1、中文一、历史已知最早的专利有关的动力转向系统是由弗雷德里克兰彻斯特在英国，在 1902 年 2 月。他的发明是“导致转向驱动机制，由液压动力”。 接下来的设计提出由美国专利局记录1932 年 8 月 30 日在克拉拉盖利斯，从贝尔蒙，马萨诸塞州。 有与动力转向由查尔斯 F 哈蒙德在底特律的美国，谁提出了类似的专利，其中被提交由加拿大知识产权局录得的第一个出生的，名字记入另一位发明家发明。 克莱斯勒公司推出了第一款商业化的动力转向在 1951 年克莱斯勒帝国的名义 Hydraguide系统。 现在大部分新车的动力转向，由于对前轮驱动的趋势，更多的车辆质量，和更广泛的轮胎 ，所有增加必要的指导工作
2、。 在一些国家，共同将很难在低速行驶机动车辆较重，而重量轻的车辆可能不需要辅助转向的一切权力。二、液压助力转向大多数动力转向系统工作，通过使用液压系统把车辆的车轮。 液压通常由一 gerotor 或旋片泵的汽车引擎驱动。 双作用液压缸适用于一队的舵机，从而适用于一扭矩对负重轮转向轴。 到汽缸流控制的方向盘操作阀 ，扭矩更适用于驾驶方向盘，它是连接轴，更流体阀允许通过在气缸，所以更多的力量适用于在适当的引导方向的车轮。 衡量一个适用于方向盘上的扭矩设计用于修复扭杆的督导轴端。 随着方向盘转动，因此没有附加的转向轴，所以也所附扭杆高端。 由于扭杆比较薄，灵活，低端不完全自由旋转，酒吧将吸收一些的扭
3、矩;底部的结束将不会旋转尽可能的最高端。 在之间扭杆的顶部和底部旋转的差异，可以用来控制阀，使流体流向汽缸提供指导帮助，在更大的“扭曲的扭力杆”，更将转向援助提供。 由于该泵采用容积式类型，流速它们提供成正比的发动机转速。 这意味着，在发动机转速高，督导工作自然会比在低转速更快。 因为这将是不好的，限制口和流量控制阀是用来直接泵的输出部分回到高发动机转速液压水库。 阿泄压阀也可以用来防止危险的累积压力，液压缸的活塞到达气缸结束。 一些现代的实现还包括一个电子泄压阀，可以减少在舵机作为车辆的速度增加线路功率液压（这是可变动力转向协助已知） 。 使用一些重型机械液压系统中唯一没有备份，如果水泵电机
4、失败。DIRAVI在 DIRAVI 制度雪铁龙发明，部队把车轮来自汽车的高压液压系统及始终是相同的，不管什么道路速度。 由于方向盘被打开，车轮转向同时向相应角度的液压活塞 。 为了让一些人为的转向感觉，有一个独立的液压系统，试图扭转方向盘回中心的地位。 施加压力的量成正比，车速，以便在转向很轻低速和高速很难比移动中心的地位，从少量的。 只要有在汽车上的液压系统的压力，两者之间没有方向盘和负重轮的机械连接。 该系统首次引入雪铁龙钐于 1970 年，被称为VariPower在英国和SpeedFeel在美国 虽然 DIRAVI 不是机械模板所有现代动力转向器的安排，它创新的速度现在的共同利益调整的转
5、向 。 作为汽车的道路速度增加定心装置增加力量三、电液压系统电动液压助力转向系统，有时缩写液压助力转向，以及有时也被称为“混合型”系统，使用标准系统相同的液压辅助技术，但水压由一而不是带电动马达驱动的水泵提供的驱动由发动机。 1965 年，福特试行了“腕扭即时指导舰队”装备水星公园车道的两个 5 取代传统的大方向盘英寸（127 毫米）戒指，快速 15:1 齿轮比，和一个电动液压泵的情况下，引擎突然熄火 。1 2 1994 年生产的大众高尔夫 Ecomatic 马克 3，其中利用一个电泵，使动力转向可经营而引擎，但都被电脑以节省燃料 。3 电液系统可以在一些汽车发现福特 ， 大众 ， 奥迪 ，
6、标致 ， 雪铁龙 ， 西亚特 ， 斯柯达 ， 铃木 ， 欧宝 ， 迷你 ， 丰田 ， 本田和马自达 Servotronic Servotronic speedservo Servotronic 提供真正的速度依赖动力转向，其中的伺服协助数额取决于道路的速度，从而为驾驶者提供更舒适。 协助的权力是在低速最大数量，例如在停车场的汽车。 更大的帮助可以更容易地操纵汽车。 在更高的速度，电子传感系统，逐步减少权力协助的水平。 这样，司机可以控制车更精确比常规动力转向。 AudiBMWVolkswagenVolvoPorsche Servotronic 所使用的汽车，包括奥迪 ， 宝马 ， 大众 ， 沃
7、尔沃和保时捷 。 Servotronic 是美国通用公司的商标 EnglishHistoryThe earliest known patent related to power steering was that by Frederick W. Lanchester in the UK,in February 1902. His invention was to “cause the steering mechanism to be actuated by hydraulic power“. The next design was filed as recorded by the US Pat
8、ent Office on August 30, 1932, by Klara Gailis, from Belmont, Massachusetts. There is another inventor credited with the invention of power steering by the name of Charles F. Hammond an American, born in Detroit, who filed similar patents, the first of which was filed as recorded by the Canadian Int
9、ellectual Property Office.Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name Hydraguide. Most new vehicles now have power steering, owing to the trends toward front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass, and wider tires, wh
10、ich all increase the required steering effort. Heavier vehicles as common in some countries would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds, while vehicles of lighter weight may not need power assisted steering at allHydraulic systemsA power steering fluid reservoir and pulley driven pumpMost
11、 power steering systems work by using a hydraulic system to turn the vehicles wheels. The hydraulic pressure is usually provided by a gerotor or rotary vane pump driven by the vehicles engine. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder applies a force to the steering gear, which in turn applies a torque to
12、the steering axis of the roadwheels. The flow to the cylinder is controlled by valves operated by the steering wheel; the more torque the driver applies to the steering wheel and the shaft it is attached to, the more fluid the valves allow through to the cylinder, and so the more force is applied to
13、 steer the wheels in the appropriate direction.One design for measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel is to fix a torsion bar to the end of the steering shaft. As the steering wheel rotates, so does the attached steering shaft, and so does the top end of the attached torsion bar. Since th
