1、ENGLISH GRAMMAR,英语语法,Chapter One. General remarks of English Grammar,英语语法概述A.What is Grammar? B.Why should we learn English Grammar?,The Tower of Babel,通天塔的故事,世界上任何一种语言都至少由三个部分组成：语音、词汇和语法。语法是指一套系统的语言规则，即如何用词汇构成符合某种语言习惯的句子的方法。英汉两种语言有着巨大的差异，了解了英语特有的规则，我们就可以得心应手地理解和运用这门外语。对于成年人来说，英汉两种语言进行对比，有利于对英语语法规则的
2、掌握。,英语的语法分为词法和句法两大部分。词法是指语法中介绍词的种类，词形变化以及词的用法等内容的部分。,词的种类,英语词类以及语法功能表,词形的变化,和汉语不同，英语的词（介词、连词和感叹词除外），随着使用场合不同都有一定的变化形式。英语词形变化表,句法,句法是语法中介绍句子种类和句子结构等内容的部分句子成分 （Members of Sentence） 英语句子成分分为八种，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语。,1.The sun rises from the east. 主语，表示句子描述的是“谁”或者“什么”，是谓语陈述对象，通常由名词，代词与之相当的结构担任。 2.He
3、went to hospital yesterday.They are engineers. 谓语，说明主语的动作或所处的状态，由动词担任。 3.She teaches English in a middle school.We all like him. 宾语，表示及物动词动作的对象或内容，通常由名词、代词或与之相当的结构担任。,4.This is a difficult problem. 定语，修饰或限定名词，通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。 5. Horses run fast.That young man works very hard. 状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常
4、由副词或与之相当的结构担任。 6. My uncle is a writer.This picture looks beautiful. 表语，说明主语的性质，特征，状态，名称或身份等，与系动词一起使用。,7. They all consider this task important.The house was painted white. 补语，补充说明主语或宾语，说明其名称，特征，状态，或所做的动作等。 8、Johns uncle is a teacher, a physics teacher.The mobile telephone, a very useful tool, is po
5、pular nowadays. 同位语，对主语，表语，宾语等进行解释，使其更加具体。同位语通常由名词，代词，数词或与之相当的词充当。,简单句的五种基本句型 sentence pattern,1. She works very hard.主+动 （SV） 2. He studies Chinese history.主+动+宾（SVO） 3. He is an artist. It is under the tree.主+动+表(SVP) 4. His father will make him a doctor.主+动+宾+补（svoc） 5. He gave me some books.主+动+
6、宾（间）+宾（直）？（SVOi Od）,句子的种类,The earth moves round the earth. A mouse is a small gray animal. Do you like this picture? Who is that gentleman? Would you like to have tea or coffee? She is a physics teacher, isnt she? Come in, please. Dont be angry. What lovely weather (it is)! How interesting the film
7、is!,句子种类,The man knocked at the door . The man knocked at the door but no one answered. As soon as he arrived at the house, the man knocked at the door.,课后练习,1. He is my English teacher.Our new teacher is English.2. They promise to meet our needs.He needs to buy some matches.,3. Only three of us wen
8、t to the film.He was the only foreigner present.4.A grand meeting will be held in this square.They bought a square table.,5. The red flags waved in the winds.A great wave sank the ship.6. Mr.Wang works very hard.This is a hard question.This bed seems hard.,7. We are close friends.These shops close a
9、t five.The summer vacation is drawing to a close.8. He speaks English very well.Well, we have arrived home.He is not feeling well today.,9. John runs very fast.This is a fast car.They will fast (禁食）tomorrow.10. We consider your opinions quite right.In China, traffic keeps to the right.Im glad you gu
