1、Challenging Yourself Man and Pets 人与宠物,1. bury v. 埋葬，掩埋；使埋头于，专心于 Smith is said to be buried on Friday next to his late son, Daniel. 据说，史密斯将在周五被安葬在其已故的儿子丹尼尔旁边。 Unfortunately, all the people were buried alive, and so was the city! 不幸的是，全城的人都被活埋了，整座城市也被掩埋了！ You will have to bury yourself in your studie
2、s if you want to pass the exam. 如果你想通过考试，就得专心致志地学习。,【归纳】be buried alive_ bury oneself in =be buried in _,被活埋,埋头于，专心于,【助记】,2. respect n. 敬重，尊敬，敬意v. 尊敬，尊重 （1）show/have respect for 尊敬 out of respect 出于尊重 （2）send / give respects to 向表示问候 respect sb. for (doing) sth. 因为尊重某人,The students have great respec
3、t for their history teacher. 学生们非常尊敬他们的历史老师。 She _ him _ his honesty. 她敬重他的诚实。,respected,for,【熟词生义】根据语境选择最佳汉语意思 We must respect the laws of a country we are in. A. 尊重 B. 遵守 In many respects the new version is not as good as the old one. A. 敬意 B. 方面 答案：B B,3. suppose v. 假定，假设；认为，猜想 suppose /supposing
4、 =if 假定，假设，引导条件状语从句 suppose that. . . 认为 suppose sb. to be. . . 认为某人是 be supposed to 应该,Let us suppose another planet with conditions similar to those on the earth. 让我们假定另外有一个具有和地球上相似条件的行星。 Suppose/Supposing you have a thousand dollars, what will you do with it？ 假设你有一千美元，你会用它做什么。 Some religions supp
5、ose that there is a Heaven physically above the earth. 一些宗教认为地球上面真有一个天国。,What makes you _ _ _ _ connected with them? 什么事使你认为他和他们有关系？ The government _ _ _ _ measures to ensure the school bus safety. 政府应该采取措施来保证校车的安全。,suppose him to be,are supposed to take,4. anxious adj. 焦虑的，渴望的 (1)be anxious about 为
6、焦虑，担心 be anxious for 为担心；渴望得到 be anxious to do 急于做 (2)anxiety n. 焦虑，焦急,I was anxious about the children when they didnt come back home from school. 孩子们放学后没有回家，我非常担心。 The child was anxious for a new bike as his birthday gift. 作为生日礼物，这个孩子渴望得到一辆新的自行车。 Students who hardly knew him crowded around, _ _ _
7、the story. 几乎不认识他的学生都围着他，急于想听他的故事。,anxious to,hear,【辨析】理解下列区别并选词填空anxious/eager 两词都表示“急于，渴望”，从词义上讲，anxious表示“担心，焦虑”，指带有更多的焦急情绪的对“结果或前途”的“着急，渴望”; 而eager是指带有热切兴奋的情绪的积极的“渴望”。,She is _ to go to college, but _ about not passing the college entrance examinations. 她渴望上大学，但她担心不能通过高考。,eager,anxious,5. in man
8、y cases 通常情况下；在许多情况下 In many cases, people do not want others to know they have a problem. 在许多情况下，人们不希望别人知道他们有问题。 In many cases, stress gets very serious and can affect your health. 在许多情况下，压力会变得很严重，可能影响你的身体健康。,【拓展】翻译以下短语 in case _ in this / that case _ in most cases _ in any case _ in no case _,以免，万
9、一,在这样/那样的情况下,在大部分情况下,在任何情况下,绝不，无论如何都不,【点津】当in no case位于句首时，该句使用部分倒装。 In no case should you lose heart. 在任何情况下，都不要灰心。,【真题链接】 2011山东, 28He had his camera ready _ he saw something that would make a good picture. A. even if B. if only C. in case D. so that 【解析】选C。考查状语从句。句意：他准备好了照相机以免他看到什么可以成为很好照片的东西而无法拍
10、摄下来。in case 以防，万一；even if 即使；if only 要是就好了；so that 以便，结果是。由句意可知C项正确。,6. after all 毕竟，总归 I care about their health; they are my friends after all. 我关心他们的健康，毕竟我们是朋友。 But _ _ , computer is computer, and it can never replace a human brain. 但是电脑终究是电脑，它永远不可能取代人脑。,after all,【拓展】翻译以下短语 in all _ above all _
