1、第二讲,谓语的确定,“汉语口语里特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。试比较一种旧小说的几种不同的标点本，常常有这个本子用句号，那个本子用逗号，或者这个本子用逗号，那个本子用句号的情形。”,吕叔湘（1904-1998）出生于江苏省丹阳市。1926年毕业于国立东南大学外国语文系。1936年赴英国留学，先后在牛津大学人类学系、伦敦大学图书馆学科学习。1938年回国后任云南大学文史系副教授，后又任华西协和大学中国文化研究所研究员、金陵大学中国文化研究所研究员兼中央大学中文系教授以及开明书店编辑等职。解放后，1952年起任中国科学院语言研究所研究员、中国科学院哲学社会科学学部委员、语言研究
2、所副所长、所长、名誉所长。1978年至1985年任中国语文杂志主编，1980年至1985年任中国语言学会会长。1980年起为美国语言学会荣誉会员。1987年获香港中文大学荣誉文学博士学位。1994年被聘为俄罗斯科学院外籍院士。吕叔湘先生是我国语言学界的一代宗师，70多年以来一直孜孜不倦地从事语言教学和语言研究，涉及一般语言学、汉语研究、文字改革、语文教学、写作和文风、词典编纂、古籍整理等广泛的领域。,确定谓语的依据,I. 基于表意需要 II. 基于构句需要,I. 基于表意需要,所谓“表意需要”，是指选择谓语时，除考虑该词本身能否准确传达原文的意义之外，还要关照它与主语的语义关联（亦即逻辑关联）
3、以及它与宾语（或表语）之间的搭配。,I-1考虑谓语表意需要时，首先看它能否准确、贴切地传达原意。请比较以下译文：,Ex1. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.,Ex2. 中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。 a. The economy of China will merge i
4、nto the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world .Ex3. 这事到了现在，还是时时记起。 a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think about this.,I-2. 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须关照它与主语的语义关联以及主谓之间的搭配。请比较以下例句：Ex1. （听说你明天开张，）也许用得着，特意给你送来了。 a. (I hear that yo
5、ure opening tomorrow.) You may have some use for these things, so I took them along. b. (I hear that youre opening tomorrow.) Though these might come in handily, I brought them along.,Ex2. 现在，连我们也欠啊！ a. Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. b. Nowadays even we arent always paid on time.
6、Ex3.（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化,）他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。 a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.,I-3. 考虑谓语表意需要时，还必须考虑它与宾语的搭配（包括系动词与表语之间的搭配）及搭配后的修辞效果。请比较以下例句：,Ex1. 我又闲了一个多月啦！ a. Ive been idle for another month now. b. Another mo
7、nth now, and Ive had no work.,Ex2. （颐和园）1900 年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以修复）。 a. The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. b. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. Ex3. 她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐镇定下来，有了自信。 a. They gradually calmed
8、 down, restored self-confidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.,II. 基于构句需要,所谓“构句需要”，是指谓语的确定必须符合英语句法的需要，必须遵循主谓一致的原则、符合英语语法规范。,Ex1. 九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且健康，六斤的双丫角，已经变成一支大辫子了。Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, a
9、s hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounders twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid. Ex2. 他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棒似的。 He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.,Ex3. 河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的罢。The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willo
10、ws by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.Ex4. 关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。 a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the improvement of th
11、e housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.,Ex5. 液体的形态总是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液体没有自己的固定形态。换言之， 无论你把它放在什么样的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。 Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactl
12、y the interior shape of the container.,讨论（一）,比较下列译文的优劣：1. 在零售和烹调行业方面，家办企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。 a. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have completely outmarketed the state. b. In the retail and catering sectors, the business of household operations has surpassed that of the state.,2. 在我
13、们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起作用，就必须接受必要的教育。a. In our times, substantial education is indispensable for anyone who wants to play his role in society.b. In our times, anyone who wants to play his role in society must receive substantial education.,3. 中国观察问题不是看社会制度。 a. China studies these questions not in the light
14、 of social systems. b. China does not regard social systems as a criterion in its approach to problems.4. 互相尊重的精神是我们今天文化合作的基础。 a. The framework of mutual respect sustains our cultural cooperation today. b. The spirit of mutual respect is the basis of our cultural cooperation.,THANKS 4 UR ATTENTION !,