10、essed right.,Chapter two. Noun 名词,名词， 是表示人名，地名，事物名称以及抽象概念等名 称的词 China, London, Mary, Yao Ming, (专有名词）time, water, music, doctor （普通名词）专有名词， 表示人名，地名和机构等的特有名称普通名词，表示一类人或事物的共有名称,名词分类表,专有名词,专有名词是表示特定的人，地点，月份，星期，节日等名称的词。 书写时，专有名词的第一个字母通常要大写 Europe, the Great Wall, Xian , the Internet America, Uncle Tom,
11、Johnson, Asia, Shakespeare 人名，尊称，头衔 Peter, Professor Li, Judge Green, Mum, Chairman Hu, Aunt Zhao. 表示星期，月份，节日的名词 Sunday, January, Christmas, New Years Eve, National Day, Mothers Day.,表示地名和地理名称的名词 Chongqing，Shanghai， Paris， London， Africa, Mount Tai, Lake Michigan.,指“一家人”“夫妇”的专有名词前要加定冠词the The Smiths
12、 have moved to Chicago. 史密斯家已经搬到芝加哥了。 The Greens came to China for a visit last year. 格林一家去年来中国访问过。,普通名词,普通名词可分为个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词四种。 个体名词，集体名词通常属于可数名词 物质名词，抽象名词属于不可数名词 1，个体名词，表示一类人或物的个体 boy, dictionary, window, night, panda,student,eraser,doctor. 2, 集体名词， 表示一群人或物的集合体 family, people, group, police,
13、 army, class,team,government.,3. 物质名词，表示无法分为个体的实物 tea, meat, air, steel, rain, cotton, butter 4.抽象名词，表示品质，行为，状态，感情或其他抽象概念 health, progress, kindness, work, friendship, business.,名词的数,表示可以计算数目的人或物的名称，称为可数名词。 表示不能计算数目的人或物的名词，称为不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，表示一个人或物用单数，表示一个以上的人或物用复数可数名词单数，前面要加不定冠词a，an或one，my，his
14、 等，不能单独使用，如： a desk一张桌子， an apple一个苹果，a useful dictionary一本有用的词典,可数名词的复数,1. 以s, sh, ch, x 结尾的词在词尾加-es，如： bus-buses， watch-watches，box-boxes， brush-brushes 2.以o结尾的词有些加-s，有些加-es photo-photos， radio-radios，zoo-zoos，piano-pianos tomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoes 3.以-f或-fe结尾的，先把-f，-fe改为v，再加-es life-lives，l
15、eaf-leaves，knife-knives，thief-thieves。 4.以辅音字母加y结尾的，先把y改成i，再加-es city-cities， story-stories，baby-babies，family-families,以元音字母加y结尾的词直接加-s day-days，boy-boys，toy-toys，key-keys特殊形式 child-children， foot-feet, goose-geese, man-men mouse-mice, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth, woman-women,datum-data, medium-meida,单复数形
16、式相同 fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer, fruit-fruit 8.有些单词虽然以s 结尾，但通常作为单数名词使用 maths, politics, news, means, economics, 9.有些名词只有复数形式 clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, pants,shorts 10.合成名词的复数形式，一般都把s加在中心词上 brother-in-law commander-in-chief comrade-in-arms looker-on man-of- war passer-by
17、story-teller runner-up,如果在合成名词中没有中心词，则将复数形式加载最后 go- between go-betweens 有个别合成名词，其复数形式要求构成部分都做相应的变化 a woman doctor- women doctors a man servant- men servants a woman teacher- women teachers,名词所有格,1. “ ”+s 当名词是人名，或表示有生命以及被视为有生命的东西时，可以用一个“ ”+s 来表示所有格关系。 如： Johns book 约翰的书名词s（复数）+ the workers library 工人
18、的图书馆 但不带s 的复数形式仍需加 s the children s palace 少年宫,如某物为两人所共有，只需在这两个名词后加“ s”。 Mary and Janes car （她俩共有的车） 否则，需要在这两个名词后分别加上“ s ” Marys and Janes cars （他俩各自的车）,表示国家、城市等地方的名词，以及表示时间、距离、度量以及金钱的名词，虽是无生命的，但是也可用以上形式，表示所有或修饰关系。Chinas modernization plan 中国的现代化计划 a two weeks holiday 一个两周的假期 a dollars worth of appl
