1、1M8U2 Grammar Ellipsis 省略省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略。（一）词法上的省略 1.名词所有格后的省略 名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。at the doctors 在诊所 at Mr. Greens 在格林先生家 to my uncles 到我叔叔家 at the barbers 在理发店 2.冠词的省略 在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，冠词要省略。Child a
2、s he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。 3.介词的省略 和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，consider. (as)., prevent / stop. (from)doing.,have trouble / difficulty. (in) doing.,spend. (in ) doing. 等中的介词可以省略。4.动词不定式中的省略感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时， to必须保留。They made
3、the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。I can not but admire
4、 his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。 He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。They may go if they wish to (go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。 Dont go till I tell you to (go).直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。 Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和
5、我一起去看电影吗？ Well, Id like to (go with you). 我愿意。 I would do it for you, but I dont know how to (do it for you).我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。 He didnt come, though we had invited him to (come). 尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。2注：省略的动词不定式后如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。 Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ -No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
6、 （二）句法上的省略 在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。1.简单句中的省略 感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！How wonderful!多妙啊！祈使句常省略主语。Open the door please. 2.并列句中后面的分句常常省略与前面分句相同的部分。主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一阵
7、子烟，可很快又抽上了。 主语不同，而谓语相同，则可以省略谓语。They do not subscribe to cloning human beings, neither do I (subscribe to cloning human beings).在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。Jack will sing at the party, but I know that John wont （sing at the party ）. 杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会
8、上唱歌。 3.复合句中的省略 名词性从句中的省略 宾语从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who (has used it). 有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。 有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。（Im）Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。 在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和
9、同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。Its important that we (should) speak to the old politely.我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。 定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。The man (who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。Where is the book (which) I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？ 状语从句中的省略 当状语从句中的主语和
10、主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。3While（I was ） waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。 在though, although, 等引导的让步状语从句中。Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，他们仍继续工作。 在if, unless(=if. not)等引导的条件状语从句中。You shou
11、ldnt come to his party unless (you were) invited.除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。 在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。 He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。 在as(so). as., than引导的比较状语从句中。I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。 Thi
12、s car doesnt run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。巩固练习：1 Peter is not working this week. You can ring him at home_.A. if necessary B. if so C. if true D. if any2(2012北京西城期末考试)No one can walk the wire in the air without a bit of fear unless _ very young.Ahaving trained BtrainedCto be trained D
13、being trained3(2010浙江卷)The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise，if _ regularly，can improve our health.Abeing carried out Bcarrying outCcarried out Dto carry out4Some of you may have finished Unit One._，you can go on to Unit Two.AIf you may BIf you do CIf not DIf so5Who should be responsi
14、ble for the accident?The boss，not the workers. They just carried out the order _Aas told Bas are toldCas telling Das they told6(2012东北三校一次联考)I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?Ato try going Btrying to goCto try and go Dtry going7(2012成都四校一次联考)_ for your brother， I would not h
15、ave gone to see Mr. Wang.AIf it is not BWere it notCHad it not been DIf they were not8.（2010全国）Though _ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome. A. surprising B. as surprised C. surprised D being surprised 9(2012南昌高三调研)He suggested that the work _ at once.Abe done Bshould do4Ccould do Ddoes1
16、0(2012合肥一检)I know the boy very well. I have seen him _ up from childhood.Agrow BgrewCwas growing Dto grow11 He is rather difficult to make friends with，but his friendship，_，is more true than any other.Aonce gained Bwhen to gainCafter gaining Dwhile gaining12Tom wanted to play football with his frien
17、ds in the street，but his father told him _Anot to Bnot to doCnot do it Ddo not to13Do you think Jack is going to watch a football match this weekend?_AI believe not BI believe not soCI dont believe it DI dont believe14Though _ to go to bed many times，the little boy just turned a deaf ear and fixed h
18、is eyes on the cartoons.Aurging Bbeing urgedCurged Dhaving urged15Arent you be chairman?No，and I _Adont want to Bdont wantCdont want to be Ddont want be16Father advised me not to say anything until _ at the meeting.Aasking Bto ask Casked Dask17Mr. Black ，_ born in Kentucky，lived and practiced law in
19、 Missouri.Awas Bhe was Calthough Dwho he was18If you go to Xian，you will find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly_Asupposing Bsupposed Cto suppose Dsuppose19How about the number of students playing on the playground?_ASmall BMany CLittle DMost20All substances，_solids，liquids，or gases，ar
20、e made up of entirely atoms.Awhether they BwhetherCwhether are they Dwhether are51. 答案 A 考查省略。if necessary如果有必要的话。故选 A。2. 答案 B 考查省略。此处为状语从句的省略，unless后省略了主语及系动词，即one is，补全后为：unless one is trained very young，因此选B。3. 答案 C 逻辑主语 exercise与carry out之间构成动宾关系，故用carry out的过去分词形式carried out，此处相当于if the exercis
21、e is carried out regularly的省略，所以答案选C 项。4. 答案 D 句意：你们中的一些人也许已经完成了第一单元，如果这样的话，可以继续完成第二单元。If so 是省略形式。假如选择B项，应改为If you have。5. 答案 A as引导方式状语从句，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省略从句的“ 主语be” 部分，故选A。6. 答案 D Why not try going.Why dont you try going.Why/Why not常后跟动词原形，这是英语中习惯上的省略。7. 答案 C 含有if的虚拟条件句可把if省略，而把 had，should，were等提
22、到句首，构成倒装。8. 答案 C 考查非谓语动词。补完整为：Though he was surprised，主语一致，省略主语和系动词。答案是C 。9. 答案 A 在suggest ，insist，order，demand等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should动词原形，should可以省略。10. 答案 A 在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词后接省去to的不定式作宾补；在被动语态中to不可省去。11. 答案 A once gainedonce it is gained。当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句中含有 be动词时，可省略从句中的“主语be”部分。12. 答案 A 本句的完整形式应为
23、told him not to play football with his friends in the street。该题省略了作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。13. 答案 A so和not可放在expect，fear ，hope，suppose，believe，think以及be afraid的后面，省略与上文相同的宾语从句。14. 答案 C 在让步、时间、条件等状语从句中，当主句和从句的主语一致且从句中含有系动词be的某种形式时，通常将从句中的主语和系动词省略；此处主语与urge构成动宾关系，故选C。 15. 答案 C 在mean，try ，want 等词后接不定式作宾语时，省略作宾语
24、的不定式，只保留不定式符号to，但如果要省去的不定式中的动词是be时，则通常保留be 。16. 答案 C until askeduntil I was asked。此类状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果它与主句的逻辑主语相同或根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语又含有“be”的某种形式，则可省略从句中的“主语be”部分。17. 答案 C 6在带有状语从句的复合句中，如果从句与主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be 动词，则可以省略从句的主语及be动词。此处从句中省略了he was。18. 答案 B 本句为比较状语从句的省略，空处省去了they are。19. 答案 A 根据the number of.可知应用 large，big或small来表示。在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只将提问的部分答出。20. 答案 B 在带有状语从句的复合句中，如果从句与主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be 动词，则可以省略从句的主语及be动词。此处从句中省略了they are 。
