1、复合句,Esther,TOEFL长难句到底学什么？,How do the TOEFL Complicated Sentences work? 1. Analyse the trunk 2. Complex modifications 2.1 Attributives 2.2 Adverbials 2.3 noun clauses 2.4 non-finite verb,TOEFL长难句到底学什么？,Ten structures in TOEFL Complicated Sentences3.1 Structure of Coordination 3.2 Structure of Segment
2、ation 3.3 Structure of Inversion 3.4 Structure of Ellipsis 3.5 Non predicate structure 3.6 Structure of IT 3.7 Structure of Emphasis 3.8 Structure of Comparison 3.9 Negative Structure 3.10 Expansion Structure 3.11 Sum-up,复合句,61.The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense
3、，at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group，seems fairfor studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense,61.The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，at least to the ex
4、tent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group，seems fairfor studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense (复合句，主句的主干是the argumentseems fair，其中从句that humanshad some number sense做argument的同位语) 人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里
5、或者被拿走时能够辨别出“多了”还是“少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。 分句1. The argument seems fair 分句2. humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense， 分句3. at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less 分句4. when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group 分句5. for st
6、udies have shown that some animals possess such a sense 1和5并列 2和3嵌套 3和4嵌套 1和2嵌套 分句1是前半句的主干，和分句5并列。分句2中包含一个插入结构：even in prehistoric times，分句3是分句2的状语；分句4是分句3的定语从句；分句2是分句1的同位语从句。,复合句,94As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health，it became tempting to suggest that e
7、very disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy,94As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health，it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no pr
8、evious effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy (复合句：as从句，主句中的it是形式主语，不定式结构to suggest that是真正的主语，that引导的宾语从句的主干是every disease and conditionmight be responsive to vitamin therapy) 由于维生素被认为是健康必需的食物成分，所以过去无有效疗法的每种疾病和状况都可能会对维生素疗法起反应这一建议变得很有吸引力。分句1：As vitamins became recognized as essen
9、tial food constituents necessary for health 分句2：it became tempting to suggest 分句3：every disease and condition might be responsive to vitamin therapy 分句4：for which there had been no previous effective treatment 3和4嵌套，4修饰3中的disease and condition 2和3嵌套，2和3构成宾语从句 1和2并列,复合句,115Furthermore，although it is
10、commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader，research suggests that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals,115Furthermore，although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader，research suggests that there are typical
11、ly two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals (复合句) 而且，尽管一般人认为社会团体只有一位领袖，但是研究表明通常存在由不同个体担任的两个不同的领导角色。分句1：Furthermore，although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader 分句2：research suggests 分句3：that there are typically two different leader ship roles
12、 that are held by different individuals1和2并列 2和3嵌套,复合句,50During the 1940s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement,50During the 1940s electron microscopes routinely ach
13、ieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement (that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible1ight microscope作that的定语) 20世纪40年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而X光显微镜的表现却没有改进。 分句1：During the 1940 分句2：that 分句3：while 1和2嵌套
14、 1和3并列,复合句,5 1What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected,5 1What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected (what引导主语从句；that引导定语从句) 它们所做的就是从这样一
15、个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。 分句1：what 分句2:is 分句3：that makes 1和2嵌套 2和3嵌套,复合句,52Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false,52Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of th
16、e values we unquestioningly accept are false (out ofinto摆脱，进入；that引导的从句many of the valuesare false作realization的同位语；we unquestioningly accept作values的定语) 讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。 分句1：Satire jars 分句2：that many 分句3：we unquestioningly 2和3嵌套 1和2嵌套,复合句,59.By comparison with these fa
17、miliar yardsticks，the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large，but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year.,59.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks，the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly la
18、rge，but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year. 与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。 分句1：the distance 分句2：but they too 分句3：that 1和2并列 2和3嵌套,复合句,63The acute，growing public awareness of the
19、social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers,63The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking pla
20、ce for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers (awarenesswas tied to tremendous growth为句子主干) 公众对一段时间内一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与19世纪晚期通俗新闻的巨大增长(包括杂志和报纸在数量和发行量上的增长)紧密相连。分句1.T
21、he acute，growing public awareness of the social changes was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century 分句2. had been taking place for some time 分句3.including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers 1和2嵌套 1和3嵌套 分句1是句子主干，分句2是分句1的同位语从句，分句3
22、including现在分词是分句1中修饰tremendous growth的定语。,复合句,64A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry，a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs，which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints,64A detailed study has been made of the prints using
23、photogrammetry，a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs，which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints (被动语态) 已经使用照相测量法(一种通过照相获得测量数据的技术)对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研究，这种方法产生了一张显示脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。 分句1. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry 分句2. a
24、technique for obtaining measurements through photographs 分句3. which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints 2和3并列 1和2，3嵌套 1是主干，2和3都是1 : the prints using photogrammetry的定语：2是插入语，3是定语从句。,复合句,76A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginia，and the
25、 Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artistsand established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement,76A few a
26、rt collectors Tames Bowdoin III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginia，and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artistsand established in their respective communities the idea of the value o