19、es 一元钱的苹果,2. of +名词 即可用于有生命的名词，也可用于无生命名词，特别是当某名词有较长的定语的时候。 the legs of the table 桌子的腿 the works of Mark Twain 马克吐温的著作 the classroom of the first-year students 一年级学生的教室,3. 双重所有格 双重所有格可以表示部分概念，也可以表示情感色彩 a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友 the important theory of Einsteins 爱因斯坦的这一重要理论,4. 名词所有格的绝对式 1）可用于代替前
20、面提到过的东西，相当于一个名词性物主代词。 these books are Marys （=hers） 这些书是玛丽的（书）,2）可用于表示“家，商店”或其他有关人士的处所。 my uncles 我叔叔家 the barbers 理发店 the chemists 药店 the Smiths 史密斯的家注意：“姓氏+s” 表示“全家” 如：the Smiths （史密斯的一家）， the Smiths 则表示“史密斯一家的住所”,练习,写出下列名词的复数形式 goose - geese shelf-shelves sheep-sheep base-bases man-servant - men-
21、servants knife-knives chief -chiefs foot-feet deer-deer looker-on lookers-on city-cities nergo -nergoes child-children pupil-pupils brothers-in-law toy-toys zoo-zoos aircraft-aircraft baby-babies passers-by date tooth-teeth editors-in-chief loaf-loaves medium-media theory-theories mouse-mice governo
22、rs-general,一条消息 a piece of information一把剪刀 a pair of scissors 五张照片 five photos 两个旁观者 two lookers-on房间号码 room number三袋大米 three bags of rice 许多消息 a lot of information 一个交叉路口 a crossroad一本书的封面 the cover of a book 史密斯一家 the Smiths 史密斯的家 the Smiths,药店 the Chemists 一些面包 some bread 三名女警察 three policewomen
23、两条鱼 two fish 工人们的汽车 the workers cars 办公室的门 the door of the office 与玛丽交朋友 to make friends with Mary 一根三十米长的绳子 a 30-meter-long rope,Dr.Jones has a -daughter. a. five-years-old B. five-year old c. five years old D.five-year-old,Exercise 2,1. A lot of _(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill. 2.
24、I think they are_(Tom), not yours. 3.How many _(people) are there in your family? 4.-Whats the woman carrying?-Some _(vegetable). 5. I like reading Luxuns _(work) 6. The _(Jackson) are coming to dinner with me. 7.-how far is it from your home to your school?-Not far, just five _(minute) walk.,8. Do
25、you know how many _(tooth)a person has? 9. Today is _(child) Day, boys and girls. 10. The_(young) should be polite to the _(old).1. In autumn,_turn yellow a. leaves. b. leafs c. leaf d. leave 2. they are_. a. Kate and Mary mother. b. Kate and Marys mother. c. Kates and Marys mothers.,代词,人称代词的排列顺序： 第
26、二人称、第三人称、第一人称 You, he and I have been invited to the party. This food was specially prepared for them and us.,名词性物主代词可以在句子中做主语、宾语和表语，例如： 1.Ours is a socialist coutry. 我们的国家是一个社会主义国家。2.You may use my pen and Ill use hers. 3.This dictionary is mine.,反身代词有两个作用，一是作宾语，表示动作的承受者是动作发出者本身；二是做同位语，对名词或代词表示强调。有
27、时候也可以做表语，但不能做主语 1.Take care of yourself. 2.He was teaching himself English. 3.The man in the photo is myself. 4.She herself was a doctor.,Exercise3,I have lost my keys, i can not remember where i lost it.Those of us who work in that chemical plant should regularly have their lungs checked.The group
28、is waiting on their plane to Beijing.,1.this bicycle is his, not - A. my b. mine. c. your d. her2.-will come to the party? A. how many your friends. B. how many of you friends C. how many friends of you D. how many friends of yours.,相互代词 英语里的相互代词只有两个：each other 和one another， 通常前者指两者之间“相互”，后者指两者（含两者）
