1、第- 1 -页共 7 页 句子成分专项复习主语 谓语 表语学习目标：1了解并掌握主语的构成及相关的知识。2了解并掌握谓语的构成及主谓一致。3了解并掌握表语的构成及相关的知识。知识结构：由不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成，这些部分叫做句子成分(members of the sentence)。英语的句子成分有八种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。现分述如下：（一）主语主语(subject) 是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。可以担当主语的有名词、
2、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。例如：Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。 （名词做主语）He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。 （代词做主语）Three plus four equals seven. 三加四等于七。 （数词做主语）To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 （动词不定式做主语）Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。 （动名词做主语）Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.
3、 他们来不来取决与天气。 （从句做主语）特别提醒：1IT 作主语，有如下情况：1)指代刚刚提到的事物：Whats this ? Its a bus. (指代 what)2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人：Who s knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who)Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who)3) 表示时间，天气，距离：Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (时间)Whats it going to be tomorrow? Its going to be rai
4、ny.(天气)How far is it? Its about one kilometer away. (距离)2. THERE 引起的 There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。如：There are many different kinds of mooncakes. There will be a strong wind. （二）谓语谓语 (predicate verb)是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成分。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如：第-
5、2 -页共 7 页 I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态)It is used by travelers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被 动语态)复合谓语也可分为两种情况：第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带 to 的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：What does this word mean? I wont do it again. 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如：You look the same. The
6、weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. We have to be up early in the morning. 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割；有关动词的种类这方面知识在课本中已有介绍，此处不多说了。特别提醒：主谓一致主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即语法形式一致，概念一致（语言内容上一致） ，毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致） 。 1. 语法形式一致 （1）单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用 and 或 bothand 连接的动词不定式短
7、语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如： 1) The performance was very funny. 2) Serving the people is my great happiness. 3) Both you and I are students. （2）由 as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but,等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如： 1) My mot
8、her, as well as my father, has a key to the office. 2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV. (3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, every
9、thing, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody 等。例如： 1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。) 2) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质。) ()在 neither of 与 either of 的结构里，一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式，但在美国的 TOEFL 考试内要求用单数形式。例如： Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very
10、hard. ()当 and 连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and 后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在 and 后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如： 1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早饭供应黄油面包。) 2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黄油和面包。) 第- 3 -页共 7 页 （6）当 one of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： One of those students has passed the examination. （7
11、）如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词” ，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于 of 后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如： 1）Over three-quarters of the land is covered with water.2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 2.概念一致（语言内容上一致） （1）有些集合名词如 family, team, , group, government, class, school,等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单
12、数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如： 1）His family is going to move. 2）His family are very well. (2)有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如 people, police, , cattle,等。例如： The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. (3)有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如 news, means, works.还有许多以 ics 结尾的学科名称，如 economics, phy
13、sics, politics 等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： 1）Politics is a complicated business. 2）Here is the news. (4)用 and 连接的单数主语，前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与 each 连用时，应不受 each 的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如： Each pen and each paper is found in its place. (5)表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如： 1) Twenty mi
