1、P71. TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese peoples experience in their struggle against diseases.2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system.3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of
2、 diseases.4.Huangdis Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Huangdis Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore.6. Discussion on th
3、e Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China.7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.8. Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.9. Compendium of Materia Medica is recogn
4、ized as a monumental work in the history of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.10. Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals and animal parts.11. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared t
5、he so-called four great medical schools.12. Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out aphoresis, emesis and purgation. 13. Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of di
6、seases and that these diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature.14. Li Gao, entitled with the School of Reinforcing the Earth, emphasized on warming and invigorating the spleen and sto mach.15. Zhu Danxi advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of d
7、iseases, so he was entitled as the School of Nourishing Yin. 16. Study on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases.17. The School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease based on syndrome differen
8、tiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.18. Wang Qingren corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation.19. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medic
9、ine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.20. Great progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine.P171. The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment
10、based on syndrome differentiation.2. TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.3. The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually influential in pathology.4. The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation a
11、nd treatment of diseases.5. Changes in the natural world directly or indirectly influence the human body.6. Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter.7. The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally re
12、lated to the small intestine.8. TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human beings.9. According to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and influencing each other.10. Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the dayti
13、me and to the interior at night.11. Regional and climatic differences, to some extent, influence the physiological activities of the human body.12. Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a disease.13. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation,
14、one of the characteristics of TCM, is the basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases.14. Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi.15. Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two insepa
15、rable aspects in diagnosing and treating diseases.16. Clinical doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes. 17. Syndrome can comprehensively and accuratel
16、y reveal the nature of a disease.18. Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis.19.If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi.20.The treatment of
17、 diseases in TCM does not only simply concentrate on the difference or similarity of diseases, but on the difference or similarity of pathogenesis.P261.Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.2.Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of inte
18、rrelated things or phenomena in nature.3.The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other.4.The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi
19、 pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.5.The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their process in mutual reduction and promotion.6.Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.7.Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence qi.8.Only
20、through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of things be maintained.9.Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.10.Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates change. 11.Yin and yang are ind
21、ispensable for the human body.12.Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.13.If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life.14.No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than rela
22、tive predominance of yin or yang.15.The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance against diseases.16.If any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part
23、.17.Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease.18.The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature.19.The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.20.
24、Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.P351.Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to human existence.2.The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements.3
25、.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.4.The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.5.The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.6.The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.7.Restriction implies that one t
26、hing brings under control or restraint of the other. 8.Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth.9.Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak.10.When wood is too strong, it wil
27、l over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal.11.Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire. 12.The liver stores blood to complement the liver.13.The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.14.The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means
28、 that the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ.15.The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over the surface of the body. 16.Restriction includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are abnormal restriction
29、among the five elements.17.The basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over restriction and counter-restriction.18.The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the child-element.19.Clinically the doctrine of five elements is u
30、sed to decide therapeutic principles and methods.20. The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need of further improvement.P551. The main physiological function of the heart is to control blood vessels and govern the mind.2. The vessels are the passages in which
31、 blood flows.3. Sufficient heart qi, abundant blood and smoothness of vessels are prerequisite to normal circulation of blood.4. Pathological changes of the heart can be observed from the tongue.5. The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of thoracic qi.6. Failure of t
32、he lung to disperse inevitably leads to dyspnea, chest oppression, cough and panting.7. Hypofunction of the lung in regulating water passage will lead to production of phlegm and retained fluid due to stagnation of water.8. The pathological changes of the lung are mainly manifested in the nose and t
33、hroat.9. Transportation and transformation of water and food means to digest food and absorb nutrients from food.10.Failure of the spleen to transport normally refers to hypofunction of the spleen in transporting and transforming the nutrients of water and food.11.The spleen is the acquired base of
34、life and the source of qi and blood production.12.All diseases are caused by weakness of the spleen and stomach.13.The main physiological function of the liver is to control free flow of qi and store blood.14.Stagnation of qi will affect blood circulation as well as distribution and metabolism of bo
35、dy fluid.15.Insufficiency of blood or failure of the liver to store blood will cause scanty menstruation or even amenorrhea.16.Sufficient blood stored in the liver and normal function of the liver to regulate blood enable the limbs to get necessary energy for their movement.17.The kidney governs gro
36、wth, development and reproduction.18. The essence stored in the kidney includes innate essence and acquired essence.19. If the function of the kidney to receive qi is normal, breath will be smooth and even.20. Though urine is discharged from the bladder, it depends on qi transforming activity of the
37、 kidney to accomplish such a discharge.P661. The gallbladder excretes bile to promote the small intestine to digest food2. The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile.3. Bile is transformed from the essence qi in the liver.4. The main physiological function of the
38、 stomach is to receive and digest (discompose) water and food.5. After primary digestion, the food in the stomach is transferred to the small intestine. The nutrient of food is then transported and transformed to nourish the whole body by the spleen.6. Food is then divided into nutrient and residue
39、after further digestion in the small intestine.7. The small intestine also absorbs large quantity of liquid when absorbing nutrients from food.8. The so-called “lucid” refers to the nutrients of water and food while the so-called “turbid” refers to the residue of food.9. With the function of the sma
40、ll intestine to separate the lucid from the turbid, the activity of defecation and urination will be normal.10The main physiological function of the large intestine is to receive the waste part of foodstuff transmitted down from the small intestine, absorb part of the liquid from the waste and trans
41、form the rest part into feces to be discharged from the anus.11The bladder stores and discharges urine through the function of qi transformation of the kidney.12The stomach and the spleen are internally and externally related to each other.13The upper energizer functions as a sprayer.14The middle en
42、ergizer functions as a fermentor.15The lower energizer functions as a drainer.16The extraordinary fu-organs are morphologically similar to the fu-organs and functionally similar to the zang-organs.17The common function of the six fu-organs is to transport and transform water and food and discharge w
43、aste.18The intelligence and memory of man are associated with the function of the brain.19The brain is the house of the primordial spirit.20The uterus is the organ where menstruation takes place and fetus is conceived.P105（Lesson 11）1.six exogenous pathogenic factors2.improper diet and overstrain mo
44、n cold due to wind-cold4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea 5.five endogenous pathogenic factors 6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior 7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain8.wind being the leading pathogenic factor 9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold 10.decline of yang qi 11.cold tending
45、to stagnate by nature 12.stagnation of interstitial space 13.spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen15.inactivation of spleen-yang16.production of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency17.extreme heat producing wind 18.internal impairment due to yin d
46、eficiency 19.improper diet20.engorgement 1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body. 2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire. 3. Exogenous pathog
47、enic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind. 4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission. 5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-
48、yang, which is called “cold damage”. 6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body. 7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse. 8. P
49、athogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body. 9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading. 10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid. 11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends to consume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid. 12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid. 13. Pathogenic fire-heat te