29、以上的相互关系。 the two parites, the Democartic Pary and the Republican Party often attack each other. 这两个党派-民主党和共和党-常常相互攻击。 The boys in this class like to bully one another. 这个班上的男孩子喜欢互相打斗。,不定代词 1. all /both 均可用作主语 All (of us) like fruits. （我们）所有人都喜欢水果。 Both(of them )are very diligent.（他们）两个人都很用功。 用作同位语 T
30、hey all (both) agreed with me. They are all(both) quite wealthy. I know them all (both),one/it one 代替可数名词，表示上面所提到的那一类人或物中的一个，其复数形式，带定语时用ones， 不带定语时用some。,用 one， ones ，it ， some 填空 1. a good writer is -who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. 2.Tom has a red pencil and a blue-. 3. Tom has
31、a red pencil and two blue-. 4. i dont have a dictionary but im going to buy -(一本） 5. I dont have a dictionary but im going to buy-(两本） 6.I have a tape-recorder, my uncle gave- to me. 7. The milk is so hot that i cant drink - now.,no one/none no one 只能用于指人，none 既可以指人也可以指物 no one told us that he was t
32、here. -“how many elephants did you see at the zoo?“ -“none“None of them has arrived yet.,some/any/no some用于肯定和含有肯定意味的场合，any 用于非肯定句中（疑问句，否定句和条件句），no 否定句 do you have any ink? if you have any problems, please let me know. please lend me some books. No books should be taken out of the reading-room. 例外，C
33、an i have some coffee?would you like some tea? Some idiot parked his car outside my garage.,many/much many用于复数名词前， much用于不可数名词前， we havent much bread! I have met many people who share your view. a lot of -many a great deal of -much. many a + 单数可数名词 many+可数名词的复数 she has been to Beijing many a time.(m
34、any times) many an accident has happened here.,each/every every dog has a name 所有的狗都有名字 each dog has a name. 每条狗都有各自的名字 every 强调整体，其意义相当于all。 each 着重个别情况。 john was reading and had little spare time. he has a little money and can live quite comfortably on it. either /both another/other,否定,1 部分否定 当all
35、, both, each 和every.some (body, thing.one)等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定 all of the students did not turn up not all of the students turned up. 2全部否定 none, no one, neither, nobody, nothing等对整体意义具有否定作用的代词或副词none of the students turned up,it 的用法,1）作人称代词，可指事物、动物、婴儿以及未知的人或物。 “where is the dog?“ “it is in t
36、he garden“ look at the poor little baby, it is crying again. “who is that?“its my friend.“ you have save my life. i will never forget it. 2.)表示天气，时间和距离等 its cloudy/cold today. its half past nine it is a long way to the railway station.,3)用作代词 （形式主语，形式宾语等）it is very important to master a foreign lang
37、uage. it is no use learning these figures by heart. it is quite right that you did that i consider it my duty to help you. they took it for granted that i would go to their party 他们满以为我会参加他们的晚会 4.）用于强调句，对句子中某个部分表示强调 it was his father that made him a lawyer.,exercise,1.- can i park my car here?-yes.
