1、1中南民族大学外语学院英语专业学士学位论文写作规范1. 论文选题、开题1.1 选题原则学士学位论文选题应尽可能解决与英语专业培养目标相关的实际问题,采取教师命题和学生选题相结合的方式。1)选题内容必须与英语语言文学专业有关,与所授学位一致,符合学生所在专业的培养方向(英语语言学及应用语言学、英美文学、翻译、商务英语);2)选题要有新意,注重发挥学生创造性,学生可以选择与专业倾向相关的课题或根据自己的兴趣、特长选题,要有利于提高学生综合解决问题的能力;3)选题不能过宽或过窄,难易适当,应考虑资料、资源、时间等因素条件;4)一人一题,近两年内已写过的题目不得重写。1.2 论文开题学院每年 11 月
2、第四周周四下午举行学士学位论文开题报告,由各教研室具体安排。开题报告通过者方能进行论文写作,未通过者则需重新开题,直到通过为止。2. 论文构成及打印格式2.1论文结构论文用英文撰写,严禁任何形式的剽窃或抄袭。全部采用 MLA 格式,正文部分采用英文的标点符号(中文摘要和引用的中文原文除外)。论文内容包括:1)中文封页2)英文封页3)原创性声明页 4)致谢页5)英文摘要 6)中文摘要 7)目录8)表格排列(可选项)9)图示排列(可选项)10) 论文正文11) 参考文献12) 附录(可选项,不计为正文字数)13) 封底(空白纸)2论文长度在 6000 词以上,以每页 300 词计算(以 word
3、文档中“ 字数统计”栏第二行的字数为参照标准),至少 20 页面。语言学类(包括翻译、商务英语)论文的各部分内容大致分配如下(文学类论文无固定格式,以指导教师的意见为主) :Elements of Structure Number of Words Number of PagesTable of Contents 2Acknowledgements 1Abstract 250-300 1中文摘要 250-300 1(List of Tables) 1(可选项 )(List of Figures) 1(可选项 )Introduction 600 2Literature review and/or
4、 theoretical preliminaries, etc.1500 5Research method, data analysis and results2400 8Discussion 900 3Conclusion 600 2Works Cited 1-2(Appendix) 1-6(可选项)2.2 打印用纸、页面设置按规定格式单面打印,纸张大小一律使用国际标准 A4 型复印纸。页面设置:版心为 297210mm;页边距要求:每一面的上方 (T)2.54 cm,下方(B)2.54cm,左(L)3.17 cm,右 (R)3.17 cm,装订线(T)0.5 cm,装订线位置(T) 左,页
5、码设置为:插入页码,居中;其余设置采取系统默认设置。2.3 字体字号2.3.1 字体:中文采用宋体;英文采用 Times New Roman2.3.2 字号居中的标题:三号加粗一级标题:四号加粗二级标题:小 4 号加粗三级及以下标题和正文:小 4 号2.4 行距1.5 倍3. 正文写作的基本格式3.1 单词拼写31)单词拼写应严格按照权威词典的要求(引用部分照录原文即可),且自始至终保持一致;同时,还应注意以下几个问题:2)若某单词在同一词典中有两种拼写形式,尽量选取排在首位的形式;3)一般情况 (非引用部分 )不得用口语化的省略式(contraction)如 Im, You cant 之类;
6、4)应注意合成词中各部分的连接问题,下列情况应使用连字符“-”: 前缀后紧跟大写字母、数字、缩写词、带连字符的合成词等,如:anti-America, post-1990, pre-SARS 等;用作前置定语的合成词中含有 self-, half-, quasi-, all-等,如 all-round, self-importance 等;用做前置定语的合成词中含有用来修饰形容词或分词的副词 well, ill, better, lesser, least 等,如 well-established, better-educated, ill-fitting 等;用作前置定语的合成词中含有用来修
7、饰名词的数词,如 third-floor, nineteenth-century 等;用做前置定语的短语,如 out-of-date, a neither-yes-nor-no attitude 等;用于合成词两部分之间出现相同的元音字母时,co-operative, de-escalate 等;用于合成词中,避免造成误解,如 re-sign (to sign again), re-form (to form again)等。3.2 大写规则1)句子开头的第一个单词的首字母必须大写,I 和 OK 等词总是大写;2)标题和副标题中的实词和含五个及以上字母的虚词要大写其首字母,紧邻冒号、破折号后面
8、的单词一律大写首字母,如:The Word Finder: A Dictionary of Language;3)包括人名、地名、国名、节日名、书籍报刊名、单位团体名在内的专有名词的首字母必须大写,如 Smith, Scotland, Cuba, New Years Eve, Jane Eyre, New York Times, the United Nations 等;4)表示语种、民族的名词或形容词的首字母必须大写,如:English, Tibet, the Chinese 等;5)大多数缩略词的所有字母都应该大写,如 IOC, BBC 等;6)一些亲属关系用作称呼时,其首字母必须大写,如
9、:Dad, Mom 等;7)诗歌每一行的的第一个单词首字母必须大写;8)直接引语中位于句首的单词首字母必须大写。3.3 断词换行断词换行应确保文字内容清楚明白,避免由此产生歧义。断行时,应使用连字符“-”在单词的适当位置断开,并将连字符后面的部分移至下一行。3.2.1 可以断词的情况1)含有连字符的合成词,应从连字符所在位置断开,如 self-/service, well-/organized 等;2)由两个单词组成的不带连接字符的合成词,应在两个单词之间断开,如:home/work, black/board 等;3)多音节单词应该在音节之间断开,如:national/ist, temor/r
