1、GRE Reading,P2： 自适应考试 P4： 拼写，语法错误不必然扣分标记和检查功能 记分方式 （均分） 题目权重 p5： 草稿纸 休息时间题目分布： 4+1+1+2+2 or: 4+1+1+4,OG 说明,在其小说中，这些不尽相同的创作冲动不可避免地且经常性地彼此间互为牺牲。之所以不可避免，这是因为哈代没能以福楼拜（Flaubert）和詹姆斯（James）一类小说家审慎行事的那种方式来审慎行事，因此他选择了那些最少有抵制的创作道路。这样，一种创作冲动经常会屈从于一种较新的创作冲动，而令人遗憾的是，原先的那个创作冲动非但无法与新出现的那个创作冲动达成一种妥善协调，反而会消失得全无踪影。一
2、种从不曾得以实现的揭示现实的欲望，很有可能会突如其来地让位于另一种欲望，这就是一个我们可不妨将其视作小说家兼科学家的那种欲望，去精确无误地和具体地记录一朵花的结构和构造特征。在此情形中，新的创作冲动至少不失为一充满生机活力的创作冲动，故作家沉缅于其中并不会造成一种松散的作品风格。但在其它场合，哈代会抛弃一种充满风险的、冒险的、和极能赋予作品以生机活力的创造冲动，转而偏爱那种对他来说甚为致命的、松散的创作冲动，去抽像地进行分类和按先验图式来表述。,文章筛选标准,Reading comprehension passages generally rely on some kind of tensio
3、n to give them difficulty. A discussion or argument that develops in a linear fashion toward a conclusion is usually too simple to support challenging items. The requisite tension can take various forms: a conflict between different or opposing arguments about something, an unexpected finding that c
4、hallenges previously established ways of understanding something, a disagreement about what evidence is relevant to the solution of a particular problem, etc. But disagreement or contrast or opposition is not in itself enough to provide the tension: a passage that merely states or describes opposing
5、 positions, without discussing in much detail the reasoning behind them, will not support very many or very complex items.,文章筛选标准,For example, instead of saying that Brown believed X and Smith believed Y, a passage might tell us that Brown, heavily influenced by such-and-such school of thought, tend
6、ed to assume A, and therefore believed X. Smith, on the other hand, had access to information that Brown did not have, namely B and C, and this information led Smith to conclude Y. However, Smith interpreted B in such a way that it seemed logical to conclude Y, when in fact this interpretation was i
7、ll founded. The more interdependent details, the more logical twists and turns, the better. Naturally, a passage containing this kind of density can only be created from a source that provides the requisite information, and such sources are not easy to find. ”,课下阅读材料推荐,Scientific American biological
8、 sciences and physical sciences The Nation social sciences American Scholar humanities,阅读的障碍,Gre阅读的障碍,词汇 数量： 10000 位置： p4-1-b,d; p4-2-a,e; p4-4-e 类型： v, a, ad, n.v (49-7),词汇重要,alternative ambivalence compare contrast controversy counterpart discrimination match,neutral nuance paradox parallel plausi
9、ble qualified -13 resigned stereotypical,句子,it deont mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a tatol mses and you can still raed it wouthit porblem. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed
10、ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.,1 错误阅读习惯 2 找主谓宾(主干），重谓语动词 The oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkingtons glass research building in Lathom Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplank
11、ton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.,句子, Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using
12、the known population density of grazers.,2 找主干,(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species. (B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the popula
13、tion density of grazers in the laboratory. (C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton. (D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the k
14、nown population density of phytoplankton. (E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species., Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates
15、of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.,(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.
16、(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory. (C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates
17、of zooplankton. (D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton. (E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zoop
18、lankton species., Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.,(C) They estimated th
19、e community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton. (D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton. (E) They estimated the
20、 natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species., Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring(a) feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then
21、computing(a) community grazing rates for field conditions using(b) the known population density of grazers.,(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.,3 多重否定 perhaps he believed that he could not criti
22、cize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government. typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause.,4 单句整合 A desire to throw over reality a light that never might give way abruptly to the desire on the par
23、t of what we might consider a novelist scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.,句子,5 插入语 although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, w
24、as very much for stable monogamy.,句子,6 倒装和省略that sex ratio will be favored which maximized the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. P3-11 75-14; 75-2; 75-11,句子,1 定语从句 The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about h
25、armful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children.,句子突破,2 倒装句结构 And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”,句子
26、突破,as well as not only but also not but rather than not but rather 173-7 while 与时间状语区分 although 强调(do, may )和过分肯定( no doubt, absolutely) far less = not no less than = equally,常用固定句式,A person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing t
27、he right to take sides later. To take sides at later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham. OG-56 EASYThey should try to form no opinions of their own about any issue that is related to the dispute. They should not agree to serve unless they are committed to
28、maintaining a stance of impartiality. They should not agree to serve unless they are equally acceptable to all parties to a dispute. They should feel free to take sides in the dispute right from the start, provided that they make their biases publicly known. They should reserve the right to abandon