38、you can park on-side of the street. a .either. b.neither c. both d. all 2. -which do you prefer, a CD player or a walkman?-_, I prefer the new kind of computer. a. both b. either c. none. d neither. 3.these books are very useful to _, _want _very much. A. us, i, it B, me, I, them, C, my , his, him D
39、. hers, we , her,4. There are trees on_side of the River. a. any b.either c. every d. both 5. there are three books on my desk, two of them are dictionaires, _one is a novel a. others b.the other c.other d. another. 6.-_hat is this.-its _ a. whom, me b who.mine c. whom, his d. whose. mine,限定词,冠词 art
40、ical 泛指 特指 冠词是最常见的，也是使用频率最高的限定词，可分为不定冠词a/an，定冠词the 和零冠词（不用冠词的场合）三种。不定冠词 indefinite article 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称或种类。以辅音音素开头的名词前用a；以元音音素开头但未必都是元音字母的名词前用an。,不定冠词的用法 1）表示“一个”人或事物 a child a garden 但是当强调是“一“时，则用“one” I want to buy one copy, not two.2 )表示“一类”人或事物 a teacher is one who teaches in school
41、a tractor is more useful than a horse,3）在某些固定的搭配中，要求用不定冠词 come to an end 结束 all of a sudden 突然 have a good time 玩得愉快 as a rule 通常 have a word with 与。谈话 as a result 结果 have a cold 着凉 have a rest休息一下 as a whole 总的来说 at a loss 不知所措 keep an eye on 盯着 be in a hurry 匆忙 lend a hand 帮忙 make a fire 生火 it is
42、a pity that 真可惜 make a fool of 愚弄。 make a fortune 发财 make a study of 研究,with a will 决心 take a walk 散步 take an interest in 感兴趣,定冠词 定冠词the 用于各类名词前，表示特指，其基本意思是“这，那，这些，那些“ 定冠词有以下几种用法 1）用于表示叙述中第二次提到的，或谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 Mr.Wangs uncle works at a university. The university is in Shanghai. There is some water i
43、n the tube. the water is hot. Shut the door, please.,2)用于单数可数名词前，表示种类 the telephone was invented by Bell. The early bird catches the worms.3) 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物，以及表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛和沙漠等地理名称 the Universe the Bible the Lord( God) the Philippine Islands the Pacific Ocean the Yangtse River the Sahara Desert,4 )
44、用于被限定意味较强的定语 （特别是定语从句和of 短语结构）修饰的名词前。 the book that you bought yesterday。 the history of China the student in the classroom5）用于具有鉴别意义的普通名词前 the planet Mercury 水星 the play “King Lear” 剧本李尔王,6）其他用法 （1） 用于西洋乐器名称前，表示演奏某种乐器 play the violin （the piano） 演奏提琴（钢琴） 注意：中国传统乐器前不用冠词 play er-hu（pi-pa）（2）用于某些形容词前，
45、使该形容词名词化，表示这一类人或事物。 the rich the poor the true the false,某些固定搭配中，要求用定冠词 by the way in the air in the distance in the future in the mor ning in the end in the open in the meanwhile 同时 on the air on the spot on the contrary out of the question,试比较A Mr.Smith called while you were out.id like to see the
46、 Mr.Smith who works in the box office.,零冠词 1） 不可数名词表示泛指时，用零冠词 This bridge is built of wood. Honesty is the best policy without water man cant live 2) 复数可数名词表示泛指时，用零冠词 Computers are widely used in the current world teachers generally like diligent students,3) 专有名词前一般要用零冠词 China Asia Peking university
47、 但是，当专有名词是由几个普通名词或带有形容词修饰语的名词词组构成时，通常要用定冠词the the Red Square 红场 the United Nations 联合国 the White House 白宫4）季节名称前用零冠词，试比较 summer is coming Ill never forget the summer of 1976,（2）法定节日前，用零冠词 National Day New Years Day 但是，中国传统节日前通常要用定冠词the 例如 the Spring Festival 春节 the Lantern Festival 元宵节 （3）球类运动和棋类运动前
48、，用零冠词 paly football（basketball。） play chess（） （4）语言名称前，用零冠词 English is an international language,（5）一日三餐前，用零冠词 when will lunch be ready? they are going to invite us to tea tomorrow the lunch we had yesterday was very delicious 某些固定用法后，要求用零冠词 after dark in debt at random in trouble at first in place of at desk on foot at table on purpose at last catch fire learn by heart,第三章 形容词,前置定语 v.s 后置定语 汉语的定语一般只可放在名词之前，而英语的定语则既可放在名词之前，又可放在名词之后。放在名词之前的定语称为“前置定语”，放在名词之后的定语称为“后置定语”。,
