画图工作，还从事水下工作。B 项与画图和水下工作有关，故选 B。3What is the writers main purpose in writing the text?ATo describe the life of an archaeologist he admires.BTo persuade people to take up archaeology as a career.CTo explain what he enjoys about b
29、eing an archaeologist.DTo show how archaeologists work.7答案 C解析 写作意图题。根据第一段中的“I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them”可知，作者在文中解释了自己喜欢做考古学家的原因，故选 C。BStained glass(彩色玻璃) artists create different designs by making cuts on the glass to “score” it and then breakin
30、g off the pattern that they want to use in the finished product.The most difficult cut in stained glass is called an inside cut.Basically，its a curved(弯曲的) line where you throw away the part inside of the curve.The problem with inside cuts is that the edges of the curve tend to break off when the pi
31、eces of scored glass are broken apart.As the artist talked about inside cuts，he said， “The glass will break into pieces if you try to cut too much off at once.The best way to do an inside cut is to 7slice off smaller curves piece-by-piece.In fact，its not just the best way to do it，but its the only w
32、ay to do it.”How many times do you try to make a big change and cut the entire piece at once? We convince ourselves that we can do this all the time.Well 4commit to 5transforming our diet overnight or we get inspired to launch a business in a weekend or we finally get motivated to work out and push
33、ourselves to the edge of burning out.Why not approach your goals and dreams like a stained glass artist? Starting by slicing a shallow curve and breaking a small piece off，you cut a slightly deeper curve and break that off until you have your full inside cut.By slowly cutting deeper and deeper curve
34、s，you prevent the glass from breaking as it changes shape.Of course，change isnt easyno matter how you do it.Slow gains are boring，but if we keep making small improvements，then pretty soon we will end up with a beautiful masterpiece on our hands instead of a bunch of broken pieces.语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。作者通过讲
35、述玻璃艺术家切割玻璃的方式慢慢地切割不8造成玻璃破碎告诉读者生活中我们也应该一点点取得进步，最后达成目标，获得成功。4Why is an inside cut believed to be most difficult?AIt needs a one-and-only design.BIt 6calls for nothing but inspiration.CThe edges of the curve break easily.DThe glass inside the curve is easily broken.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，内部切割的问题在于，当划
36、过的玻璃裂开的时候，曲线的边缘往往会折断。故选 C。5What mistakes are easily made according to Paragraph 3?ABeing too eager to make improvements.BBeing too worried about the final outcome.CTrying to make a complete change all at once.DDeveloping to focus on progress instead of achievements.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第三段前两句可知，我们很容易犯的错误是
37、试图一次就做出彻底的改变。故选 C。6What does the author suggest by saying “slicing a shallow curve”？AMoving forward with a clear aim.BStarting slow and improving little by little.CDeveloping a new habit with great determination.DHandling something major first and ignoring the minor part.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据上文“Why not ap
38、proach your goals and dreams like a stained glass artist？”可推断，作者建议人们要像一个彩色玻璃艺术家一样接近目标和梦想。结合第一、二段的讲述可推断，画线句的意思是：慢慢开始，一点点进步，每次一小块，逐渐稍微大一点直到完全切开整个里面。故选 B。7What is the authors purpose in writing the text?9ATo show his love for stained glass.BTo introduce the skill of an inside cut.CTo appreciate designs