27、f art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement (A few art collectorsintroduced European art traditions to those colonistsand establishedthe ideaand the need为句子主干) 几个艺术收藏家，波士顿的詹姆士鲍德温三世、弗吉尼亚的威廉白尔德租费城的阿里昂夫妇以及汉密尔顿夫妇将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区形成了艺术有价值和需要设立机构以鼓励其发展的观念
28、。分析： 此长句全为主句，没有从句。整句只能找主干与修饰部分，不能分主从句 主干：art collectors introduced traditions to those colonists and established in the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 修饰成分： （1） 几个人名并列：Tames Bowdoin III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginia，and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia （2） 非谓语动词后
29、缀修饰名词：privileged to visit their galleries修饰colonistsdevoted to its encouragement修饰institutions （3） 插入语 ，especially aspiring artists （4） 介词短语修饰谓语动词：in their respective communities 修饰 established,复合句,80.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry，using the reeds，grasses
30、，barks，and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizesnot only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fish traps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects,80.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry，using the reeds，grasses，barks，and
31、 roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizesnot only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fish traps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects (fashion制作) 加利福尼亚北部的美国土著人非常擅长编织工艺，他们用在周围找到的芦苇、野草、树皮和树根来制作各种类型和大小的物件，不仅有盘子、容器和饭锅，还有帽子、小船、鱼钩、婴儿篮和仪式用品。分析： 主句：The Native Amer
32、icans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry 从句1：using the reedsto fashion articles of all sorts and sizes 从句2：they found around them 从句3：not only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fish traps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects从句3修饰从句1中的articles of all sorts and sizes
33、 从句2修饰从句1中的reeds，grasses，barks，and roots 从句1修饰主句整句,复合句,91The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories,91Th
34、e agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories (and连接的并列句；过去分词结构needed to作large concentrations of people的定语) 农
35、业革命刺激了许多生活在乡村的人去城市寻找新生活，而且使较少的农民有可能养活不断增加的工厂需要用来提供劳动力的集中人群。分句1：The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside 分句2：to seek a new life in the city 分句3：made it possible for fewer farmers 分句4：to feed the large concentrations of people 分句5：needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers
36、 of factories 1和2嵌套 3和4嵌套 4和5嵌套，5修饰4中的the large concentrations of people 1和3并列,复合句,92The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask，for example，why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available,92The different uses
37、 to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask，for example，why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available (The different usesare of interest to anthropologists为句子主干) 各个社会对这些材料的不同用途是人类学家所感兴趣的，例如这些人类学家或许会问，当两种东西都能够得到时，为什么一个民族会选择使用粘
38、土而不是铜。 分句1：The different uses are of interest to anthropologists 分句2：to which societies put these materials 分句3：who may ask，for example， why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available 1和2嵌套，2中的介词to应在put之后，2定语修饰1中的uses 3和1嵌套，3中的who引导的定语修饰1中的anthropologists,复合句,93.What i
39、s particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically，the materials by no means determine what is done,93.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realizati
40、on that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically，the materials by no means determine what is done (三个what引导的从句，第一个作主语，第二个与第三个都作宾语；that至句末的部分作realization的同位语) 对人类学家有着特殊意义的是这样一种认识：尽管一个社会能够得到的材料可能在一定程度上限制或影响它在艺术上的作为，但这些材料绝对不能决定该社会所做
41、的事情。 分句1：What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization 分句2：although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically 分句3：the materials by no means determine what is done 2和3并列 1和2，3嵌套，2和3是1中the realization的同位语,复合句,96The fl
42、ow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed,96The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed (left idle the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the shed=left the loom in the attic，the soap kettle in the s
43、hed idle，其中idle做the loom，the soap kettle 等宾语的补语) 工业之水已经流过，让织布机闲置在阁楼里，把煮皂壶送进了棚子里。分句1：The flow of industry has passed 分句2：left idle the loom in the attic 分句3：the soap kettle in the shed（省略） 2和3并列 1是2，3的原因,复合句,101As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates，the water vapor rises and
44、is heated by the incubating bird，which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment,101As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates，the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird，which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment (as从句) 当聚集在巢底的水蒸发
45、时，水蒸气上升并被正在孵卵的鸟加热，于是为孵化环境增加了较大的湿度。 分句1：As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates 分句2：the water vapor rises 分句3：the water vapor is heated by the incubating bird 分句4：which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment 2和3并列 1和2，3并列，1是2，3的条件 4和1，2，3嵌套，非限定性从句引导词which代表1，2
46、，3,复合句,102The motivation derived from the text，and in the case of singing，the music，in combination with the performers skills，personality，and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic，political，or pedagogic communication,102The motivation derived from the text，and in the case
47、of singing，the music，in combination with the performers skills，personality，and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic，political，or pedagogic communication (句子主干是the motivationandthe musicwill determine the success；in combination with与相结合) 从剧本里获得的动力，还有(在演唱的情况下的)音乐，与表演者的技巧、个性
48、和引起共鸣的能力相结合，将决定艺术、政治或者教学等交际活动的成功与否。分句1：The motivation and the music will determine the success 分句2：derived from the text 分句3：in the case of singing 分句4：in combination with the performers skills，personality，and ability to create empathy 分句5：of artistic，political，or pedagogic communication 1和2嵌套，2修饰mo
49、tivation 1和4嵌套，2是1，4的条件 1和5嵌套，5修饰1中的success,复合句,104Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy，by constricted and harsh sound of the angry，and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed,104Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sou
50、nds of the happy，by constricted and harsh sound of the angry，and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed (evidence作动词表现出来) 情感健康能够通过高兴者直爽、悦耳的声音，生气者急促、严厉的声音，和忧郁者沉闷、冷漠的声音而表现出来。分句1：Emotional health is evidenced in the voice 分句2：by free and melodic sounds of the happy 分句3：by constricted and harsh sound of the angry 分句4：by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed 2，3，4并列 1和2，3，4嵌套 这个句子比较简单，重点是弄清楚evidence的歌词在这句话中意思，注意一词多义现象，要理解词的意思要注意联系上下文。,