14、e torsion bar is relatively thin and flexible and the bottom end is not completely free to rotate, the bar will soak up some of the torque; the bottom end will not rotate as far as the top end. The difference in rotation between the top and bottom ends of the torsion bar can be used to control the v
15、alve that allows fluid to flow to the cylinder which provides steering assistance; the greater the “twist“ of the torsion bar, the more steering assistance will be provided.Since the pumps employed are of the positive displacement type, the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the spee
16、d of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds. Because this would be undesirable, a restricting orifice and flow control valve are used to direct some of the pumps output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine spe
17、eds. A pressure relief valve is also used to prevent a dangerous build-up of pressure when the hydraulic cylinders piston reaches the end of the cylinder.Some modern implementations also include an electronic pressure relief valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure in the power steering lines a
18、s the vehicles speed increases (this is known as variable assist power steering).Some heavy machines use hydraulic-only systems where there is no backup if the pump motor fails.DIRAVIIn the DIRAVI system invented by Citron, the force turning the wheels comes from the cars high pressure hydraulic sys
19、tem and is always the same no matter what the road speed is. As the steering wheel is turned, the wheels are turned simultaneously to a corresponding angle by a hydraulic piston. In order to give some artificial steering feel, there is a separate hydraulically operated system that tries to turn the
20、steering wheel back to centre position. The amount of pressure applied is proportional to road speed, so that at low speeds the steering is very light, and at high speeds it is very difficult to move more than a small amount from the centre position.As long as there is pressure in the cars hydraulic
21、 system, there is no mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the roadwheels. This system was first introduced in the Citron SM in 1970, and was known as VariPower in the UK and SpeedFeel in the U.S.While DIRAVI is not the mechanical template for all modern power steering arrangements, i
22、t did innovate the now common benefit of speed adjustable steering. The force of the centering device increases as the cars road speed increases.Electro-hydraulic systemsElectro-hydraulic power steering systems, sometimes abbreviated EHPS, and also sometimes called “hybrid“ systems, use the same hyd
23、raulic assist technology as standard systems, but the hydraulic pressure is provided by a pump driven by an electric motor instead of being belt-driven by the engine.In 1965, Ford experimented with a fleet of “wrist-twist instant steering“ equipped Mercury Park Lanes that replaced the conventional l
24、arge steering wheel with two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, a fast 15:1 gear ratio, and an electric hydraulic pump in case the engine stalled.In 1994 Volkswagen produced the Mark 3 Golf Ecomatic, which utilized an electric pump so that the power steering could operate while the engine had been turned off by
25、 the computer to save fuel.Electro-hydraulic systems can be found in some cars by Ford, Volkswagen, Audi, Peugeot, Citroen, SEAT, Skoda, Suzuki, Opel, MINI, Toyota, Honda, and Mazda.ServotronicServotronic offers true speed-dependent power steering, in which the amount of servo assist depends on road
26、 speed, and thus provides even more comfort for the driver. The amount of power assist is greatest at low speeds, for example when parking the car. The greater assist makes it easier to maneuver the car. At higher speeds, an electronic sensing system gradually reduces the level of power assist. In this way, the driver can control the car even more precisely than with conventional power steering. Servotronic is used by a number of automakers, including Audi, BMW, Volkswagen, Volvo, and Porsche. Servotronic is a trademark of AM General Corp.