11、at all _,总共,首先，最重要的是,到底，究竟；根本,【助记】You shouldnt have blamed him at all. He is a little child after all. Above all, he made only two mistakes in all. 你根本不该责备他，毕竟他还是个孩子；更重要的是，他总共才犯了两个错误。,7. go down 下降 Experts say house prices are likely to go down in the future. 专家们预测，在将来，房价呈下降趋势。 【拓展】go up 上升 go ahead
12、 干吧，说吧，做吧 go against 违背，违反；对不利 go over 复习，检查，走向 go through 经历；仔细检查；通过；用完 go without 没有也行；在缺少的情况下勉强对付过去,选用方框里的短语填空 What I am going through is a joke compared with what they _ . The engineer _ the machine but found nothing wrong with it. Theres no beer left and the pubs are shut so youll have to _ bee
13、r.,went through,went over,go without,（1）occasion后跟定语从句时连词的选择 （2）adopt和adapt的区别 （3）tiring 和tired的区别 （4）while引导时间状语从句与其他连词的区别,1. 2010全国卷I，25Mary made coffee _ her guests were finishing their meal. A. so that B. although C. while D. as if 【解析】选C。句意：等客人快用完餐时，玛丽准备了咖啡。so that以至于，为了，引导结果与目的状语从句。although虽然，
14、引导让步状语从句。while当的时候；虽然，可以引导时间状语从句和让步状语从句。as if好像，引导方式状语从句。,2. 2012芜湖模拟Despite the fact that all three teams _ different approaches to the problem, they were all immediate successes. A. acquired B. adapted C. achieved D. adopted 【解析】选D。考查动词辨析。句意：虽然对于这个问题，三个队采取了不同的方法，但是他们都很快就取得了成功。acquire获得，学到；adapt适应，
15、改编；achieve达到，完成；adopt采取，采纳；收养。,3. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. A. who B. which C. why D. when 【解析】选D。考查定语从句。句意：我有时间和孩子们度过一天的机会很少。occasion作先行词，后跟定语从句时用when引导。,4. 选词填空(tiring/tired) When we felt _ , we returned home. We saw mother waiting for us at the door.
16、Leave my brother alone for he has just finished his _ work.,tired,tiring,名词性从句名词性从句是语法学习的重点内容，也是高考必考内容。对名词性从句的考查主要集中在连接词和连接代（副）词的选择上。复习备考时应着重以下几方面：1. that和what的辨析；2. if和whether在引导名词性从句时的区别；3. 名词性从句和强调句型及其他句式的综合运用。,1. 2011四川, 10Our teachers always tell us to believe in _ we do and who we are if we wa
17、nt to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which 【解析】选C。考查宾语从句。句意: 我们的老师们总是告诉我们，如果想要成功，就要相信我们所做的事情以及我们是谁。believe in 之后是两个并列的宾语从句，在第一个从句里，动词do 缺少宾语，所以用what 。故选C。,2. 2011山东, 26Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why 【解析】选D。考查表语从句。
18、句意：恐怕他在很大程度上是一个空谈的人而不是一个干实事的人，这就是他一事无成的原因。根据句子语法结构，why在句中用来引导表语从句。其他连词与句子语意不符。,3. 2011江西, 26The villagers have already known _ well do is to rebuild the bridge. A. this B. that C. what D. which 【解析】选C。考查宾语从句。句意：村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少宾语且指物，所以选择what。,4. 2011陕西, 15Id like to start my own
19、 businessthats _ Id do if I had the money. A. why B. when C. which D. what 【解析】选D。考查表语从句。句意：如果我有钱，我会自己做买卖，那就是我想做的事情。句中what在表语从句中充当宾语。what Id do“我所愿意做的事情”。,5. 2011湖南, 31Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. A. what B. that C. which D. why 【解析】选A。考查主语从句。句意：在解决问题之前
20、必须弄清楚问题本身是什么。句中的it是形式主语，代替what引导的主语从句，what在主语从句中充当表语。,6. 2011安徽, 33His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _ it is he is trying to express. A. that B. how C. who D. what 【解析】选D。考查宾语从句。 句意：他的笔迹如此令人困惑以至于很难搞清楚他想表达什么。宾语从句中缺少宾语，故用what。that在宾语从句中不作成分；how为连接副词，不能作宾语；who指人，不符合语境。,7. 2011江
