1、写作部分,practical writing,Styles & features in language of English practical writing The structure and layout of a letter Requirements,Contents,Classification of practical writingletter of invitation letter of acknowledgement letter of apology and refusalletter of introductionletter of applicationlette
2、r of suggestionsletter of complaintletter of enquiry and notification letter of welcoming and congratulations speech and contract,Strategies for practical Writing,在人们日常工作、学习和生活中，个人与个人、个人与单位以及不同单位之间，为了各自的需求，相互间必然要进行联络、交流和沟通。而应用文正好提供了交流沟通的语言文字载体形式，起到了人们沟通情感、信息的桥梁作用，此类应用文体较多，如：公文、礼仪文、书信等样式。1.应用文的写作目的就是
3、为了解决人们的工作、生活和学习中的实际问题，这就决定了应用文的内容必须“务实”、不能“务虚”，任何一篇应用文都因实际需要而作，并由此产生实际效果。,Strategies for practical Writing,2.应用文的对象是十分具体明确，写给看谁，行文者一清二楚。比如一般的书信、条据在抬头处就点明了对象。海报、通告、启事等，也有其特定的对象。3.应用文要熟悉一定的表达程式，即规范的格式。这个格式，是人们在长期的使用进程中，习以为常，约定俗成，自然而然地格式化了。写应用文时要尽量遵循固有的格式，比如四级考试中书信写作，就要根据收信对象和信的内容来灵活选用合适的语言表达。4.应用文总是针对
4、人们工作、学习和生活中的具体事情写作的，其目的就是为了处理和解决实际问题。诸如：请柬、通知、贺信、条据、书信等，都具有着较强的时效性，具体信息要在行文里有明确的表达。,需要强调的是，在四级考试中，往往是在同一篇文章中几种体裁兼而有之，大家不要拘泥于教条，如2003年6月的车祸见证书，记述、描写、说明三种体裁都有所照顾，目的是要检测同学们对于不同类型写作的把握，全面地考察写作教学的水平。 再比如2004年6月的介绍旅游景点，首先是致欢迎辞，属应用文体；第二要求介绍当天的日程，属于说明文体；第三描述将要参观的一个地方，属于描述文体。 这种一篇作文涉及多种文体的作文已经成了最近几次作文题的突出特点。
5、如2005年6月的作文，教师节对老师表示问候，是应用文体，回忆老师曾经帮助过自己的一件往事，要用到记叙文体。,Strategies for practical Writing,Linguistic Features of Practical Writing,The 5C principles of English letter writing:Consideration Conciseness Clarity Courtesy Correctness,(1) Consideration（体贴）,体贴主要指在英文书信写作过程中，写信者应设身处地地想到对方，尊重对方的风俗习惯，即采取所谓的“you
6、-attitude”（对方态度），尽可能地避免使用“I-attitude” “we-attitude”（我方态度）。另外，还应该考虑到收信者的文化程度、性别等方面的因素。例如： Your letter of July 23, 2005 arrived this morning. Thank you very much for your kind answer to my application.,（2）Conciseness（简洁）,Different from literature, practical writing pays special emphasis on what is mea
7、nt to transmit. Except for such special documents as contracts, practical writing is simple in style. 优秀的英文书信应该行文流畅、言简意赅，避免冗长。这就是说写信者应用尽可能少的文字表达其必须传递的信息。,（3）Clarity（清晰）,清晰是指写信者将所需传递的信息表达清楚，以免对方产生误解。例如： I am writing to apply for admission to the graduate school of your university in the spring of 199
8、9. I am writing to apply for admission to your university.,Courtesy（礼貌）,书信交往，同样需要以礼待人。在写信过程中，应避免使用伤害对方感情的表达，措辞上多选用礼貌委婉的词语，如would, could, may, please, thank you I want to thank you for I would like to thank you for I must tell you that we cannot We regret to tell that we are unable to,（5）Correctness（
9、正确）,英文书信中，除了避免语法、拼写、标点符号错误外，其所引用的史料、数据等也宜准确无误。,The structure of an English letter,(1)信头（heading） 信头包括写信人的地址和写信日期。书写信头的目的在于让收信人一看便知该信来自何处、何日写就、便于收信人复信时参考。 (2)封内地址（inside address） 封内地址是指收信人地址。封内地址一般包括对收信人的礼节性称呼以及收信人的姓名、头衔和地址。 (3)称呼（salutation） 称呼是指写信人对收信人的称呼，通常低于封内地址两行，从左边顶格写起并自成一行。称呼后面需加标点，英国人习惯于用逗号，