29、their impartiality so as not to be open to the charge of having been deceitful.,文章,文章分类,题材 1 自然科学 2 社会科学：美国历史，弱势群体 3 生命科学 4 文学评论,文章分类,Presentation - a. Recently, phenomenon - b. explaining - c. Therefore, Argumentation - a. Traditionally, most - b. However, - c. Thus, ,写作手法,文章分类,结构类型 1 单一观点展开 (结论解释)
30、 p47 2 新老观点 p51 3 现象解释 / 问题解决 p41 4 混合型 ( 2+3 ) Quiz: p3, p7, p10, p56,GRE出题者常见态度,同情弱势群体 喜新厌旧 标新立异,复习四原则,-1 至少三遍 第一遍：以既有水平，尽量看懂 第二遍：生词；长难句 (a, v,)，出题点 第三遍：分析文章结构和逻辑脉络 -2 头脑空白原则 -3 顺序原则 先文后题，先套路后细节,复习四原则,-4 总结原则 key word，段落关键词 细节题 structure，文章结构 写法性主题题 goal，文章目的 目的性主题题 main idea 内容性主题题 attitude topic
31、 sentence ,应对方式,逻辑阅读 非匀速阅读 一体化阅读 p88,逻辑点,TS 主题句SE 结构句 ； 等于, 比较 唯一性/最高级 / 态度 缺陷 强对比1,2,3 列举 因果 转折,折磨,P10. It can be inferred from the passage that if the flock of birds described in lines 6-8 were navigating by compass sense alone, they would, after the storm, fly(A) East (B) north (C) northwest (D)
32、south (E) southeast,Of the following descriptions of migrating animals, which most strongly suggests that the animals are depending on magnetic cues to orient themselves? (A) Pigeons can properly readjust their course even when flying long distances through exceedingly dense fogs. (B) Bison are able
33、 to reach their destination by passing through a landscape that has been partially altered by a recent fire. (C) Elephants are able to find grounds that some members of the herd have never seen before. (D) Swallows are able to return to a given spot at the same time every year. (E) Monarch butterfli
34、es coming from different parts of North America are able to arrive at the same location each winter.,P19. The author suggests that the variety of incidents in the Odyssey is likely to deter the reader from (A) concentrating on the poems mythological features (B) concentrating on the psychological st
35、ates of the poems central character (C) accepting the explanation that have been offered for the poems popularity (D) accepting the poems scheme of divine justice (E) accepting Maynard Macks theory that the poems subject is “life-as-spectacle”,P23. It can be inferred from the passage that which of t
36、he following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed? (A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of such research (C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi (D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory product
37、ion of specimens for study (E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers,The passage suggests which of the following about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi seem to exhibit? (A) There are at least
38、three hypotheses that might account for the increase. (B) An explanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more rapidly in number than harmful root fungi do. (C) The plants that show increased resistance also exhibit improved nitrogen fixation. (D) Such increases may be independent of
39、 mycorrhizal infection. (E) It is unlikely that a satisfactory explanation can be found to account for the increase.,P29. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics? (A) They do not normally f
40、eed on particles of food in the water. (B) They are smaller than many vent faunas. (C) They are predators. (D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source. (E) They congregate around a single main food source,Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the particulate m
41、atter that is carried down from the surface of the ocean? (A) It is the basis of bacterial chemosynthesis in the vents. (B) It may provide an important source of nutrition for vent faunas. (C) It may cause the internal temperature of the vents to change significantly. (D) It is transported as large
42、aggregates of particles. (E) It contains hydrogen sulfide.,P36. The author confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilized with (A) proof that overextensions of social science results are self-correcting (B) evidence that some public policy is made without any recourse to social
43、science findings or theories (C) a long list of social science applications that are perfectly appropriate and extremely fruitful (D) the argument that overutilization is by and large the exception rather than the rule (E) the observation that this practice represents the lesser of two evils under e
44、xisting circumstances,P38. Which of the following contributes to the misunderstanding described by the author in lines 10? (A) It is unclear whom the speaker of the sentence is addressing. (B) It is unclear to whom the word “his” refers the first time it is used. (C) It is unclear to whom the word “
45、his” refers the second time it is used. (D) The meaning of “took” is ambiguous. (E) It is unclear to whom “He” refers.,P49. According to the passage, Garibaldi determined which of the following? (A) That serum iron is produced through microbial synthesis. (B) That microbial synthesis of siderophores
46、 in warm-blooded animals is more efficient at higher temperatures. (C) That only iron bound to other substances can be used by bacteria. (D) That there is a relationship between the synthesis of siderophores in bacteria of the genus Salmonella and environmental temperature. (E) That bacteria of the
47、genus Salmonella require iron as a nutrient.,P99. It can be inferred from the passage that geophysicists seeking to explain magnetic tempests ought to conduct research on the Earths outer core because the Earths outer core (A) is more fully understood than the Earths magnetic field (B) is more easil
48、y observed than the Earths magnetic field (C) has been the subject of extensive scientific observation for 300 years (D) is involved in generating the Earths magnetic field. (E) reflects changes in the inner core caused by magnetic tempests,P69. According to the passage, Cressy has made which of the
49、 following claims about what motivated English immigrants to go to New England in the 1630s? (A) They were motivated by religious considerations alone. (B) They were motivated by economic considerations alone. (C) They were motivated by religious and economic considerations equally. (D) They were motivated more often by economic than by religious considerations. (E) They were motivated more often by religious than by economic considerations.,