14、les is a long way to walk. 2) Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk. （6）the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： 1) The blind are taught trades in special schools. 2) The departed was a good friend of his. 3.毗邻一致（就近原则） (1)由连词 or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor 等连接的并列主语
15、，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如： 1) He or you have taken my pen. 2) Either you or he is not telling the truth. 3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. (2)在 there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如： 1)There is a desk and four benches in the office. 2)There are two chairs and a
16、 desk in the office. （三）表语表语（predicative）是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，它的位置在系动词之后。可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、第- 4 -页共 7 页 副词以及表语从句等。例如：My father is a professor. 我父亲是一位教授。 （名词作表语）Whos that? Its me. 是谁呀？是我。 （代词作表语）Everything here is dear to her. 这里的一切她都感到亲切。 （形容词作表语）The match became very exciting. 比赛变得很紧张。
17、（分词作表语）The story of my life may be of help to others.我的生活经历对别人可能有帮助。（介词短语作表语）Three times five is fifteen. 三乘五等于十五。 （数词作表语）His plan is to seek work in the city. 他的计划是在城里找工作。 （不定式作表语）My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 我最初的想法是你应当掩饰你的感情。 （从句作表语）例题解析：1._ is important to learn English w
18、ell.A. That B. It C. This D. One解析：答案为 B。题意为：学好英语是重要的。It 在句中代替 to learn English well,在句中作形式主语。2._ a pen and two books on the desk.A. These are B. Those are C. There are D. There is解析：答案为 D。题意为：在桌子上有一只钢笔和两本书。表示 “某处有某物、某人或某事”时要用 there be 句型，并且根据就近原则，所以是 there is。3.Either Jane or Steven _ watching TV n
19、ow.A ere B. is C. are D. was解析：答案为 B。题意为：要么是简要么是史蒂芬现在正在看电视。Eitheror符合主谓一致的就近原则，所以谓语动词的数由 or 后的主语决定，该句中为 Steven,所以谓语用第三人称单数 is 。4.Maths _ my favorite subject.A. be B. is C. are D. am解析：答案为 B。题意为：数学是我最喜欢的科目。Maths 是表示学科名称的词，虽然是以 S 结尾，表示的却是单数意义，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。5.My wish is _ a teacher.A. to be B. being C
20、. D. to being解析：答案为 A。题意为：我的愿望是成为一名教师。本句用动词不定式做表语，表达一种愿望，所以选择 A。中考链接：I. 单项选择：1There are four _ and two _ in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, German D. Japanese,Germans2. The rich _ not always happy.A. are B. is C. have D. has3. In Britain _ are all painted red.第- 5 -页共
21、 7 页 A. letter boxes B. letters boxes C. letter box D. letters box4. _ have been to Shanghai.A. I,you and he B. He,you and I C. You,he and I D. You,he and me5. _ like music.A. Both of them B. Both of they C. The both girls D. Both them 6. Everyone except Bill and Jim _ there when the meeting began.A
22、. was B. is C. are D. were7. How time flies! Ten years _ passed.A. have B. has C. is D. are8. _ is no use telling him about it.A. These B. Those C. It D. They9. The police _ helping the kids cross the road now.A. is B. are C. was D. were10. There _ a football game tomorrow.A. will have B. is going t
23、o have C. will to be D. will be11. -Who is _ outside? -_ is me, Mike.A. it, It B. that, That C. that, This D. it, This12. You look tired. You had better _ right now.A. not to have a good sleep B. to have a good sleep C. not have a good sleep D. have a good sleep13. Neither he nor I _ going to the pa
24、rk.A. be B. is C. are D. am14. A lot of food _ to that country after the war was over.A. was sent B. are sent C. is sending D. sent15. The story is very _ but a little long.A. excited B. exciting C. interested D. boringII. 用所给词的适当形式填空：1. My job is _ (teach) all students well.2. Three _ (woman teache
25、r) are reading books.3. One of the boys _ (be) playing basketball.4. Lucy _ (not like) watching TV.5. Both Tom and Li Lei _ (practice) speaking English now.6. _ (learn) a foreign language is not easy.7. I would like _ (invite) all my friends to the party.8. How many people _ (be) there in your famil
26、y?9. Each of the class _ (have) a red flower.10. The old _ (take) good care of in our country. III. 翻译下列句子：1. 7 点钟了，该起床了。_2. 众所周知，海南冬天不下雪。_3. 明天我校举行校运动会。_第- 6 -页共 7 页 4. 中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。_5. 他是第一个走的，却是最后一个到的。_参考答案：I. 单项选择：1-5： D A A C A 6-10: A B C B D 11-15: A D D A BII. 用所给词的适当形式填空：1. to teach 2. wome
27、n teachers 3. is 4. doesnt like 5. are practicing6. To learn 7. to invite 8. are 9. has 10. are takenIII. 翻译下列句子：1. Its seven oclock, its time to get up.2. It is well-known that Hainan doesnt snow in winter.3. There will be a sports meeting in our school tomorrow.4. The Chinese are a hard-working people.5. He was the first to leave but the last to arrive.第- 7 -页共 7 页 英 语 学 案句子成分：主语 谓语 表语
