1、IELTS,How to Prepare for Writing,Writing - Test Overview,时间为60分钟，写两篇文章。具体时间分配没有要求，建议第一篇用20分钟，第二篇用40分钟。 第一篇是对图表数据进行描述和说明，字数不少于150个单词。 第二篇是议论文，字数不少于250个单词。 评分中没有半分。 第一篇作文有固定的句型，可以提前做好准备，考试时套用。,图表作文,题目样式 图表作文的题目一般分为三部分 Explanation介绍图表的内容，帮助理解图表，还可以运用到作文中。例：The table below summarises some data collected
2、 by a college bookshop for the month of February 1998. Requirement写作内容的要求，基本上每个题目的要求都一样。例：Write a report to describe the information shown in the graph. Table/Diagram图表，通常为一个图表，也可能是多个图表。一定要仔细将图表看懂。写作考试第一部份的目的是测试考生理解和表达图表数据的能力。考生必须用自己的语言来写一篇完整的作文，字数不少于150个单词。作文中不能夹杂任何意见，假设或结论。,图表类型,题目提供的数据会以以下几种方式之一出
3、现： （1）图画（a graph） （2）饼形图或柱状图（pie chart or bar chart） （3）说明信息的图表（Table of information） （4）步骤图或流程图（Diagram of stages of processor procedure） （5）一连串事情的经过（Sequence of events） （6）说明书（图）（picture of an object showing how it works） （7）地图（map）,任务要求,（1）正确地阐释信息。 （2）指出图表中反映的整体趋势。 （3）结构清晰明了（选择重要的信息进行描述，相同的信息归类，重
4、要的变化在文章中要有所反映，并有相关的细节进行支持）。 （4）使用丰富多样的词汇和句型。,图表作文写作时注意事项,突出重点信息，例如：最大或最小，起始点，最好最差的。 要对图表反映的总体趋势、规律作出总结，抓住重要特征，归纳升降增减幅度。 图表中提供了大量的信息，不应一一列出所有的数据，而应仔细阅读观察，从中选择重要的、有效的信息点。 充分利用图表中所提供的文字和说明，对图表中的信息进行简单的归纳总结找出其内在的规律，因为它们会为我们提供切入点，选择最佳次序、结构来表达图表内容。 结构应富于变化，各种句型应交替使用以避免重复单调。 文章的结构应力求清晰，由于数据多，对比项目多，不要混淆信息；在
5、组织信息时应遵循一定的顺序，否则文章显得杂乱无章。 不要过多的加入的主观猜测，也不可过分发挥个人的想象力。总之应尽量如实、客观、准确地描述图表，让读者对图表有清晰的理解。,写作步骤,写图表作文时，一般采用如下的步骤： 1. 审题读图表 （2 分钟）通过读命题句和图表的标题、横轴和竖轴弄明白图表表达的内容和要求。 2. 构思列提纲，确立写作方法，然后对信息进行组织和安排 （3 分钟） 审题后就要对文章进行大概构思，首先分析图表的主要特征；其二选取写作重点以及选用的分析方法以确定文章的扩展模式。 分析图表时，考生要弄清楚图表所表达的问题、主要规律、各对比相之间的关系。对于多个图表组合的题目还需要分
6、析各图表之间的关系。 图表中呈现的数据是很多的，在写作时要有选择性，一是篇幅所限，二是不是所有的数据都具有代表性或重要性。 3. 写作直接写在答题纸上（12 分钟） 4. 检查主要检查语法错误 （3 分钟）,图表作文词汇,描述数据常用的单词be, make up, consist of, have, constitute, account for, amount to, top, equal, record, represent, include, comprise, reach例句： For the MNO Company, the income from sales is $23milli
7、on, making the company the lowest in sales.The ABC Company tops the list, with a sales figure of about 75.The ABC Company has the highest sales figure in the five companies, followed by the DEF. GHI, JKL and MNO companies. The number reached 2000.Japan had 15%. Brazil represented one third. Brazil a
8、ccounted for two thirds. Brazil occupied one quarter. Brazil made up three quarters. Female students account for 65% of the total population. China has 1.3billion people, accounting for one fifth of the worlds population. There are 12 staff member with masters degree, making up nearly a quarter of t
9、he workforce.,比较数据,描述共同点A and B are similar in a number of ways. A and B are alike in several ways. Tokyo is the financial heart of Japan. Similarly, New York is the center of banking and finance in the United States.,similarly likewise equally in the same way the same in a similar way/fashion botha
10、nd as well as not onlybut also alike also too like x, y asas just as x, y,描述不同点,可以用以下词汇：but，while, in contrast to, however, whereas by contrast, yet, although, instead of on the other hand, as opposed to, apart from unlike, except for,图表作文结构,一般分为三段。第一段：Introduction第二部分：Body（描述图表）最后一段：Conclusion,图表作文