39、 of stained glass artists.DTo share his opinions on how to make a change.答案 D解析 写作目的题。纵观全文可知，最后一段点明了作者的观点：改变不容易，如果保持小的进步，很快我们会完成我们的杰作而不是满地碎片。因此推断本文的写作目的是为了分享他关于如何做出改变的观点。故选 D。.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1The archaeologist has to get special permission to open up the grave.考古学家2Although I like sin
40、ging，I still dont treat it as my life-long profession.职业3Because there are several files，you need an entry for each one.条目4The president is committed to reforming health care.承诺(二)同义词语替换5They transformed the basement into a reading room.changed6To be a nurse calls for endurance and patience.needs(三)
41、一词多义7slice n片，切片，薄片；一份； vt.切下；把分成部分；将切成薄片(1)Try to eat at least four slices of bread a day.薄片(2)Fiction takes up a large slice of the publishing market.一份(3)Slice up the onions and add them to the meat.将切成薄片.长难句理解1In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，I pick
42、ed up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there，under it，after all that time，was the house key with the owners name carved on it.10句式分析 本句话是一个并列复合句，and 前的句子的主干部分是简单句的主谓宾结构；In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，为地点状语，其中 where the owner used to store
43、goods from the ships that came in为定语从句，修饰 house；that came in为定语从句，修饰 the ships；and 后的句子是一个完全倒装结构，调整为正常顺序后为 the house key was there，under it；with the owners name carved on it是 with复合结构，在此处作定语，修饰 the house key。精美译文 在一座旧房子里，它的主人过去常在这儿存放从海上运来的货物，在这座旧房子里的前面，我捡起了一个有 700年历史的垫子，就是在那，在垫子的下面，过了那么多年，放着上面刻着主人姓名
44、的房子钥匙。2Slow gains are boring，but if we keep making small improvements，then pretty soon we will end up with a beautiful masterpiece on our hands instead of a bunch of broken pieces.句式分析 本句话是一个并列复合句，but 前的句子的主干部分是简单句的主系表结构；后面是复合句，含有条件状语从句。精美译文 慢慢地收获是令人厌烦的，但是如果我们连续不断地取得进步，那么很快在我们手上就会出现一个美丽的杰作而不是一堆碎片。专题
45、强化练(二十一).单项填空1No one was hurt in the accident，and we all breathed a sigh of .(2018宿迁高一期中)Arelief BsurpriseCembarrassment Ddisappointment答案 A解析 句意为：在事故中没人受伤，我们都宽慰地松了一口气。relief 轻松，宽慰；surprise惊奇；embarrassment 尴尬；disappointment 失望。根据句意，故选 A项。2Last month，part of Britain was struck by snowstorms，from effe
46、cts most passengers in Heathrow were suffering a lot，especially those with children.11Awhich. BwhatCthat Dwhose答案 D解析 句意为：上个月，英国的一部分地区遭到了暴风雪的袭击，在 Heathrow的大多数乘客都深受其苦，特别是那些有孩子的人。此处 snowstorms是先行词，与 effects有所属关系，故用 whose引导定语从句，whose 在从句中作定语，故答案为 D。3I wonder what makes you a good salesperson.I as a wai
47、ter for three years，which contributes a lot to my todays work.Aserve Bhave servedChad served Dserved答案 D解析 句意为：我想知道什么使你成为一个优秀的销售员。我当过三年的服务员，这对我现在的工作有很大帮助。根据句意，回答者现在是一名优秀的销售员，做服务员的三年发生在过去，所以用一般过去时。故选 D。4It was already late，so when I came to the street，there was nobody .Ain advance Bin turnCin return
48、Din sight答案 D解析 句意为：天早已经晚了，当我到街上的时候，看不见任何人。in advance 预先，提前； in turn 轮流；in return 作为回报；in sight 看得见。根据句意，故选 D项。5How long do you expect it before the African can keep the disease under control?As soon as possible.Ais Bhas beenCwill be Dwill have been答案 C解析 句意为：你预料要过多久之后非洲人才能控制住这一疾病？尽快。固定句式：It will be
49、 一段时间before.，多久之后才会，并由答句“As soon as possible.”可知句子用一般将来时态。故选 C。126Next door to ours ，who seem to have settled in this community for quite a long time.Aare living a black coupleBlive a black coupleCare a black couple livingDdo a black couple live答案 B解析 表示地点的状语 Next door to ours置于句首，且主语为名词“a black couple”，所以句子要用完全倒装，完全倒装一般不出现进行时态，故选 B项。句意为：我们隔壁住着一对黑人夫妇，他们似乎已经在