10、而美国人则习惯于用冒号。在非正式的社交信中，常用逗号。称呼中的每个词的开头字母必须大写。,(4)正文（The body of the letter） 信的正文是书信的主体，用来表达写信人的思想。信的正文，一般要根据写信者所要表达的中心思想分段，以使得书信的正文层次清晰，观点明了。书信正文的第一句话或第一段，通常被称为起首语（The opening sentence）。一般来说，英文书信没有固定的起首语，但人们习惯用一些客套写法来作为书信正文的起始，即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述，以便使得对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封来信的。如果是第一次给别人写信，也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍，并表明自己
11、写信的主要目的。,The structure of an English letter,（5）结尾礼词（complimentary close） 英文书信中的结尾礼词相当于中文书信中的“敬上”“谨上”“此致敬礼”“敬启”等。结尾礼词的第一个字母须大写。礼词后面需加逗号，结尾礼词的位置通常在书信正文的右下方偏中一至三行处书写。 （6）签名（signature） 写信人的签名通常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。不要将结尾礼词和签名部分单独另写一张纸，否则有失礼貌。,The structure of an English letter,（7）附件（enclosure） 书信中的附件，是指随信所附的单位介绍
12、、个人简历、产品说明书、商品目录、发票、宣传册等材料。附件应标注在签名下方左下角。一般顶格写起，与签名部分至少空一行。通常采用Encl.或Enc.（即英文Enclosure的缩写）。附件2件及2件以上，须注明数目。 例如：Enclosure: catalogue （8）再启或附言（postscript） 在信写完之后，突然想起还需增加一些信息，可在信末即署名下方左边一二行处加上P.S.（英文postscript的缩写，类似于汉语中的“又及”、“再启”、“又启”、“附言”，接着写上补充部分。一般情况下，最好避免使用附言，尤其是郑重的信函。,The structure of an English
13、letter,1）写信人的地址(Heading)写信日期（月、日、年） 2）收信人的地址(Inside Address) 3）称呼（Dear Mr. ）， 4) 正文（Body） _ _5) 结束语（Yours sincerely,）) 署名： 附注（Enclosure）,The format of an English letter,信封(Envelop),与中文信封相反，英文信封上收信人的地址和姓名写在信封的中间，发信人的地址和姓名写在信封的左上角，或信封背面。英文书信的地址应从小写到大，先写门牌号码，再写街道、城镇、省或州及邮政编码，最后是国家名称。国家名称的每一个字母都要大写。,The
14、 style of an English letter,平头式（block form） 又称作“封闭式”、“启头式”、“并列式”等。这种格式要求信头、封内地址、日期、称谓、正文（包括每段起始句）、结尾礼词、署名等各部分均需上下对齐。这种形式便于打字，因此多用于商务书信。美国人及加拿大人习惯采用此种格式。 缩行式（indented form） 亦称为“缩进式”、“斜列式”等。这种形式要求信头和封内地址均较上一行缩进一些，一般缩进2-3个英文字母。正文每段开始，一般缩进5个英文字母。,混合式（modified form） 又称为“折中式”、“改良式”。它是上述两种形式的混合应用。这种形式的信头、封
15、内地址、日期以及结束敬语的书写位置大致与缩行式相似，只是不采用字母缩进的方式。,The style of an English letter,Steps in practical writing,（1）审题 文体、核心内容、时态、人称 （2）拟基本点 找出5-6个动词或搭配， 包括的短语；进入基本点。 （3）连词成句 给出时间、地点、人称等 （4）检查完善 查拼写、用词、时态、连词、标点、内容等。,例题：a letter to the editor,60%的同学认为 40%的同学认为 1.不应收门票 1.应收门票，但票价不宜高 2.公园是公众休闲的地方 2.支付园林工人工资 3.如收门票，需建
16、大门、 3.购买新花木围墙会影响城市形象,1 审题,（1）确定文体： 写一封信 （2）内容要求：介绍讨论的情况 （3）讨论主题：公园要不要收门票 （4）确定人称：第三人称 （5）确定时态：一般现在时、将来时必要时用被动语态,2 提炼要点,（1）不收费 free of charge （2）公众需要休闲场所people need an enjoyable place （3）建大门、围墙会影响城市形象 do harm to the city appearance （4）低收费 be charged low （5）支付工资 pay for （6）购买新花木buy plants and young tr
17、ees,3 紧扣要点，连词成句,60% of the students believe that a public park shouldnt be charged. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves.To build gates and walls will do harm to the appearance of a city. 40% think that fees should be charged low. You need money to pay gardeners and workers.