11、结构,第一段 概括图表的内容，相当于introduction。 一般是题目中解释的改写，注意不要照抄，以免考官认为是抄袭。 常用句型： The table describes/ illustrates/ indicates/ outlines/ compares/ summarizes that According to / As shown in /As we can see from the table, It can be seen from / We can see from / It is clear from / It is apparent from the table that
12、 ,图表作文结构,第二部分 可以写成一段，也可以根据不同情况分为2-3段。 这一部分要具体描写和分析图表，注意抓住图表的核心内容，描写大的变化趋势，而不要纠缠在细节上。 确定分段标准。 这一部分必须引用图表中的具体数据，但不可过多，通常抽取最大值和最小值。一定要注意是描写图表所反映出的大规律或趋势！ 记一些描述数据的套用句型和单词。 题目中指出了具体时间，用一般过去时；没有涉及具体时间，用一般现在时；还要使用完成时和进行时。,图表作文结构,最后一段 简单总结图表，一两句话就可以了。 避免加入主观想象的内容。例如，图表描述了1950、1970和1990年中的交通方式，最后一段可以写：The ba
13、r chart shows that automobiles have become the most popular means of transportation by 1990. 但是不可以加入原因分析：It might be the result of peoples increasing wealth.也不可以加入对未来的展望：It can be predicted that by the end of 2005, automobile would become the only mode of transportation. *可以写原因和对未来展望的情况:- 曲线图，可以加入对未
14、来的预测。From the line chart, we might predict that the growth of . will continue. - 两个图表的结合。We can see from the two charts that the low income people consume more fast food. It might be concluded that the income level influences the eating pattern.,描述数据变化的词,动词增加 increase, go up, rise, grow, growth, jum
15、p, surge, shoot up 减少 decrease, go down, decline, be reduced, reduction, drop, sink, dip, fall 波动 fluctuate, fluctuation 不变 remain the same, reach a plateau, stabilize, remain stable, remain constant副词 slightly, slowly, gradually, steadily, rapidly, moderately, significantly, sharply, dramatically,
16、drastically, downward, upward形容词 slow, gradual, steady, rapid, slight, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic, drastic, downward, upward,描述数据的句式,（1）变化的主体+动词（+副词）The number of cinema admission dropped slightly from 1957 to 1974.The number of cinema admission dropped slightly from 1957 to 1974.The num
17、ber of television licences remained stableThe number of television licences fluctuated between 100 and 200 ,(2) There be +形容词+名词+in+变化的主体,There was a sharp decrease in the number of television licences from 1957 to 1974. There was a significant increase in the number of television licences from 1957
18、 to 1974. There was little change in the number of television licences There was a fluctuation between 100 and 200 in the number of television licences ,(3)时间+saw/witnessed+形容词+名词+in+变化的主体,The last 17 years saw the sharp decline in cinema admissions.,描写最大值和最小值的句型,In 1998, the number reached its peak
19、/ top/ highest point. In 1998, the number increased to its peak/ top/ highest point. In 1998, number reached its bottom/ lowest point. In 1998, the number dropped to its bottom/ lowest point. The profit peaked at 2000. England accounted for the smallest number of students.,比较不同的数据,In managerial posi
20、tions, there are more males than females. A greater percentage of men than women are found in managerial positions. A smaller percentage of women than men are employed in managerial positions. The percentage of men employed in is much larger than that of women in these occupations. In 1980, 30% of r
