1、由 大家网收集整理，更多精彩资料请访问大家网 GRE 论坛，这里有很多很好的汇总（一） 、在 GRE 的阅读题中，大体上分成主旨题和细节题两大类。上一篇文章，主要针对主旨题进行了分析，这里，就主要介绍一下在 GRE 阅读中，另一种比较重要的题型细节题。细节题是一个比较泛泛的概念，如果细分，可以分成很多类，如给定行数题、写作用意题、强对比互取非题、改进性取非题、Except/Not 题、逻辑题、题、类比题等等。为什么这里把这些不同类型的题归在一起？虽然，这些题的类型不同，但是它们都有一个共同的特性，就是在解答这类题时，都需要在原文进行有效的定位。所以，如何有效地在原文中进行定位并在读文章时对重要
2、信息做标记，成为众多考生所不能忽视的地方。定位对解答 GRE 阅读中的细节题起着非常重要的作用。因为 GRE 阅读的做题方法通常是读原文读题干回原文定位这样一个顺序，所以，定位是在读完题干后，根据题干的特点，结合第一遍读原文的重点和所做的标记来确定所考内容的位置。正确有效的定位是快速做题和准确程度的关键因素。下面就针对不同的细节题进行分析：1. 给定行数题 给定行数，顾名思义，就是在题目中已经明确的给出了所考查内容的行数，题目中所涉及的内容也是有关给定行数所述内容的作用或者相关内容。这就需要考生在做这类题时，根据题目中所提示的行数，回到原文中去定位。但是有一点需要注意，像这类明确地给出行数地题
3、，通常情况，答案都不在所给定地行数处，也不是给定行数内容地直接改写，因为出题者不会直接告诉你答案在哪，所以，在做这类题时，除了要根据它所提示的信息，还要结合所给行数的上下文的情况再做选择。2. 写作用意题 这类题是针对文章某些内容的作用进行的提问，也就是题干中问到的这个具体事物在文章中出现时作者的用意是什么？所有的 GRE 文章都是议论文，作者提到具体的事物大体上有几种关系：支持、证明、解释或反对某观点，也就是说具体的事物总是和观点发生联系的。通常情况，给定行数题和写作用意题是混合出现的。下面我们看一个例子： In the early 1950s, historians who studied
4、 pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, jud
5、ges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a poin
6、t of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed
7、how the authorities administered justice. The author mentions Le Roy Ladurie （Line 30）in order to _(A) give an example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court records(B) cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the non-elite(C) identify
8、the author of the quotation cited in the previous sentence(D) gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records(E) point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the non
9、-elite 分析： 这道题就属于典型的写作用意型, 同时又给出了指定的行数。Le Roy Ladurie 出现在文章的第二段，题目中已经明确给出行数（Line 30）, 这样，通过这个信息，我们可以迅速的回到原文找到相关信息。Le Roy Ladurie 很明显是作者举的一个例子，但是举这个例子的作用是什么？这个问题就要结合这段的内容去分析，这段的开头说“One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts”，根据这句话我们可以知道，Le Roy Ladurie的出现应该是研究法庭记录的一个例子。所以，这道
10、题正确选项是 A. 当然，选项如果写成 illustrate that these documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor” 也是可以的。需要注意的是，像这类写作用意题，它的答案选项第一个主动词并不具有判别意义，不管是 illustrate, 还是 give an example, 还是 verify，还是别的类似的词汇，都是平等同义词，不需要过多的关注。小结： 上面是对细节题中两种比较重要的题型进行的分析，通过分析，我们知道，给定行数题和写作用意题通常是混在一起出现的。答案一定不要
11、盲目地停留在所给定地行数处，考生一定要联系上下文的内容去分析答案。（二） 、前面介绍了细节题中的给定行数题和写作用意题，这里主要介绍一下另一种常见的题型强对比取非题。这类题的主要特点是，原文中有强对比的双方，题干只问及其中的一方，但是原文没有给出关于这方的叙述，而说了这方的强对比另一方的特征，所以答案却是对另一方叙述的取非。强对比关系层次比较多，例如，处于不同时间、历史时期、年代的事物通常其特点呈强对比；处于相对的地域、空间的事物通常其特点呈强对比；新事物、新观点和旧事物、传统观点呈强对比；用最高级、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同类事物的特征呈强对比等。针对这类题目，在第一篇读文章的时候及时敏锐
12、地发现它们并在文中做好标记，为解题时回到文中定位做好充分地准备。这些强对比出现地地方，通常会伴随着一些表示这类强对比关系的标志性词语，如 unlike, in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, new, current, once, until recently, only, unique, never根据强对比层次的不同，大体上将其分为：简单明示强对比、时间壮语强对比和优缺点强对比。下面就此进行具体分析：1. 简单明示强对比 这类强对比属于普通的强对比，如文中说“A, unlike B; “C, in contrast to D, is