18、You need to buy plants and young trees.,4 分清层次，连句成篇,Dear Editor, Im writing to tell you about the discussion weve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park
19、 should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city. On the other hand, 40% think that fees
20、 should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. Your truly, Li Hua,write to serve different purposes,practical writing.doc,Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the list below.,app
21、reciated, great pleasure, draws, wishing, to comeDear Mr. Anderson,As another year _ to a close, it gives us _ to say how much we have _ working with you over the past twelve months. We sincerely hope that our pleasant business relationship will continue for many years _.Our staffs here join us _ yo
22、u a very merry Christmas and a happy and prosperous New Year. Yours sincerely, Cook North Question: What type of congratulation is this letter?,Ready-Made Letters for You,Letter 1 Dear _, One day means very special to me, that is _(month) the _(date), your birthday. With my best wishes for many happ
23、y returns of your birthday. Yours, _,Letter 2 Dear _,What a pleasant surprise to hear the news of your coming marriage to Mr. / Miss_. Congratulations! He/She is such a(n)_ gentleman/girl and we are sure you have made an excellent choice which will bring you a life time of happiness. We beg your acc
24、eptance of the enclosed gift as a token of our best wishes.Our best regards and devoirs to your bridegroom/ bride. Yours, _,Ready-Made Letters for You,Letter 3 Dear _,I am happy to learn the good news of your graduation from _ with honors. You certainly have done a very good job in the past four yea
25、rs of your studies. _ is one of the best universities in _ and I am sure the campus achievements will lend you to a great future of your career. Please accept my sincere congratulations and best wishes for your future success. Yours sincerely, _,Ready-Made Letters for You,Letter 4 Dear _,It was a pl
26、easure to hear that you are promoted to the position of _ in _. My heartiest congratulations!I really think you deserve the position after years of service and experience you have had in _.You have my best wishes for your greater success in all that you undertake. Sincerely yours, _,Ready-Made Lette
27、rs for You,if, inviting, become, to, on behalf of, held, well known, sure, enormous, for, willing, if, on, and,Invitation to speak at a meetingDear _: As the author of more than a dozen best-sellers (1) telecommunications, you are (2) among computer professionals. Would you be (3) to help young engi
28、neers in our company (4) new explorers of the (5) potential of the web? (6) NelsonTech Inc., I am (7) you to speak at our company seminar “The Internet and the Revolution of Telecommunications.“ The meeting will be (8) at 2:00 a.m., May 15, at the Jefferson Conference Center, Room 201. Im (9) you wi
29、ll get enthusiastic responses (10) you could speak (11) our engineers (12) one hour (13) then answer questions. I would be most grateful (14) you could accept my invitation. Hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely yours,aware, approaches, preliminary, assure, manufacture, promote, reviewed, have, conv
30、enient, alternative, biannual, achievements,Request for a speaker Dear _: The Delta Business Association would very much like to (1) someone from your company speak at our (2) conference on the replacement of air-polluting materials in the (3) of plastic products. As you may be (4), the mission of o
31、ur association is to (5) socially responsible (6) to industry and business. Many of our members are interested in the (7) your company has made in developing (8) materials to reduce pollution. Enclosed is our (9) schedule for the conference which will be (10) in two weeks. Ill call you next Monday t
32、o see who from your company would be willing to speak to us. I can (11) you that well make everything (12) to the speaker. Sincerely yours,Model tests,For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a speech entitled A Visit to the Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline
33、 given below: 假设你是校学生会主席杨林,准备接待一个外国大学生访问团,请你写一篇解说词,必须包括如下内容: A Visit to the Campus 1. 一些欢迎词 2.当天的日程安排 3.对将要参观的重要地点进行简单的介绍,Model tests,For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a speech entitled A memo. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 假设你是校学生会主席杨林,准备接待一
34、个外国大学生访问团,请你写一篇解说词,必须包括如下内容: Memo for the Month of English Program 送:各位校领导 自:校学生会 日期: 07/05/20 主题:关于开展英语活动月的计划书 内容: 1.校学生会拟开展英语活动月,时间:07/05/20 2.主要活动介绍,包括英语朗读,演讲,歌曲话剧比赛等 3.请校领导予以支持,Model tests,For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a speech entitled A letter of recommendation. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 你所在的学校欲挑选若干学生参加一个赴某国外大学生访问的项目,请你以你明的名义写一份自我推荐信,表达参加的愿望,并陈述入先理由. A letter of self-recommendation,Thank You!,Good Luck to You All!,