21、ural dwellers had drinking water compared to 50% in 1990.,比较不同的数据（续）,In 1980, 30% of rural dwellers had drinking water, whereas in 1990 50% had it. The students in class A are three times as many as those in class B. The profit doubled/ increased three-fold from May to June. They made twice the prof
22、it in June than in March. They made three times the profit in June than in March.,多个图表的写作,如果题目中有两个或两个以上的图表，实际上比一个图表更简单。 结构上一般维持三个部分不变。 第一段：引言 第二段：描述图表 第三段：结论 其中第二部分一般按照图表来分段，一个图表一段。如果两个图表之间有关系，应该再写一段说明它们之间的关系。,议 论 文概述,议论文的考题主要为四类： 1 学生生活 2 家庭生活 3 科技与媒体 4 社会生活及社会问题命题形式分为三大类： 1 对立观点：有两个事物或两种观点，要求考生选择一
23、个。Which one do you like: a small family or a large family? 2 单一观点：要求考生对一个观点或事物表示支持或反对。Some people believe we should not use formal examination as a means of assessment. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? 3 论说式：要求考生说明某个现象的原因或给出解决方法。How to solve the problem of traffic jams in big cities?,议论
24、文的评分标准,文章是否切题，是否回答了题目要求的问题。注意审题，养成列提纲的习惯。 文章结构是否合理。完整的文章结构包括Introduction、Body paragraphs和Conclusion三个部分，考试时确保三个部分没有缺少。 文章有没有能够支持作者观点的理由，论述是否合理。平时注意积累素材。 语言是否正确，语句是否优美。首先保证语法正确，在此基础上，尽量写复杂句，注意句式变化。 单词是否多样化，是否有transitional words and linking words。,议论文的结构,经典的五段结构 这是英语议论文的经典结构，比较容易掌握，建议大家采用。 第一段：提出观点（In
25、troduction） 第二段：理由1 第三段：理由2 (Body Paragraphs) 第四段：理由3 第五段：让步段（可省略） 第六段：结论（Conclusion）,对称式结构 第一段：引题（Introduction） 第二段：观点1的优点 第二段：观点2的优点 第四段：自己的观点（Conclusion） 反证法结构 第一段：引题（Introduction） 第二段：不赞成观点的缺点1 第三段：不赞成观点的缺点2 第四段：赞成观点的优点 第五段：重申自己的观点（Conclusion）,五段式结构,Introduction 1 引题引出话题，有以下几种写作方法： 介绍背景（推荐使用） To
26、pic: How to solve the problem of traffic jams in big cities in China? To develop public transportation or to develop private cars?（以下举例都使用这个topic） - The problem of traffic jams in big cities is very common in developing countries and China is of no exception. (2)提问题 - How can we solve the problem of
27、 traffic jams in big cities? (3)个人经历 - I had a job interview in the city center last Friday morning. Although I started from my home two hours earlier, I was still late for five minutes. The problems of traffic jams have become common in big cities. (4)名人名言或谚语 Just as the saying goes: “more haste, l
28、ess speed”, it is quite easy for a person to get trapped desperately in a traffic jam in some big cities when he is in a hurry. （续）,五段式结构,2 介绍不同的观点（这一部分可以省略，可以摆出和自己对立的观点，也可以列举各种不同的观点。） - Some suggest that in China, we should give priority to the development of private cars, (and others argue that pu
29、blic transportation should be put in the first place). 3 表明自己的观点（可以选择不同观点中的一个，也可以针对对立观点，说出自己的立场。） In my opinion, to develop a highly efficient public transportation is a better approach to solve the problem. Despite the fact that the majority hold the view that private cars are the major transport m
30、ode in the future, I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis. While some people advocate the development of private cars, I prefer the idea of improving current public transport system. When faced with the problem of traffic jams, quite a few would claim that we should develop private tran