10、ary;若单词4中含有双写的辅音字母,则应在这两个字母之间断开,如 sup/per, bid/ding;如果一个动词中含有一组“辅音字母+l”的字母组合,则应在该字母组合前断开,如:han/dling, tin/kling 等;4)以 ing 结尾的单词应在 ing 之前断开,如:liv/ing, study/ing 等;5)含有词根和词缀的复合词,应在词根和词缀之间断开,如:care/ful, examin/ation 等。3.2.2 不宜断词的情况1)应避免可能导致误解的断词,如:read/just (), wo/man ()等;2)由一个或两个字母组成的音节不能出现在一行的末尾和开始,如
11、:e/nough (), de/vise (), real/ly ()等;3)以“辅音字母+le”结尾的音节不宜断开,如: visi/ble(), am/ple()等;4)不应将缩略词、数字、日期、时间等断开,如只能写成 CNN, 236.45, August 1, 12:45 等,而不能断开;5)不宜跨页断词。3.4 缩写规则英语中的缩写形式一般分为两种:缩写词(abbreviation)和缩略词(acronym)。学位论文中一般应使用公认的缩写形式。若使用某一单词或短语在文中多次出现而且使用全称过于繁琐时,可考虑使用自创的缩写形式,但必须在第一次使用全称,随后的括号中用相应的缩写形式,如
12、The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (CCD)。若缩写形式较多,可在目录中单独标明。3.5 斜体规则正文里以下情况可以使用斜体:1)表示强调的词和短语;2)直接引语中表强调的词和短语;3)需要给读者下定义的词和短语;4)不常见的非英语单词和短语,如汉语拼音 kongfu、拉丁词 Cathaya Chun et Kung 等。3.6 作品标题3.6.1 需斜体的作品标题1)Book: Sister Carrie2)Pamphlet: Regional Dances of Mexico3)Journal: Foreign Languages4)Newspaper
13、: China Daily5)Play: Hamlet6)Long Poem: Leaves of Grass7)Magazine: Atlantic Monthly8)Film: Spiderman9)Ballet: Swan Lake10)Opera: Don Giowanni11)Record album, tape, or CD: My life12)Painting: View of Toledo513)Sculpture: Pieta14)Musical Composition identified by name: Pastoral Symphony15)Legal Case:
14、Brown v. Board of Education16)Name of Vehicle: space shuttle Atlantis作品标题里标点符号的标示:标题里的标点符号和空格都必须打下划线。如果标题在句末出现,句末的句号不要打下划线。特别提示:英文的标点符号没有书名号 。3.6.2 使用引号的作品标题1)学术期刊里的文章:“Ageist Language in Psychological Research”2)杂志里的文章:“Civil Liberties in Cyberspace”3)百科全书里的文章:“Huntington, Collis Potter” 4)论文集里的文章:
15、“The Narrative Quality of Experience”5)短篇故事的标题:“The Old Man and the Sea”6)短的诗歌:“Psalm of Life”7)歌曲的名字:“Only You”8)著作里的某个章节:“Emergence of the Polis”9)讲座的题目:“Resume Writing Skills”3.6.3 不用下划线、也不用引号的标题1)圣书: Holy Bible, Mark, New Testament, Koran2)系列性的著作卷和文章:Approaches to Teaching Master Pieces of World
16、 Literature3)特辑: Library of America, Norton Critical Edition4)协会: American Psychological Association5)著作正文前后的单列部分:forward, preface, introduction, appendix, glossary, chapter, act, volume, scene3.6.4 标题里的标题1)标题里有引号的标题,应将其引号也打下划线:Coleridges “Kubla Khan”2)双引号里的标题的双引号应改变为单引号:“A Reading of Coleridges Kub
17、la Khan”3)有下划线的标题出现在有引号的标题里,下划线仍然保存:“A Principle of Unity in Woolfs To the Lighthouse” (To the Lighthouse is a novel mentioned in the title of an article)4)有下划线的标题出现在另一个有下划线的标题里,去掉原下划线:Imagery in Woolfs To the Lighthouse (To the Lighthouse is the title of a novel mentioned in the title of another bo
18、ok)3.7 数字的写法1)四位数字的街道号码、页码、序列号、小数点后面的数字以及四位数的日期不用逗号分开:10814 Main Street; On Page 1085; the fossil dates from 9000 to 10,000 B.C.; the serial number is 77732843; pie is 3.14159265;2)分数表示法:不含总数的分数用单词拼写: two-thirds of the population;3)百分比的表示:拼写出“percent”,像“39 percent”, 39 % 只在图表里用;64)统计计算必须用阿拉伯数字表示:Onl
19、y 2 of the 34 tests are valid;5)带有缩写形式或符号的数字必须用阿拉伯数字:6 ft, 27 mm, $ 99;6)日期表示法:On 22 July 1989 the group met for the first time 7)夹注里的数字表示:如果其它数字相同,后面只需要两位数:121-48;如果只有两位数,它们都要拼写出来:48-49, 45-68;在 AD,BC 等缩写里省略点,不用写成 A.D./B.C.3.8 段落里的列举1)可用阿拉伯数字或者小写字母:The steps in writing a research paper includes (1)