13、”等，这些都是明示强对比。下面我们用一个例子来具体说明：Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make su
14、bstantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to themThe passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to_(A) experience frustration but not serious financia
15、l harm(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts分析： 在原文中，并没有提到大企业投标失败会如何，但是文中提到了小企业的情况，标志性的词语是 unli
16、ke large businesses, 这就表明文中进行了强对比，通过这句话， “since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them”，我们知道，小企业将会有财政和士气上的风险。根据这样的对比关系，大企业的情况应该与小企业的情况相反，所以，正确答案
17、应该是 A. 即“大企业会有一些波折，但是没有致命的财政影响”。2. 时间壮语强对比 题干中问 A 时间有什么特征，原文中没有明说，但给了 A 的强对比时间 B 的特征，将 B的特点取非，即是 A 的特征。通常情况下，在一篇文章开始，或者一个理论刚刚提出的时候，如果出现了时间壮语，则是出题率很高的一处语言点。如，now, new, nowadays, current ideas和过去形成强对比；once, until recently, past和现在形成强对比。如果给出一个不早不晚的明确时间，如 in 1960s，那么和它之前、之后比较都有可能。下面以举一个具体事例：In the early
18、 1950s, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social e
19、lite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These d
20、ocuments have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime a
21、nd the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series or categories of crime and to quantify indi
22、ctments that were issued over a given number of years. The author suggests that, before the early 1950s, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe did which of the following?(A) failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political and social elite(B) used invest
23、igatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature(C) inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite(D) confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population(E) tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage and dea
24、th records分析： 这篇文章在开头段就提到“50 年代早期，研究欧洲前工业时期历史的学者第一次开始大规模地研究人口总数 97的普通人民群众”。题目中所问的是在 50 年代之前的情况，这正与50 年代的情况形成了强对比。所以，正确答案应该是与 50 年代的情况相反的信息，在 50年代，就有了将近 97的普通人民群众，说明这是一个很大的比率，将近 100。那么，在 50 年代之前，可以肯定的是没有 50 年代进步，所以，人数一定比 50 年代要少，可能是很少的以部分。这样，通过这样的强对比，我们可以确定答案 A 是正确的，即“50 年代之前的学者将其研究局限于前工业时期欧洲人口的一小部分”
25、。3. 优缺点强对比 这类题的特点是，题干中如果问某事物、著作、人怎样会变得更好，但是在原文中没有给出明确的回答，而一般会有相反的内容，即：该事物、著作、人因为什么原因现在还不够好。这样，将其取非，就可以得到原题的答案。这里需要注意一点，有时文章细节复杂，被问到的事物缺点不止一个，那么一定要找到题干所问内容的缺点，而不要被其他的缺点乱了思路。下面再用一个例子取说明(仍然是上一篇文章，这里就不重负文章内容了) ：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per th
26、ousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?(A) the cause of unrest in the city during the two decades(B) the aggregate number of indictments in the
27、 city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades(C) the number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation(D) the mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feedings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation
28、 (E) the possibilities for a member of the citys non-elite to become a member of the political and social elite during the two decades 分析： 题干比较长，意思是“比较两个 10 年的犯罪率，得到了以下哪个信息，将会最有帮助？”，在原文中有提到，两个 10 年的犯罪率经常无法进行比较，原因是总人口数的估计不准确。所以，根据这一信息，将其取非，便得出了选项 C 是正确的。即“要研究的两个 10 年内城市人口的统计数”。小结： 综上所述，强对比取非题在 GRE 阅读
29、中出现频率也是很高的，如果掌握了这类题的解答思路，在作答时就会迎刃而解了。（三） 、GRE 阅读的题型众多，之前我们对细节题中的给定行数题、写作用意题、强对比取非题进行了详细的分析，今天我们主要介绍一下细节题中另一种比较重要的题型类比题。类比题的特征：首先，题干中一般都把所问事物所在的行数给出；其次，所考的类比的现象一般都可以让考生在考场上看懂；另外，阅读中类比题要考的是大致感觉，模糊对应，而不是 GRE 词汇类比题中的精细词义、关系的类比；最后，阅读类比题的选项虽然长，但还算好懂，而且正误选项的区分度比较大。GRE 阅读中类比题常见的提问方式： Which of the following
30、is an example of the type of described in Line 2-5?The presented by the author in Lines 19-20 is similar to which of the following?Which of the following is most nearly analogous to as described in the passage ？即“下列哪一选项所述现象和原文第 n 行的说法比较相像？”类比题的选项一般比较长，需要花较长的时间去看。但是，这类题的难度并不是很高，只要时间够用，耐心地去做，类比题也是很容易拿
31、分的。类比题需要在原文的类比原型中找到两个特征作为类比要素，尽量剔除现象的叙述，将其特征扩大化到抽象的、普通的、更具广泛适应性的范围中；再在各个选项中对照类比要素，耐心地按顺序看答案；哪个选项具备类比要素地特征，哪个就是正确答案。下面我们以一个具体的例子来说明： Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing c
32、onsequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way
33、to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.Which of the following most closely
34、parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the passage?(A) Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the towns tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.(B) Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material
35、that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.(C) Although a towns citizens reduce their individual use of water, the towns water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.(D) Although a country attempts to incr
36、ease the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.(E) Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highways, the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.分
37、析：文中正确定位 题目的意思是“下面哪个选项与文章中的第一句话所描述的情况相似？”，很明显，这到题属于典型的类比题。首先，我们迅速地在文章定位，找到第一句话，即 Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing consequently, more than 100 cities in the United Sta
38、tes still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits分析所给信息 像做 GRE 词汇的类比一样，要先弄清楚所给大写单词的意思，这里就需要先理解所给信息的意思，这句话的意思是“美国单个汽车尾气排放量虽然下降，但是汽车的总数还是在稳定地上升。因此，结果还是，美国的 100 多个城
39、市仍然是污染排放总量在大幅度上升。 ”这句话有些长，意思可以理解这样的逻辑关系 “个体量下降，但数量增加，所以总和还是增加的”。第一步是下降，但是最后的结果还是增加的。寻找正确选项 我们根据这样的关系，去选项中去寻找答案，这里没有什么解题的技巧，我们需要把选项的答案一个一个地看，最总找去一个选项最符合所给信息的逻辑关系。通过把各个排除选项，这到题的正确答案是 C,C 选项的意思是“虽然小镇居民减少了他们的个人用水量，但是人口增加了，所以，总供水量还是不足。 ”小结： GRE 阅读中的类比题要比词汇部分的类比题容易多了，在考试的时候，只要有充足的时间，不要烦躁地放弃类比题，仔细看一下原文的现象，
40、进行简单的归纳，总结出比较好理解的关系，再按照这样的关系，去选项中寻找答案。（四） 、罗马数字题 罗马数字题是 GRE 阅读中出现比较多的一种题型，通常情况，考试的题型中定会有一道或两道这类题型。虽然，出题的数目不是很多，但是也要特别注意。罗马数字题主要考查考生对文章的理解以及一些逻辑推理能力。在对文章的时候要对一些例子、解释等特别关注，要在文中做好标记，以便迅速地找到答案。罗马数字题题的基本结构： The author provides following which of the following examples in the passage? 1. only 2. only 3. o