31、sportation, but others, in contrast, deem the public transportation as the premier choice and that is also my point.,五段式结构,4 引起下文(可以省略) There are numerous reasons why I hold the opinion and I would explore a few of the most important ones here. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.例文（In
32、troduction） The problem of traffic jams in big cities is very common in developing countries and China is of no exception. As how to solve the problem, people hold different opinions. Some suggest that in China, we should give priority to the development of private cars, but others argue that public
33、 transportation should be put in the first place. In my opinion, public transportation should be considered first for the cost, efficiency and environment reasons.,理由段（Body Paragraph）,1 主题句（Topic sentence） 必须要有主题句，而且建议放在第一句。主题句不宜过长。 First of all, public transportation is more money efficient in solv
34、ing the problem of traffic jams. 主题句前最好有表示层次关系的连接词，将几个理由段连接在一起。 主题句不能太抽象，要有具体的内容。 Public transportation is very useful. (过于抽象) 主题句不能太具体，要有一定的概括性。 Public transportation only costs one or two dollars.（过于具体）,理由段（Body Paragraph）,2 支持句（Supporting sentences） 主题句后要有若干支持句来支持主题句。一般些3-5句，可以进行说理，也可以举例。 支持句之间应使
35、用适当的连接词，来表示因果、递进、转折等关系。 支持句必须围绕主题句来写，不要写无关的句子。 每一段的支持句尽量用不同的方法来进行论证，如果第一段是进行说理，第二段可以举例，第三段可以反证。这样可以使文章看上去更加生动活泼。理由段之间要有所侧重，应把写得多、写得好的理由段作为第一段，但是注意：理由段之间不能相差太悬殊。,让步段,让步段的目的：如果题目涉及两个事物/观点或者一个事物/观点的两个方面，建议大家写让步段，把问题的两个方面都考虑进去，显得文章看问题全面。同时，可以增加字数。但是，如果时间有限，应该放弃让步段，完成结尾段。 让步段的内容：文章中你的观点的另一方面。例如，前面举例的题目是讨
36、论应该发展私家车还是公共交通，你的观点是发展公共交通。用理由段论述公共交通的好处后，在让步段中应该说公共交通同私家车相比有什么缺点，或者承认发展私家车的一个优点。 让步段开头的一些句型 - However, it cannot be denied that _ - On the other hand, we must admit that _ - Of course, developing private cars has its own merits. - Admittedly, private cars satisfy the requirements of a rapid modern
37、life. 让步段要注意的问题：不可过长，在让步段最后，最好回到自己的观点上。 - However, it cannot be denied that the development of private cars has its own merits. It satisfies the requirements of a rapid modern life and makes peoples life more comfortable. But we have to consider what is best for the majority. Given the large populat
38、ion in China, more private cars in the street will only make the current traffic problems even worse.,结尾段,结尾段的内容 1 重申观点：可以把理由段的主题句再说一遍，也可以把自己的观点再说一遍。注意：不能照抄前面的句子，而应该将句子改写。 It is safely to draw the conclusion that in order to solve the problem of traffic jams, it is advisable to develop the public tr
39、ansportation first.2 话题引深：可以从自己的观点出发，将话题再深入下去，或者引出另一个值得思考的方面。这一部分可以省略，如果想不到合适的内容，宁可放弃不写。 - However, the development of private cars is unavoidable as it fits the requirements of a modern life. It is time for us to study the issue and find a proper solution before it gets worse.,对称式结构,第一段：说一下有争议的问题，不
40、要给出自己的观点。 With the economic development of China, nowadays more and more vehicles rush into streets in cities, causing serious traffic jams. The discussion about whether we should solve the problem by developing private cars or public transportation is a very heated one. There are people on both sid