20、 choosing a topic, (2) preparing a working, (3) outlining, and (4) writing the paper.或 The steps in writing a research paper includes (a) choosing a topic, (b) preparing a working, (c) outlining, and (d) writing the paper.2)如列举太长,容易引起歧义,则用以下模式:The author made three recommendations for the markets op
21、en:(1) Companies must step up strategic planning. (The paragraph may continue.)(2) Business in numbers.(3) Non-European at high levels.3)如果列举项在语法上为陈述句的一部分,词或者词组列举如下:The syllabus for the seminar included sessions ona. new systems of discourse,b. the rhetorical inheritance, andc. literacy.3.9 如果正文里引用别
22、人的提纲,则采用通常的提纲形式:1. First Main Topic 1.1. First Subordinate Idea 1.1.1 First Supporting Detail1.1.1.1 First Minor Supporting Detail1.1.1.2 Second Minor Supporting Detail1.1.2 Second Supporting Detail1.2 Second Subordinate Detail2. Second Main Topic 3.10 摘要写作 3.10.1 实证性研究要点(语言学类)1)Topic Specification(
23、主体阐述)2)Background Information(背景信息)3)Purpose Statement(目的陈述)4)Methodology and Data(方法论和语料)5)Results/Findings(结果/发现 )6)Implications/Conclusions(启示/结论)73.10.2 描述性研究要点(文学类)1)Research Problem(研究的问题)2)Background Information (背景信息)3)Analyses and discussions(分析与讨论)4)Conclusions (结论)4. 正文夹注格式学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、
24、言论必须注明出处,注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法,一般不使用脚注或者尾注,夹注内容为论文正文的一部分,即使位于句末,也应在句末标点符号之前(详见下文)。4.1 转述整篇文献的观点转述整篇文献(即全书或全文)的观点有两种情况:一是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,格式为:(姓氏,文献年份),如:Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1997).二是作者姓氏已在正文同
25、一句中出现,直接在其后的括号内标注文献年份,如:Taylor (1997) claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英语论文中引用中文论著,括号中的夹注不得使用汉字,只能用汉语拼音标明作者姓名的全称(姓在前,名在后),再加年份,如:(Zhu Dexi, 1999)4.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现
26、的年份和页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现,如:1)Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse, 2004: 197).2)Newmark (1988: 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) autho
27、ritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions). 假若作者姓氏已在同一句中出现,则只需要在括号夹注中写上出版年份和页码,如:Ancient writers, according
28、to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (2004:197). 4.3 引用多位合作者(co-authors)的一文献引用两位合作者的文献,用 and 连接两位作者的姓氏,如:Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically un
29、related but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh, 2006: 304). 引用三位合作者的文献,应在括号夹注中用逗号分隔第一、二位作者的姓氏,用 and 连接第二、三位作者的姓氏,如: (Alton, Davies and Rice,1999: 56)引用四位及以上的作者的文献,在第一位作者姓氏后写上 et al (拉丁文,相当于英语的“and others”),如:8The study was extended for two years, and only after results were review