21、苏, 26It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why 【解析】选D。考查主语从句。句意：这个人为什么没有尽快报告这个事故，还不清楚。根据句意可知主语从句中缺少原因状语，故用why。that引导主语从句不作句子成分；how作方式状语；when作时间状语，均不合句意。,8. 2011重庆, 34It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to hu
22、man life. A. whose B. what C. which D. that,【解析】选B。考查宾语从句。句意：对于公众来说，要想知道一项新的发明对人类的生活有什么用处并不总是一件容易的事。此句中，it为形式主语，不定式短语是真正的主语，其中 _ use a new invention can be of to human life是see的宾语从句，其正常语序为a new invention can be of _ use to human life，引导宾语从句时，whose 修饰名词，表示“谁的”；what 修饰名词，表示“什么”；which 修饰名词，表示“哪个，哪些”；th
23、at后面不能接名词。由此可以看出该空填what，what use“什么用处”，故选B。,9. 2011北京，22_ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom 【解析】选B。考查主语从句。句意：芭芭拉琼斯提供给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。offer sth. to sb. 给某人提供某物，由此可知从句中offer后面缺少宾语，应用what来作宾语并引导从句，故选B。,10. 2011天津，13Modern science has given clear ev
24、idence _ smoking can lead to many diseases. A. what B. which C. that D. where 【解析】选C。考查名词性从句。句意：现代科学已给出了明显的证据，吸烟会导致许多疾病。smoking can lead to many diseases是evidence的同位语。解释说明evidence的内容所以应选连词that, that引导同位语从句不作句子成分，且不可省略。,11. 2011山东, 33Weve offered her the job, but I dont know _ shell accept it. A. whe
25、re B. what C. whether D. which 【解析】选C。考查宾语从句。句意：我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。选项中whether引导宾语从句表示是否，where表示地点；what往往在名词性从句中指“的人或物”；which表示“哪一个”。,12. 2011重庆, 22It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. A. whether B. when C. which D. where 【解析】选 A。考查主
26、语从句。句意：旧汽车站是否应该被重建为现代化的宾馆仍然在商讨中。引导名词性从句时，A项意为“是否”，并且能与or not连用；B项意为“的时间”；C项意为“哪一个，哪一些”；D项意为“的地点”。此句中，it为形式主语，后面从句为真正的主语，由句意以及后面的or not可知选A。,13. 2011北京, 31The shocking news made me realize _ terrible problems we would face. A. what B. how C. that D. why 【解析】选A。考查宾语从句。句意：这条令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们会面临着多么可怕的问题。宾语
27、从句为感叹句：“what(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语”结构，故答案为A。,14. 2011上海，35There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. A. what B. if C. how D. that 【解析】选D。考查同位语从句。句意：有确定的证据证明最难诠释的感觉是身体上的疼痛。分析句子结构可知the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain作evidence的同位语，因此
28、引导词要用that，that在同位语从句中不作成分，且不能省略。,表1 名词性从句的连接词,连接词that, whether, if。that在句中只起连接作用，不作成分，有时可省略；whether和if不充当成分，意为“是否”，均不能省略。,主 语 从 句,(1)句首that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句，通常用it作形式主语。 (2)whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句末，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需用it作形式主语。,It is very important that we must master English words as many as possi
29、ble. Whether it is true remains a question. It is unknown if he will attend the meeting.,连接词that, whether, if。that在句中只起连接作用，不作成分，有时可省略；whether和if不充当成分，意为“是否”，均不能省略。,宾语从句,（1）that引导宾语从句在口语和非正式文体中常省略。 （2）及物动词后跟两个（或两个以上）宾语从句时只有第一个that可以省略。 （3）if与whether可互换。后面直接跟or not时用whether不用if。作介词宾语时一般用whether。 disc
30、uss后必须用whether引导的宾语从句。,He said (that)the text was important and that we should recite it. We dont know whether or not she was ready. Im interested in whether youve finished the work.,连接词that, whether, if。that在句中只起连接作用，不作成分，有时可省略；whether和if不充当成分，意为“是否”，均不能省略。,表语从句,(1)that一般不省略。 (2)常用whether而不用if。,The