41、es of the argument who have very strong feeling.第二段、第三段：双方观点各占一段。 Developing private cars does seem to have a number of advantages.FirstlySecondlyFinally Many people, however, argue that public transportation should be given the priority FirstlySecondlyFinally第四段：给出自己的观点 In my opinion, I believe dev
42、eloping public transportation has more merits than developing private cars. The public transport system serves more people and therefore is more suitable in a country with large population. At the same time, even common people can afford to enjoy a comfortable public transportation, which is economi
43、cal and less harmful to the environment.,对称式结构,对称式写法的优点：如果题目中有discuss, compare, contrast等字样，要求考生讨论问题的两个方面或将两个方面作比较，这时最好用对称式结构。这种写法比较新颖，适合比较难想出理由的题目。 对称式结构的缺点：容易论述不清楚，让读者产生疑惑。针对这个缺陷，可以通过以下方法加以弥补：1 最后一段说出自己的观点，不能太短。2 在写自己不支持的观点时，用一些不确定的词语，不要用太肯定的词。3 先写不赞成的观点，再写赞成的观点。4 写赞成的观点时，可以适当增加篇幅，使用确定的单词，比较好的词语。
44、最后观点可以折衷：对称式写法中，最后的观点可以折衷，认为双方观点都有优缺点，应该取长补短。 - From my point of view, both private cars and public transportation should be developed to solve the problem. Private cars are suitable for rural areas where there are less traffic. People can use private cars to get close to the city area more quickly.
45、 Meanwhile, public transportation is encouraged in the urban area. One public bus accommodates many more people and much less space than private cars. In an area of dense traffic, the public transport system is more sufficient and environmental friendly. Ideally we should mix the two transport modes
46、 and use them in different parts of the city.,反证法结构,第一段：旗帜鲜明地说出自己的观点。 第二段：反对观点的缺点1 第三段：反对观点的缺点2 第四段：赞成观点的优点 第五段：重申自己的观点。这种写法只适用于对立观点式的题目。 - Topic: Some people think young children can have a better education in a boarding school far from home, while others claim that a day school or the home is a be
47、tter one. Whats your opinion? Give your reason.,论说式题目的写法,论说式题目主要有五类：1 说明原因 Topic: Traffic is developing rapidly all around the world. And the problem of traffic jams is becoming more and more serious. What causes the problem? 2 涉及因素 Topic: When you are seeking a job, what factors do you consider? 3
48、解决措施 Topic: Traffic is developing rapidly all around the world. And the problem of traffic jams is becoming more and more serious. How can we solve the problem? 4 混合题型 Topic: Traffic is developing rapidly all around the world. And the problem of traffic jams is becoming more and more serious. What c
49、auses the problem? Make some recommendations to solve it.,论说式题目的写法,第一段：引题，说明讨论的题目。第二段：原因1/解决措施1/涉及因素1 第三段：原因2/解决措施2/涉及因素2 第四段：原因3/解决措施3/涉及因素3 这几段的具体写法与五段论式的理由段相同，先写主题句，然后写支持句。 第五段：结尾段，重申自己的观点 将自己的观点再说一遍。注意，这种题目一般不写让步段。,论说式题目中混合题目的写法,如果题目要求“原因+解决措施”或者“涉及因素+解决措施”。正确的写法： 1 第一段：开头，引题第二段：原因1/ 第三段：原因2 第四段：解决措施（多个）第五段：结尾 2 第一段：开头，引题第二段：原因（多个）第三段：解决措施1 / 第四段：解决措施2 第五段：结尾 3 第一段：开头，引题第二段：原因（多个）第三段：解决措施（多个） 第四段：结尾 错误的写法是： 第一段：开头，引题 第二段：原因1，解决措施1 第三段：原因2，解决措施2 第四段：结尾,