30、ed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al., 2003:35). 4.4 引用相同姓氏的不同作者(more than one author with the same last name)若两个或两个以上作者的姓氏相同,则括号夹注中应同时写上他们的名字,如:Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (Rich Miller, 2002: 12), o
31、thers note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (Arthur Miller, 2002: 46). 引用中文著作或期刊时,应在括号夹注中写上作者姓名全称的汉语拼音,如:(Wang Shuren, 2007: 26); (Wang Jiangxiang, 2006: 30) 4.5 引用机构作者(corporate author)引用机构作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:It was apparent that the American health care system
32、 needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation, 2001: 4). 4.6 引用无名作者文献(anonymous author)引用无名作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者( 如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is a Loser”, 2000: 100).在使用
33、关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品名称以及未出版作品(讲演等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。4.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:1) Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, 12 May 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work. 2)
34、Researchers may observe that in the Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study (Eugene Nida A., personal communication, November 8, 1986). 4.8 引用同一作者的多篇文献引
35、用同一作者的不同文献,按发表时间的先后排列,如:(Zhang Weiyou, 1997: 20; 2004: 78)。 同一作者发表于同一年份的文献,应在年份后加字母 a, b 以示区别(正文后的参考文献也作同样处理),如:(Bloom, 2003a:307; 2003b: 426)。 4.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献(more than one work by the same author)括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用) ,如:The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well
36、documented (Rychnovsky, 2001: 40; Seidensticker, 2002: 114; Williams, 1998: 30).4.10 引用非直接文献(indirect source)9论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献 secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献 primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,如:Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell, 1993: 450)
37、.(注意:“qtd. in” 中的字母 “i”不能大写。)引用非直接文献以后,在正文后的参考文献中只需列入该非直接文献的条目( 即上述实例中 Boswell 的相应文献)。4.11 引用文学作品和经典文献应注意以下几种情况:1)引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:In his famous advice to players, Shakespeares Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror u
38、p to nature” (Act III, Scene 2, L21-23).2)在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild/ in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (Stanza 10, L 209-11). 3)引用有章节、分册的小说时,应标出引文所在的册数、章节、页码,如:One of Kingsolvers narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabula
39、ry beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (Bk. 2, Ch. 10, P117).4)引用 圣经 、 可兰经等经典文献时,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:Consider the words of Solomon:
40、 “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25. 21).例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约圣经的箴言篇第 25 章第21 节。 圣经各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。4.12 对引文内容的更改直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句 ”。正确:So it is not like what Luthi calls “entering effortlessly int
41、o fruitful contact with distant worlds” (1993: 63).正确:Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (1993: 59).错误:So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant wor
42、lds” (1993: 63). 错误:Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child”(1993: 59). 为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses “”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brack
43、ets“ ”)以内。例如:10删除词句:He stated, “The placebo effect, . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982: 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. 添加词组:Smith (1982: 276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when
44、his own and others behaviors were studied in this manner.”无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。4.13 长引文的格式直接引用 5 行及以上的长引文时,应将其与正文分开,具体格式如下:1)论文正文与引文之间用冒号连接,并空一行;2)长引文首尾不用引号,采用 5 号字体以示与正文的区别;3)长引文如果仅有 1 段,首行空 10 字符,以后每行空 5 个字符,如:In the
45、1950s, for example, while Ellington was still alive, Raymond Horricks compared him with Ravel, Delius, and Debussy:The continually enquiring mind of Ellingtonhas sought to extend steadily the imaginative boundaries of the musical form on which it subsists. Ellington since the mid-1930s has been enga
46、ged upon extending both the imagery and the formal construction of written jazz. (2000: 102)Ellingtons earliest attempt to move beyond the three-minute limit received . 4)长引文如果有 2 段或者 2 段以上,则每自然段的首行空 10 个字符,其余各行空 5 字符Figures in literature are either flat characters (one dimensional figures, figures
47、with simple personalities) or round characters (complex figures). The characters described in the first chapter of The Great Gatsby can well be regarded as flat:I never saw this great-uncle, but Im supposed to look like himwith special reference to the rather hard-boiled painting that hangs in fathe
48、rs office. I graduated from New Haven in 1915, just a quarter of a century after my father, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War. (1998: 89)However, F. Scott Fitzgerald succeeds in changing these flat figures into round ones through his master-h
49、and writing skills and in-depth characterization. 4.14 用例格式语言学或翻译方向论文中的举例,采用中括号“”的形式统一编号,但必须指明用例来源。所举例子若不是为了探讨翻译方法或技巧的需要,而只是举例说明汉语中也有这种情况,或仅作英汉/汉英对比, ,不必译成中文。115. 参考文献格式 “参考文献”在 MLA 格式里称作 Works Cited,文献条目必须与正文夹注保持一致。5.1 参考文献的总体书写要求1) Works Cited 另起一页,与正文分开;2) 所有文献按作者姓氏首字母排序(机构作者按首字排列,无名作者按书名的英文字母排序),格式为:第一(或唯一作者)作者:姓,名;第二及其他作者:名(+空格) 姓。中国人名按汉语拼音拼写,即:姓,名( 全称 )。3) 正文夹注不得使用汉字。因此,所有中文参考书目需要按照英文的MLA 格式翻译成英文,然后按照首字母顺序参与英文文献条目排列。所有中文文献必须译成对应的英文(注:有些文献如专著及出版社、论文及期刊有英文译名,可直接借用),格式为:中文文献的英文翻译,中文文献;4) 所有外文书名、杂志、期刊名称应该斜体,且实词和含有五个及以上字母的虚词的首