31、 trouble is that we are short of money. The question is whether it is worth doing.,连接词that, whether, if。that在句中只起连接作用，不作成分，有时可省略；whether和if不充当成分，意为“是否”，均不能省略。,同位语从句,(1)that一般不能省略。 (2)常用whether而不用if。,The fact that Shenzhou has been launched successfully makes the Chinese people happy. The question wh
32、ether the work was worth doing has not been decided.,连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, when, why, how。,主语从句,（1）从句中用陈述语序 （2）连接词在句中有各自的意义，不能省略 （3）连接代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语 （4）连接副词在从句中作状语,What he said is very important to us. Whoever breaks the law will be punished.,连接代词who,
33、whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, when, why, how。,宾语从句,（1）从句中用陈述语序 （2）连接词在句中有各自的意义，不能省略 （3）连接代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语 （4）连接副词在从句中作状语,Pay attention to what the teacher said. Do you know when the meeting will begin?,连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, whe
34、n, why, how。,表语从句,（1）从句中用陈述语序 （2）连接词在句中有各自的意义，不能省略 （3）连接代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语 （4）连接副词在从句中作状语,The problem seemed how we could make him understand it. That is why he caught a cold yesterday.,连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, when, why, how。,同位语从句,（1）从句中用陈述语序 （2）连接词在句中有各自的意
35、义，不能省略 （3）连接代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语 （4）连接副词在从句中作状语,I had no idea who had stolen the money. I have no idea how he will come. The news came that we would have three holidays off.,表2 名词性从句注意事项,主 语 从 句,1. 用it作形式主语的常用句型有： (1)It+系动词+形容词(necessary/right/likely/unlikely/wrong/important/certain等)+that从句 (2)It+be+
36、名词（短语）(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)+that从句 (3)It+be+过去分词(said/told/reported/decided等)+that从句 (4)It+特殊动词(seems, appears, happens, matters)+that从句 2. 在It is necessary/important/suggested/advised/ordered+that从句结构中，从句用“(should+)动词原形”,宾 语 从 句,在主句的主语是第一人称单数，谓语为表示“认为，相信，猜测”的动词think, believe, suppose, expect等
37、，这时其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。,有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it, 这类动词（短语）有: hate, enjoy, like, love, dislike, appreciate, see to, insist on, depend on等。,一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句，但except, in, but等也可跟that引导的宾语从句。其他介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，必须用it作形式宾语。,宾 语 从 句,动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后
38、有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。,在demand/desire/insist/order/propose/recommend/require/ suggest/request/advise/command等表示要求、愿望、命令、建议等动词后，that从句中常用(should+)动词原形。,主句是现在时态时，宾语从句的时态根据情况而定，主句是过去时态时，宾语从句须用与过去有关的时态，除非宾语从句叙述的是真理、客观事实或谚语。,在由doubt, doubtful引导的宾语从句中，如果主句为肯定句，宾语从句的连接词用whether/if, 在否定句或疑问句中，宾语从句的连