41、nly 4. rather, she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement. She did not regard this use of music as ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense with music entirely. That day never came. 这篇文章属于典型的结论解释型文章。作者以这句话“Isadora Duncans master
42、ly writings on the dance reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills.”为开头，简明扼要地阐述了自己的结论，因此，文章的中心句即为首句。作者的结论是：伊莎多拉邓肯关于舞蹈的高超著作揭示了她想创造一种新型抒情艺术的决心之深，该艺术抛弃了人物塑造、故事情节和戏剧性的技巧表现。后面的内容是对作者结论的
43、解释说明。掌握的文章的结构框架和行文思路，在解答问题时就容易些了。 下面是一道 Except/Not 题： According to the passage, Duncan intended to develop an art form that would do all of the following EXCEPT(A) avoid the use of standard ballet techniques(B) revitalize an earlier established vocabulary(C) draw on internal sources of human express
44、iveness(D) create intended effects without the use of acrobatic exaggeration(E) derive inspiration solely from inner feelings分析： 题目的意思是说“邓肯创作的艺术不做下列哪件事情？”，那么，答案的选项应该是找一个与原文叙述明确相反的观点。A 选项的说法：不使用标准芭蕾技巧。 这句话在文中的定位是 She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance
45、 forms as ballet.意思是“她想要丢弃传统的方法和在类似芭蕾舞这样的艺术中已确立的舞蹈语言”，这句话的言外之意就是她不使用标准芭蕾技巧，所以，这种说法是正确的。C 选项的说法：利用人表达的内在因素。 这句话在文中的定位是 to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 这句话正是 C 选项的表达。这样，C 选项也是正确的。D 选项的说法：创造艺术效果不使用杂技性夸张。 E 选项的说法：只从内心感觉激发灵感。 这两句话在原文中的定位是 She shunned bodily ornamentation and stro
46、ve to use only the natural movements of her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion.意思是“她不用过多的形体雕琢动作而是借助于自然形体动作，不受一些杂技性夸张动作的影响而只被内心的冲动所激发”，所以，D 和 E 选项都是正确的。B 选项的说法：使一早先确立的舞蹈语言复活。 文中已经说了 She wished to discard the traditional methods,即她想抛弃早先的语言。这是与原文的观点相反
47、的说法，所以，这道题应该选 B.小结： 在 Except/Not 题型中，对于看不懂说什么，又好像原文提到过的选项不要一味纠缠，直接看下面的选项。因为多数时候，Except/Not 题答案要比干扰选项更有特点。这类题目的答案通常不是原文明确反对过的，就是在原文中从未出现的内容，不会是模棱两可的选项。（六）、逻辑题 GRE 阅读中的逻辑题型和 GMAT 中的逻辑单题有很多相似之处。这类题型的数目不多，但是却包含了一些必要的逻辑推理知识，主要考察考生的逻辑推理能力。逻辑题三大出题原则： 1、不需要专业的背景知识原则 阅读中的逻辑题都是基于其中的某一个段落，涉及的领域很广泛，像艺术、社会学、历史、教
48、育、政治、体育、广告等。虽然涉及内容包罗万象，读懂文章、回答问题、无需任何学科、专业的特定知识，而应着重从逻辑推理的角度来思维。即使主题题是你未读到的，你的回答所需的一切信息均已包含在段落之中。2、Which of the following 原则 逻辑题的大多数问题有 which of the following, 要求你根据段落里所给信息及逻辑推理，从下面五个选项中选出一个选项，从而实现问题目的。有时，或许这个选项并不是专业知识背景下或常识中的最佳选项，但只要是五个选项中最能实现问题目的的选项就可以了。3、If true 原则 If true 在许多考题中出现，紧接在 which of t
49、he following 之后，有时表达是 if practicable, if accepted, if feasible, if correct 等。这使得选项在即使违反常识或专业知识的情况下，我们也不能质疑其正确性。阅读中的逻辑题型分为两种： 1、支持（support 题） 这类考题的特征在段落中给出一个推理或论证，但或者由于前提的条件不够充分，不足以推出其结论；或者由于论证的论据不够全面，不足以得出其结论，因此需用某一选项去补充其前提或论据，使推理或论证成立的可能性增大。但由于答案不需要充分性，所以只要某一选项放在段落推理的论据或结论之间，对段落推理成立或结论有支持作用，使段落推理成立、结论正确的可能性增大，那么这个选项就是支持的正确答案。2、反对（weaken 题） 反对题型的解题思路与支持题型的解题思路基本一样，只不过是其答案对段落推理的作用刚好相反。下面我们举一些例子来说明： It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the