39、接词常用that。,表语 从句 和同 位语 从句,主句的主语是idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement等名词时, 表语从句的谓语用“(should+)动词原形”形式。,在order, suggestion, advice等名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”形式。,as if/though, because，why也可以引导表语从句，其中as if/though引导的从句既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气。,主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词用that。,1. that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的
40、区别 （1）that引导同位语从句时，不充当任何成分且不能省略；that引导定语从句时，that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时可以省略。 （2）that引导的同位语从句说明名词的具体内容，与其所说明的名词之间是同位关系；that引导的定语从句说明先行词的性质特征，与先行词之间是修饰与被修饰的关系，即从属关系。 （3）同位语从句所说明的名词只限于抽象的具有具体内容或信息的名词；定语从句的先行词无范围限制。 2. wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别： wh-ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句；而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。,特 别 提 醒,
41、特 别 提 醒,3. A is to B what C is to D. 是一个句型，意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样。” Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样重要。 4. 下列两种情况常用it作形式主语： （1）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时：Has it been decided where we will perform the experiment? (2)在It does not matter +how, whether, if. . . 结构中: It does not matter to me whether he i
42、s going there or not.,1. Mike didnt understand _ made his wife so upset this morning. A. what was it that B. what it was that C. how that was D. why it was that 【解析】选B。考查名词性从句和强调句型。句意：迈克就是不明白到底是什么让他夫人今天上午焦急不安。what引导宾语从句。强调句型强调宾语从句的主语，用陈述语序。故选B。,2. 2012成都模拟These shoes look very good. I wonder _ . A.
43、how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost 【解析】选C。考查宾语从句。句意：这些鞋看起来很好。我想知道它们要多少钱。cost 为实义动词，排除选项A和D；宾语从句应该使用陈述语序，排除B项，故选C。,3. 2012洛阳模拟What I want to tell you is _ Ive made a decision that I will give up the job. A. this B. that C. those D. these 【解
44、析】选B。考查表语从句。句意：我想告诉你的是我已决定放弃这个工作。表语从句中的that只起连接作用但不能省略。,4. There is no doubt _ international cooperation is the key to _ with cyber crime. A. whether; doing B. that; dealing C. whether; do D. that; do 【解析】选B。考查同位语从句和非谓语动词。句意：毫无疑问，国际合作是对付网络犯罪的关键所在。There is no doubt that. . . 毫无疑问；the key to. . . 的关键，
45、to 是介词，故用动名词。,5. More than 100 students have entered for the competition and _ gains the most points will be the winner. A. anyone B. the one C. that D. whoever 【解析】选D。考查主语从句。句意：100多名学生参加了比赛，得分最多的将成为获胜者。whoever无论是谁, 引导主语从句并在从句中充当主语，可以用anyone who替换。,6. After _ seemed a long time, they finally arrived
46、 at the destination. A. what B. it C. that D. which 【解析】选A。考查宾语从句。句意：过了好像好久，他们才最终到达了目的地。what引导的宾语从句作介词after的宾语, what在从句中作主语。,7. 2012长沙模拟Now comes the announcement from Apple, one of the worlds best-known companies, _ Steve Jobs-who is considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainmen
47、t industriespassed away, shocking all of us. A. that B. which C. one D. what 【解析】选A。考查名词性从句。that引导同位语从句，说明announcement的内容。,8. Why do you think the film star is getting less popular? I guess the way she wears is _ annoys her fans most. A. which B. where C. how D. what 【解析】选D。考查表语从句。what 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，而且what 在从句中作主语。答句语意：我猜她的穿着方式是最让她的粉丝们恼火的。,
